Samarskite-(Y)
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Samarskite-(Y)
Formula:
YFe3+Nb2O8
previously formulated as (Y,Fe3+,Fe2+,U,Th,Ca)2(Nb,Ta)2O8 (IMA proposal 19-J)
Colour:
Black internally, pale to yellow-brown surface
Lustre:
Vitreous, Resinous, Sub-Metallic
Hardness:
5 - 6
Specific Gravity:
5 - 5.69
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in honor of Colonel Vasilii Yevgrafovich Samarskii-Bykhovets (Васи́лий Евгра́фович Сама́рский-Быховец) (7 November 1803 – 31 May 1870), Russian mining engineer and Chief of Staff of the Russian Corps of Mining Engineers, for granting access to some mineral samples for study. The element samarium, isolated from the mineral, is thus also named after him.
Samarskite Group.
The Y analogue of samarskite-(Yb).
The Fe(III) analogue of shakhdaraite-(Y).
Due to cation ordering Fe is written separately in the formula; it is an essential cation.
"...first example of cation-ordered niobate structurally related to layered double tungstates AMW2O8".
The framework of samarskite-(Y) is pseudo-layered and is related to that of "wolframite" via Nb-for-W substitution with a simultaneous replacement of the [FeO6] layers by the [YO8] one.
The Y analogue of samarskite-(Yb).
The Fe(III) analogue of shakhdaraite-(Y).
Due to cation ordering Fe is written separately in the formula; it is an essential cation.
"...first example of cation-ordered niobate structurally related to layered double tungstates AMW2O8".
The framework of samarskite-(Y) is pseudo-layered and is related to that of "wolframite" via Nb-for-W substitution with a simultaneous replacement of the [FeO6] layers by the [YO8] one.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3512
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3512:1
IMA Classification of Samarskite-(Y)
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Approval year:
1980
Classification of Samarskite-(Y)
4.DB.25
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
B : With medium-sized cations; chains of edge-sharing octahedra
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
B : With medium-sized cations; chains of edge-sharing octahedra
8.1.11.1
8 : MULTIPLE OXIDES CONTAINING NIOBIUM,TANTALUM OR TITANIUM
1 : ABO4
8 : MULTIPLE OXIDES CONTAINING NIOBIUM,TANTALUM OR TITANIUM
1 : ABO4
18.4.12
18 : Niobates and Tantalates
4 : Niobates and tantalates containing both U and rare earths
18 : Niobates and Tantalates
4 : Niobates and tantalates containing both U and rare earths
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Smk-Y | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Samarskite-(Y)
Vitreous, Resinous, Sub-Metallic
Colour:
Black internally, pale to yellow-brown surface
Comment:
Brown in transmitted light.
Streak:
Dark reddish brown to black
Hardness:
5 - 6 on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=736 - 897 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Poor/Indistinct
On {010} (?)
On {010} (?)
Fracture:
Conchoidal, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
5 - 5.69 g/cm3 (Measured) 6.28 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Samarskite-(Y)
Type:
Isotropic
RI values:
n = 2.1 - 2.2
Birefringence:
Isotropic minerals have no birefringence
Surface Relief:
Very High
Chemistry of Samarskite-(Y)
Mindat Formula:
YFe3+Nb2O8
previously formulated as (Y,Fe3+,Fe2+,U,Th,Ca)2(Nb,Ta)2O8 (IMA proposal 19-J)
previously formulated as (Y,Fe3+,Fe2+,U,Th,Ca)2(Nb,Ta)2O8 (IMA proposal 19-J)
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Age distribution
Recorded ages:
Late/Upper Devonian : 380 Ma to 361 Ma - based on 5 recorded ages.
Chemical Analysis
Empirical formulas:
| Sample ID | Empirical Formula |
|---|---|
| 1 | (Y0.66,Fe3+0.52,Ti0.22,Ca0.19,U0.13,Sc0.08,Mn0.05,Yb0.05,Th0.03)1.95 (Nb1.16,Ta0.76,W0.05,Ti0.04)2.00 O8 |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Brattekleiv Feldspar Quarry, Lauvland, Evje og Hornnes, Agder, Norway | Black anhedral masses in feldspar, reddish-brown internal reflections, associated with columbite and biotite. SEM-EDS of small fragment (30 keV, semiquantitative, standardless, O by stoichiometry). |
Crystallography of Samarskite-(Y)
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P2/b
Setting:
P2/c
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.8020(8) Å, b = 5.6248(3) Å, c = 5.2073(4) Å
β = 93.406(4)°
β = 93.406(4)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.743 : 1 : 0.926
Unit Cell V:
286.59 ų
Z:
2
Morphology:
Prismatic [001] (with rectangular cross-section); tabular {100} or {010} less common; elongated [010] with prominent {101} at times. Crystals rough. Massive.
Comment:
Previously thought to be orthorhombic (Pbcn); the true structure refinement is based on material from Laacher See
Crystallographic forms of Samarskite-(Y)
Crystal Atlas:
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Samarskite-(Y) no.7 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
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X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.030 Å | (1000 |
| 3.728 Å | (15) |
| 2.843 Å | (15) |
| 2.603 Å | (15) |
| 2.495 Å | (10) |
| 1.920 Å | (10) |
| 1.863 Å | (10) |
Comments:
(XRD data obtained by heating metamict mineral until crystallinity is restored, with no guarantee that the structure is identical to the original pre-metamict structure.)
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 26 : Hadean detrital minerals | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites |
Geological Setting:
pegmatites
Type Occurrence of Samarskite-(Y)
Synonyms of Samarskite-(Y)
Other Language Names for Samarskite-(Y)
Varieties of Samarskite-(Y)
| Titanium-bearing Samarskite-(Y) | A variety of Samarskite-(Y) containing up to 10 mass% of TiO2. |
| Vietinghofite | A supposed ferroan samarksite of uncertain composition. Of doubtful validity. |
Relationship of Samarskite-(Y) to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Samarskite Group:
| Calciosamarskite | (Ca,U4+)Fe3+(Nb,Ta,Ti)2O8 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| Ishikawaite | U4+Fe2+Nb2O8 | Mon. |
| Samarskite-(Yb) | YbFe3+(Nb,Ta)2O8 | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| Shakhdaraite-(Y) | ScYNb2O8 | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| Srilankite | ZrTi2O6 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcn |
| Yttrotantalite-(Y) | (Y,U,Fe2+)(Ta,Nb)(O,OH)4 | Orth. |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 68 photos of Samarskite-(Y) associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| 48 photos of Samarskite-(Y) associated with Columbite-(Fe) | Fe2+Nb2O6 |
| 23 photos of Samarskite-(Y) associated with Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 22 photos of Samarskite-(Y) associated with Microcline | K(AlSi3O8) |
| 15 photos of Samarskite-(Y) associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 11 photos of Samarskite-(Y) associated with Columbite-(Fe)-Columbite-(Mn) Series | |
| 10 photos of Samarskite-(Y) associated with Columbite-Tantalite | |
| 8 photos of Samarskite-(Y) associated with Mica Group | |
| 7 photos of Samarskite-(Y) associated with Cyrtolite | Zr[(SiO4),(OH)4] |
| 4 photos of Samarskite-(Y) associated with Beryl | Be3Al2(Si6O18) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.DB. | Nioboheftetjernite | ScNbO4 |
| 4.DB. | Nioboixiolite-(Mn2+) | (Nb0.67Mn2+0.33)O2 |
| 4.DB. | Shakhdaraite-(Y) | ScYNb2O8 |
| 4.DB.05 | Varlamoffite | Sn1-xFexO2-x(OH) |
| 4.DB.05 | Argutite | GeO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Cassiterite | SnO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Rutile | TiO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Plattnerite | PbO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Tripuhyite | Fe3+Sb5+O4 |
| 4.DB.05 | Tugarinovite | MoO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Pyrolusite | Mn4+O2 |
| 4.DB.10 | Byströmite | MgSb2O6 |
| 4.DB.10 | Ordoñezite | ZnSb2O6 |
| 4.DB.10 | Tredouxite | NiSb2O6 |
| 4.DB.10 | Tapiolite-(Mn) | Mn2+Ta2O6 |
| 4.DB.10 | Tapiolite-(Fe) | Fe2+Ta2O6 |
| 4.DB.15a | Paramontroseite | V4+O2 |
| 4.DB.15a | Ramsdellite | Mn4+O2 |
| 4.DB.15b | Akhtenskite | ε-Mn4+O2 |
| 4.DB.15c | Nsutite | (Mn4+,Mn2+)(O,OH)2 |
| 4.DB.20 | Scrutinyite | α-PbO2 |
| 4.DB.20 | Nioboixiolite-([]) | (Nb0.8◻0.2)4+O2 |
| 4.DB.25 | Ishikawaite | U4+Fe2+Nb2O8 |
| 4.DB.25 | Yttrocolumbite-(Y) | Y(U4+,Fe2+)Nb2O8 |
| 4.DB.25 | Calciosamarskite | (Ca,U4+)Fe3+(Nb,Ta,Ti)2O8 |
| 4.DB.25 | Samarskite-(Yb) | YbFe3+(Nb,Ta)2O8 |
| 4.DB.25 | Ixiolite-(Fe2+) | (Ta0.67Fe2+0.33)O2 |
| 4.DB.25 | Ixiolite-(Mn2+) | (Ta0.67Mn2+0.33)O2 |
| 4.DB.25 | Srilankite | ZrTi2O6 |
| 4.DB.25 | Nioboixiolite-(Fe3+) | (Nb0.5Fe3+0.5)O2 |
| 4.DB.30 va | Wolframite Group | |
| 4.DB.30 | Rossovskyite | (Fe3+,Ta)(Nb,Ti)O4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Huanzalaite | MgWO4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Heftetjernite | ScTaO4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Hübnerite | MnWO4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Sanmartinite | (Zn,Fe)WO4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Ferberite | FeWO4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Krasnoselskite | CoWO4 |
| 4.DB.35 | Qitianlingite | (Fe,Mn)2(Nb,Ta)2WO10 |
| 4.DB.35 | Tantalaeschynite-(Ce) | Ce(TiTa)O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Tantalite-(Mg) | (Mg,Fe2+)(Ta,Nb)2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Columbite-(Mn) | Mn2+Nb2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Tantalite-(Mn) | Mn2+Ta2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Columbite-(Fe) | Fe2+Nb2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Columbite-(Mg) | (Mg,Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Tantalite-(Fe) | Fe2+Ta2O6 |
| 4.DB.40 | Ferrotitanowodginite | Fe2+TiTa2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Wolframowodginite | Mn(Mn,Sn,Fe,Ta)(W,Ta,Nb)2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Lithiotantite | LiTa3O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Lithiowodginite | LiTa3O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Titanowodginite | Mn2+TiTa2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Tantalowodginite | (Mn2+0.5◻0.5)TaTa2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Wodginite | Mn2+Sn4+Ta2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Ferrowodginite | Fe2+Sn4+Ta2O8 |
| 4.DB.45 | Tivanite | V3+TiO3(OH) |
| 4.DB.50 | Carmichaelite | (Ti,Cr,Fe)[O2-x(OH)x] |
| 4.DB.55 | Alumotantite | AlTaO4 |
| 4.DB.60 | Biehlite | ((Sb,As)O)2[MoO4] |
Other Information
Health Risks:
Mineral is radioactive, some specimens may be strong radioactive.
Internet Links for Samarskite-(Y)
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3512.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
References for Samarskite-(Y)
Reference List:
Ellsworth, H. V. (1928) A mineral related to samarskite from the Woodcox mine, Hybla, Ontario. American Mineralogist, 13 (2) 63-65
Ellsworth, H. V. (1928) A mineral related to samarskite from Parry Sound, Ontario. American Mineralogist, 13 (2) 66-68
Murdoch, Joseph (1951) Notes on California Minerals: nuevite=samarskite; trona and hanksite; gaylussite. American Mineralogist, 36 (3-4) 358-361
Van Wambeke, L. (1960) Étude comparative de l'ampangabéite et de la samarskite. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 83 (10) 295-309 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1960.5430(amphangabeite identical with samarskite)
Keller, Ludwig, Wagner, C. N. J. (1983) Diffraction analysis of metamict samarskite. American Mineralogist, 68 (3-4) 459-465
Sugitani, Yoshinori, Suzuki, Yoshihisa, Nagashima, Kozo (1984) Recovery of the original samarskite structure by heating in a reducing atmosphere. American Mineralogist, 69 (3-4) 377-379
Keller, Ludwig (1984) Diffraction study of annealing of metamict samarskite. American Mineralogist, 69 (9-10) 954-960
Sugitani, Yoshinori, Suzuki, Yoshihisa, Nagashima, Kozo (1985) Polymorphism of samarskite and its relationship to other structurally related Nb-Ta oxides with the α-PbO2 structure. American Mineralogist, 70 (7-8) 856-866
Lumpkin, G. R.; Ewing, R. C.; Eyal, Y. (1988) Preferential leaching and natural annealing of alpha-recoil tracks in metamict betafite and samarskite. Journal of Materials Research, 3 (2). 357-368 doi:10.1557/jmr.1988.0357
Warner, Julie K., Ewing, Rodney C. (1993) Crystal chemistry of samarskite. American Mineralogist, 78 (3-4) 419-424
Pinckston, D. Robert, Smith, Dorian G. W. (1995) Mineralogy of the Lake zone, Thor Lake rare-metals deposit, N.W.T., Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 32 (4) 516-532 doi:10.1139/e95-044
Hanson, S. L., Simmons, W. B., Falster, A. U., Foord, E. E., Lichte, F. E. (1999) Proposed nomenclature for samarskite-group minerals: new data on ishikawaite and calciosamarskite. Mineralogical Magazine, 63 (1) 27-36 doi:10.1180/002646199548286
Tomašić, Nenad, Gajović, Andreja, Bermanec, Vladimir, Linarić, Maša, Rajić Su, Dangsheng Š koda (2010) Preservation of the samarskite structure in a metamict ABO4 mineral: a key to crystal structure identification. European Journal of Mineralogy, 22 (3) 435-442 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2010/0022-2032
Capitani, Gian Carlo, Mugnaioli, Enrico, Guastoni, Alessandro (2016) What is the actual structure of samarskite-(Y)? A TEM investigation of metamict samarskite from the Garnet Codera dike pegmatite (Central Italian Alps) American Mineralogist, 101 (7) 1679-1690 doi:10.2138/am-2016-5605
Britvin, Sergey N., Pekov, Igor V., Krzhizhanovskaya, Maria G., Agakhanov, Atali A., Ternes, Bernd, Schüller, Willi, Chukanov, Nikita V. (2019) Redefinition and crystal chemistry of samarskite-(Y), YFe3+Nb2O8: cation-ordered niobate structurally related to layered double tungstates. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 46 (7) 727-741 doi:10.1007/s00269-019-01034-0
Localities for Samarskite-(Y)
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Museum Victoria Mineralogy Collection |
| Placer Prospecting (Aust.) +1 other reference |
| Thompson (ed.) |
| Thompson (ed) | |
| Brugger et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Lottermoser et al. (1997) |
| Lottermoser et al. (1997) | |
| Lottermoser et al. (1997) |
| Lottermoser et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) +2 other references |
Austria | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Arthofer (2005) |
| Pfaffl (1976) +1 other reference |
| Haider (1997) |
Brazil | |
| Guimar˜aes (1941) |
| Butler (1958) | |
| Polycrase specimen in the British ... | |
Canada | |
| MÖLLER (2016) |
| Papoutsa et al. (2013) |
| Ercit (1994) |
| MDI Number: MDI31E11NE00070 |
| Sabina (2007) +1 other reference | |
| Ercit (1994) |
| Gatineau (Hull) +1 other reference |
| Ercit (1994) |
| Seaman (1976) | |
| Ercit (1994) | |
| ontariominerals.com |
| Pit owers (pers. comm.) +1 other reference | |
| Sabina (2007) +1 other reference |
| Kingston +2 other references |
| Mitchell et al. (2017) |
| Mitchell et al. (2017) |
| Hilderley et al. (2006) |
China | |
| Smith et al. (2005) |
| Zhang Peishan et al. (1996) |
| Huang et al. (2022) |
| Yang et al. (2024) |
| Xudong Wang et al. (2013) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Li +4 other references |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
| Zhang Peishan et al. (1996) |
| www.smartminerals.com (2004) |
| Ganfu Shen (2002) |
Czech Republic | |
| Sejkora et al. (2020) |
| Škoda et al. (2011) | |
| Škoda et al. (2004) |
| Škoda +2 other references |
Egypt | |
| Fathy et al. (2025) |
| Emad et al. (2022) | |
| Raslan et al. (2010) | |
| Abdalla (2006) | |
| Abd El Rahman et al. (2022) | |
| Gaafar et al. (2022) | |
Finland | |
| Nordenskiöld (1863) |
| Wilke (1976) | |
| Nordenskiöld (1863) |
| Wilke (1976) |
France | |
| MONCHOUX P. et al. (2006) |
| MONCHOUX P. et al. (2006) | |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Neschen (n.d.) | |
| web.archive.org (2001) |
| Blaß et al. (2001) |
| Blaß et al. (2001) | |
| Blaß et al. (2001) |
| Blaß et al. (2001) |
Greenland | |
| Thrane et al. (2014) |
Guyana | |
| USGS Bulletin 2062 |
India | |
| C. Karunakaran and K. Neelakantam: ... |
| Butler (1958) |
| URAM 2014 IAEA p52 |
| Baidya et al. (2) +1 other reference |
Indian Plate (India Plate) | |
| Singh et al. (1991) | |
Italy | |
| "Silvano Turati' Collection" |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana (1) |
| Guastoni et al. (2019) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Daniele Ravagnani - I giacimenti ... |
| Daniele Ravagnani - Giacimenti ... | |
Japan | |
| Introduction to Japanese Minerals (Geological Survey of Japan, 1970) |
| Koji Koseki & Hanzo Gohara (1956) |
| Koji Koseki & Hanzo Gohara (1956) | |
| Koji Koseki & Hanzo Gohara (1956) | |
| Petrov (n.d.) | |
| - (n.d.) |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
| John Rakovan (2015) | |
| Harada (1954) |
| Nakashima et al. (1998) |
| Nakatsugawa Mineral Museum (Gifu Prefecture, Japan) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Oitseva et al. (2017) |
Madagascar | |
| Behier (1963) |
| Behier (1960) |
| Behier (1960) |
| Pezzotta (1999) | |
| Behier (1960) |
| Behier (1960) |
| Giraud (1956) |
| Michel Arliguie collection & photo (Photo ID: 1009475, old sample) |
| Behier (1960) |
| Behier (1960) | |
| Besaire (1966) | |
| Behier (1960) | |
| Besaire (1966) | |
| Michel Arliguie collection & photo (photo id 898827) | |
| Behier (1958) +1 other reference |
| Behier (1960) | |
| Ganzeev et al. (2003) |
| Behier (1963) |
| Behier (1963) |
| Behier (1963) |
| Lacroix (1922) |
| Behier (1960) |
| Behier (1960) | |
| Lacroix (1922) | |
| Ungemach (1916) +1 other reference | |
| Collection of the British Museum of Natural History #1915-36 (1975) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-2248 (visually identification) |
| Lacroix (1912) +1 other reference |
| Behier (1960) |
Mozambique | |
| Lima de Fari (1956) +1 other reference |
| Wilson et al. (2000) |
| Wilson et al. (2000) |
| Wilson et al. (2000) | |
| Wilson et al. (2000) | |
| Wilson et al. (2000) | |
| Wilson et al. (2000) | |
| Wilson et al. (2000) |
| Wilson et al. (2000) | |
| Wilson et al. (2000) | |
| Wilson et al. (2000) |
| Wilson et al. (2000) | |
| Lima de Faria et al. (1966) +1 other reference | |
| Wilson et al. (2000) | |
| Moiana (2010) |
| Wilson et al. (2000) | |
Norway | |
| Brøgger (1906) |
| Frigstad (1968) |
| Frigstad (1968) +1 other reference |
| Harries (2020) |
| Frigstad (1968) | |
| Frigstad (1968) | |
| Nilssen (1970) |
| Rosenquist (1949) |
| Nijland et al. (1998) | |
| Bjørlykke (1935) |
| Bjørlykke (1935) |
| Bjørlykke (1935) | |
| Bjørlykke (1935) | |
| Bjørlykke (1935) +1 other reference |
| Bjørlykke (1935) |
| Bjørlykke (1935) |
| Frigstad (1999) |
| Frigstad (1968) | |
| Müller et al. (2012) | |
| Bjørlykke (1935) |
| Bjørlykke (1935) | |
| Nilssen (1970) |
| Brøgger (1906) |
| Rob Lavinsky (Ex. Al Ordway specimen) | |
| Nijland et al. (1998) |
| Raade (1965) |
| Wilke (1976) |
| Dittrich (1980) |
| Husdal (2008) |
| Nilssen (1970) |
| Brøgger (1906) +1 other reference | |
| Brøgger (1906) |
| Brøgger (1906) |
| Eldjarn (2008) | |
| Bjørlykke (1939) |
| Bjørlykke (1939) |
| Brøgger (1906) | |
| Bjørlykke (1939) | |
| Brøgger (1906) | |
| Lindahl (1990) |
| Sverdrup et al. (1967) +1 other reference |
Poland | |
| PIECZKA et al. 2010: Nb-Ta minerals in ... |
| Pieczka et al. (2012) +3 other references | |
Romania | |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) |
| Hîrtopanu (1997) +1 other reference |
Russia | |
| Iovchev E.S. |
| Mironov A.G. and Gofman A.F (1979) |
| Pekov (1998) +1 other reference |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| S.Kolesnichenko | |
| Dana 7:I:761. +2 other references | |
| Alekseev et al. (2018) |
| Zozulya +5 other references |
| Vital'Evna (2021) |
| |
| Victor V. Sharygin analytycal data (2012) |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Economic Geology (1996) |
| Lalande (1977) +2 other references |
| Atencio et al. (2015) | |
Slovakia | |
| M. Huraiova et al. |
| Koděra (1986) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Sri Lanka | |
Sweden | |
| |
| |
| Wilke (1997) |
| Dana 7:I:799. |
| Öhman (2003) +1 other reference |
| Natural History Museum |
| |
Switzerland | |
| Girlanda +2 other references |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Thailand | |
| amdis.bgl.esdm.go.id (2016) |
Uganda | |
| Gallagher (1967) |
Ukraine | |
| Lazarenko E.K. e.a. Mineralogy of ... |
| Liventseva (n.d.) |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| Meeves et al. (1966) | |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| Meeves et al. (1966) |
| Robert B. Scarborough (1981) |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10039667 |
| Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference |
| Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference |
| Keith (1978) |
| Keith (1978) | |
| trona +6 other references |
| San Diego Natural History Museum | |
| Chris Stefano |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Meeves et al. (1966) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Muntyan et al. (1985) |
| Hanley et al. (1950) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Rocks & Min.: 24:233-234. +1 other reference |
| USGS Proffesional Paper 265 +1 other reference | |
| USGS Proffesional Paper 265 | |
| Meeves et al. (1966) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Meeves et al. (1966) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Meeves et al. (1966) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Simmons et al. (1980) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Jacobson et al. (1990) +1 other reference | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Simmons et al. (1980) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Meeves et al. (1966) |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Schooner (1958) |
| Rocks & Minerals (1995) +1 other reference |
| Moritz (n.d.) | |
| Moritz (n.d.) | |
| Weber et al. (1995) +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Min.: 62:413 +5 other references | |
| Januzzi et al. (1958) |
| Schooner (1958) |
| Harold Moritz Collection +1 other reference |
| Schooner (1955) +1 other reference |
| Ralph Lieser of Pappy’s Beryl Shop +3 other references |
| Dana 7:I:799. | |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Ream (1995) |
| Ream (2004) | |
| Ream (1995) |
| Ream (1995) | |
| Ream (1995) | |
| Ream (2004) |
| Ream (1995) | |
| Ream (2004) | |
| Ream (2004) |
| USGS Bull 1042K +1 other reference |
| Actual locality was Topsham |
| King (2000) |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| "Western Massachusetts Mineral ... |
| Travis Olds collection |
| USGS Bulletin 988-G (1953) |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Tucker (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Longwell et al. (1965) |
| NBMG Bull 78 Geology and Mineral ... |
| Ross (1961) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Camp (2011) |
| Nashua Mineral Society Display Catalog +2 other references |
| Smith (2005) |
| A Quest for New Jersey Minerals (1978) |
| Gillerman (1964) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Bingler (1968) +3 other references | |
| Jahns (1946) |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) +2 other references | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) +1 other reference | |
| Bingler (1968) |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| All minerals were personally collected | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) +1 other reference | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Charles Young collection and XRF ... | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) +1 other reference | |
| Jahns (1946) |
| Jahns (1946) +2 other references | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Bull 167 University of New Mexico +1 other reference | |
| Jahns (1946) |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Jahns (1946) +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Jahns (1946) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Jensen (1978) |
| Smithsonian Institution Mineral ... |
| Rocks & Min.:60:86. |
| Wilson et al. (1978) |
| Genth (1891) | |
| Wilson et al. (1978) |
| Wilson et al. (1978) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Dana 6:740. |
| - (n.d.) | |
| - (n.d.) | |
| Smithsonian Institution Mineral ... |
| Genth (1891) |
| Wood et al. (1996) | |
| Genth (1891) | |
| Wilson et al. (1978) |
| Wilson et al. (1978) | |
| Mineralogical Research Company |
| - (n.d.) | |
| Lesure (1968) |
| Warner et al. (2009) | |
| Warner et al. (2009) |
| Christopher O'Neill | |
| Gordon (1922) |
| Gordon (1922) | |
| Self-collected by Franklin Roberts. |
| Crook et al. (1977) +1 other reference | |
| Smith (1991) |
| Smith (1991) | |
| Arthur Smith et al. (2008) |
| Smith (1991) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Rocks & Min.: 60:165. |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 60:168. |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| www.uwrf.edu/~wc01 |
| Rocks & Minerals 82:409-410 |
| Buchholz et al. (2006) | |
| Richard Gunter Collection. +1 other reference |
Zambia | |
| Picenza B. (1975) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Gallagher (1967) |
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