Hübnerite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Hübnerite
Formula:
MnWO4
Colour:
Yellow-brown, reddish-brown, blackish brown, black, red (rare)
Lustre:
Adamantine, Resinous, Metallic
Hardness:
4 - 4½
Specific Gravity:
7.12 - 7.18
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1865 by Eugene N. Riotte (native of Elberfeld, Germany) for Friedrich Adolph Hübner [May 17, 1830?, Koenigsberg, East Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia) -?], German mining engineer and metallurgist from Freiberg, Saxony. (Original notice did not have an umlaut as it was in an English language newspaper.)
Ferberite-Hübnerite series
Occurs in high-temperature hydrothermal veins and pneumatolytically altered granites yielding greisen; in granite pegmatites; in alluvial and eluvial deposits.
Note: This species is misclassified in Dana 8th. There are no WO4 tetrahedra in it. It should be in Class 4, Simple Oxides.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Hübnerite.
Occurs in high-temperature hydrothermal veins and pneumatolytically altered granites yielding greisen; in granite pegmatites; in alluvial and eluvial deposits.
Note: This species is misclassified in Dana 8th. There are no WO4 tetrahedra in it. It should be in Class 4, Simple Oxides.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Hübnerite.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1940
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1940:4
IMA Classification of Hübnerite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Mn2+(WO4)
Classification of Hübnerite
4.DB.30
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
B : With medium-sized cations; chains of edge-sharing octahedra
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
B : With medium-sized cations; chains of edge-sharing octahedra
48.1.1.1
48 : ANHYDROUS MOLYBDATES AND TUNGSTATES
1 : AXO4
48 : ANHYDROUS MOLYBDATES AND TUNGSTATES
1 : AXO4
27.4.13
27 : Sulphites, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
4 : Tungstates
27 : Sulphites, Chromates, Molybdates and Tungstates
4 : Tungstates
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Hbr | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Hbn | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Hübnerite
Adamantine, Resinous, Metallic
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Yellow-brown, reddish-brown, blackish brown, black, red (rare)
Streak:
Greenish-grey, yellow to reddish-brown
Hardness:
4 - 4½ on Mohs scale
Comment:
Directional
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {010}
Perfect on {010}
Parting:
On {100} and {102}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
7.12 - 7.18 g/cm3 (Measured) 7.234 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Hübnerite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 2.17 - 2.2 nβ = 2.22 nγ = 2.3 - 2.32
2V:
Measured: 73° , Calculated: 73°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.120 - 0.130
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Anisotropism:
Distinct
Dispersion:
relatively strong
Optical Extinction:
Orientation: X = b; Z ∧ c = 17°–21°.
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 (%) | R2 (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 400nm | 17.1% | 19.8% |
| 420nm | 16.3% | 19.3% |
| 440nm | 15.5% | 18.8% |
| 460nm | 15.1% | 18.3% |
| 480nm | 14.6% | 17.5% |
| 500nm | 14.4% | 17.2% |
| 520nm | 14.2% | 17.0% |
| 540nm | 13.9% | 16.7% |
| 560nm | 13.8% | 16.5% |
| 580nm | 13.7% | 16.3% |
| 600nm | 13.6% | 16.2% |
| 620nm | 13.5% | 16.1% |
| 640nm | 13.5% | 16.0% |
| 660nm | 13.4% | 15.9% |
| 680nm | 13.4% | 15.8% |
| 700nm | 13.3% | 15.7% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 19.8%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
White to gray
Internal Reflections:
Deep blood red
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X = Yellow to green, orange-red
Y = Yellowish brown to greenish yellow, red-orange to red
Z = Green, brick red to red
Y = Yellowish brown to greenish yellow, red-orange to red
Z = Green, brick red to red
Comments:
Absorption: Z > Y > X.
Chemistry of Hübnerite
Mindat Formula:
MnWO4
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | |
|---|---|
| MoO3 | 0.15 % |
| WO3 | 75.60 % |
| FeO | 1.80 % |
| MnO | 21.35 % |
| ZnO | 0.04 % |
| MgO | 0.01 % |
| Total: | 98.95 % |
Empirical formulas:
| Sample ID | Empirical Formula |
|---|---|
| 1 | (Mn2+0.92Fe2+0.08)[W1.00O4] |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Nippyo mine, Awano, Kanuma City, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan | single small grain |
Crystallography of Hübnerite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P2/b
Cell Parameters:
a = 4.8238(7) Å, b = 5.7504(10) Å, c = 4.9901(8) Å
β = 91.18(1)°
β = 91.18(1)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.839 : 1 : 0.868
Unit Cell V:
138.39 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Crystals commonly prismatic and striated [001]; also tabular, to bladed, flatened {100} and exhibit numerous forms, including {010}, {110}, {100}, {310}, {112}, {001}, {102} and {011}. Radiating groups or in parallel configuration.
Twinning:
Common as simple contact twins on {100}, rarely on {001}; as interpenetrant twins, lamellar.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.996 Å | (100) |
| 2.954 Å | (95) |
| 4.84 Å | (65) |
| 3.78 Å | (60) |
| 3.70 Å | (55) |
| 2.497 Å | (55) |
| 2.880 Å | (30) |
Comments:
Synthetic.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 26 : Hadean detrital minerals | |
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites |
Geological Setting:
High-temperature hydrothermal veins and pneumatolytically altered greisens; granite pegmatites and sedimentary alluvial deposits.
Type Occurrence of Hübnerite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
No designated type material.
Synonyms of Hübnerite
Other Language Names for Hübnerite
Relationship of Hübnerite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Wolframite Group:
| Ferberite | FeWO4 | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| Heftetjernite | ScTaO4 | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| Huanzalaite | MgWO4 | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| Krasnoselskite | CoWO4 | Mon. |
| Nioboheftetjernite | ScNbO4 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Rossovskyite | (Fe3+,Ta)(Nb,Ti)O4 | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| Sanmartinite | (Zn,Fe)WO4 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 946 photos of Hübnerite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 150 photos of Hübnerite associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
| 95 photos of Hübnerite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 59 photos of Hübnerite associated with Rhodochrosite | MnCO3 |
| 43 photos of Hübnerite associated with Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 40 photos of Hübnerite associated with Tetrahedrite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C2+2)Sb4S12S |
| 36 photos of Hübnerite associated with Sphalerite | ZnS |
| 35 photos of Hübnerite associated with Scheelite | Ca(WO4) |
| 26 photos of Hübnerite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 26 photos of Hübnerite associated with Stolzite | Pb(WO4) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.DB. | Nioboheftetjernite | ScNbO4 |
| 4.DB. | Nioboixiolite-(Mn2+) | (Nb0.67Mn2+0.33)O2 |
| 4.DB. | Shakhdaraite-(Y) | ScYNb2O8 |
| 4.DB.05 | Varlamoffite | Sn1-xFexO2-x(OH) |
| 4.DB.05 | Argutite | GeO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Cassiterite | SnO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Rutile | TiO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Plattnerite | PbO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Tripuhyite | Fe3+Sb5+O4 |
| 4.DB.05 | Tugarinovite | MoO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Pyrolusite | Mn4+O2 |
| 4.DB.10 | Byströmite | MgSb2O6 |
| 4.DB.10 | Ordoñezite | ZnSb2O6 |
| 4.DB.10 | Tredouxite | NiSb2O6 |
| 4.DB.10 | Tapiolite-(Mn) | Mn2+Ta2O6 |
| 4.DB.10 | Tapiolite-(Fe) | Fe2+Ta2O6 |
| 4.DB.15a | Paramontroseite | V4+O2 |
| 4.DB.15a | Ramsdellite | Mn4+O2 |
| 4.DB.15b | Akhtenskite | ε-Mn4+O2 |
| 4.DB.15c | Nsutite | (Mn4+,Mn2+)(O,OH)2 |
| 4.DB.20 | Scrutinyite | α-PbO2 |
| 4.DB.20 | Nioboixiolite-([]) | (Nb0.8◻0.2)4+O2 |
| 4.DB.25 | Ishikawaite | U4+Fe2+Nb2O8 |
| 4.DB.25 | Yttrocolumbite-(Y) | Y(U4+,Fe2+)Nb2O8 |
| 4.DB.25 | Calciosamarskite | (Ca,U4+)Fe3+(Nb,Ta,Ti)2O8 |
| 4.DB.25 | Samarskite-(Yb) | YbFe3+(Nb,Ta)2O8 |
| 4.DB.25 | Ixiolite-(Sc) | (Ta0.5Sc0.5)O2 |
| 4.DB.25 | Ixiolite-(Fe2+) | (Ta0.67Fe2+0.33)O2 |
| 4.DB.25 | Ixiolite-(Mn2+) | (Ta0.67Mn2+0.33)O2 |
| 4.DB.25 | Nioboixiolite-(Fe2+) | (Nb2/3Fe2+1/3)O2 |
| 4.DB.25 | Srilankite | ZrTi2O6 |
| 4.DB.25 | Samarskite-(Y) | YFe3+Nb2O8 |
| 4.DB.25 | Nioboixiolite-(Fe3+) | (Nb0.5Fe3+0.5)O2 |
| 4.DB.30 va | Wolframite Group | |
| 4.DB.30 | Rossovskyite | (Fe3+,Ta)(Nb,Ti)O4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Huanzalaite | MgWO4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Heftetjernite | ScTaO4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Sanmartinite | (Zn,Fe)WO4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Ferberite | FeWO4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Krasnoselskite | CoWO4 |
| 4.DB.35 | Qitianlingite | (Fe,Mn)2(Nb,Ta)2WO10 |
| 4.DB.35 | Tantalaeschynite-(Ce) | Ce(TiTa)O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Tantalite-(Mg) | (Mg,Fe2+)(Ta,Nb)2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Columbite-(Mn) | Mn2+Nb2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Tantalite-(Mn) | Mn2+Ta2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Columbite-(Fe) | Fe2+Nb2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Columbite-(Mg) | (Mg,Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Tantalite-(Fe) | Fe2+Ta2O6 |
| 4.DB.40 | Ferrotitanowodginite | Fe2+TiTa2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Wolframowodginite | Mn(Mn,Sn,Fe,Ta)(W,Ta,Nb)2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Lithiotantite | LiTa3O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Lithiowodginite | LiTa3O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Titanowodginite | Mn2+TiTa2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Tantalowodginite | (Mn2+0.5◻0.5)TaTa2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Wodginite | Mn2+Sn4+Ta2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Ferrowodginite | Fe2+Sn4+Ta2O8 |
| 4.DB.45 | Tivanite | V3+TiO3(OH) |
| 4.DB.50 | Carmichaelite | (Ti,Cr,Fe)[O2-x(OH)x] |
| 4.DB.55 | Alumotantite | AlTaO4 |
| 4.DB.60 | Biehlite | ((Sb,As)O)2[MoO4] |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
Tungsten ore.
Internet Links for Hübnerite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1940.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
References for Hübnerite
Reference List:
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.157
Weitzel, H. (1976) Kristallstrukturverfeinerung von Wolframiten und Columbiten. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 144 (1-6). 238-258 doi:10.1524/zkri.1976.144.1-6.238
Buhl, J. Chr., Willgallis, A. (1984) Kinetics and Mechanism of Hübnerite (MnWO4) and Ferberite (FeWO4) Crystallization under Hydrothermal Conditions. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A, 39 (10). 963-965 doi:10.1515/zna-1984-1009
Localities for Hübnerite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Algeria | |
| |
Argentina | |
| Brodtkorb (2002) +3 other references |
| Yaciuk et al. (2021) | |
| PUTZ +2 other references | |
| PUTZ +2 other references | |
| Márquez-Zavalía et al. (2020) | |
| Biglia et al. (2016) |
| Herrmann et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Gozalvez (2009) | |
| Gozalvez (2009) | |
| Gozalvez (2009) | |
| GOZALVEZ +3 other references | |
| Jovic et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Jovic et al. (2011) | |
| Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry +1 other reference | |
| Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry specimens +1 other reference |
Australia | |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| Rabone (2010) |
| SOMARIN (2009) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Liddy (1974) |
| WDS Museum Victoria |
| CJR Migisha +3 other references |
Austria | |
| Müller (2016) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2020) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2021) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2017) |
Bolivia | |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) |
| Salomon Rivas and Federico Ahlfeld (1998) | |
| Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) |
| Osvaldo R. Arce Burgoa (2007) |
| Federico Ahlfeld y Jorge Muñoz Reyes (1955) | |
| Osvaldo R. Arce Burgoa (2007) |
| Ahlfeld et al. (1964) |
| Cacho et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Ahlfeld et al. (1964) | |
| Wilson (2001) +1 other reference |
| Torró et al. (2019) |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Radosavljević et al. (2016) |
| Radosavljevic et al. (2005) | |
Canada | |
| Breasley et al. (2024) |
| Dixon et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Mauthner et al. (2006) |
| Sean Freeborne Collection |
| E.R. Faribault |
| Walker et al. (1924) | |
| Barkov et al. (2008) |
Chile | |
| "Faja de mineralización de oro +2 other references |
| HENLEY et al. (2011) | |
China | |
| Duan et al. (2025) |
| Kaiqi Zheng et al. (1989) |
| Boling Pan et al. (1989) |
| Anthony |
| Hui Li et al. (1983) |
| Guoliang Gan and Zhixiong Chen (1991) |
| Xingzhang Luo et al. (2001) |
| Weixin Xie et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| Hongyuan Xia et al. (1991) | |
| Lees et al. (2011) |
| Huanzhang Tian (1982) |
| Yirang Chen (1981) +3 other references |
| Xiong et al. (2020) |
| Xie et al. (2025) |
| Xia Ai and Zengyi Chen (1993) |
| Youren Hua and Zhiguo Hu (1980) +1 other reference | |
| Zhiqing Yu and Yongyong Sun (1986) +1 other reference |
| Xiongwei Hu et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Xianchang Luo (1983) |
| Minqing Cheng and Cunchang Wang (1989) +1 other reference |
| Ye et al. (1998) |
Czech Republic | |
| Jan Hloušek |
| |
| Beran et al. (2006) |
| Dolníček et al. (2024) |
| Pauliš et al. (2022) |
| www.cseg.ca/conferences/2000/556.PDF. +1 other reference |
Egypt | |
| Mahdy et al. (2025) |
Eswatini | |
| Grew et al. (2018) |
Europe | |
| Quellmalz (1992) +1 other reference |
France | |
| Wang (1991) |
| Pierre Le Roch & Jean-Marc Johannet ... |
| Monnier et al. (2021) | |
| Aubert (1969) +1 other reference | |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Pillard F. et al. (1985) |
| Bariand et al. (n.d.) |
| Devismes (1978) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Ansermet et al. (2010) |
| Aubert (1969) +1 other reference |
| Lebocey (2014) |
| Bariand et al. (n.d.) |
| Brugger et al. (1999) |
| Ragu (1994) +2 other references |
| Lacroix (1900) |
| Bariand et al. (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Lapis 2002 (1) +1 other reference |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Schnorrer (1995) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Färber (n.d.) |
| Wittern (2001) +1 other reference |
| Weber (1992) |
Greece | |
| Uwe Kolitsch and Branko Rieck analyses (see also http://lavrion.gr/Minerals/Updates.html) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll & Jánosi. Minerals of Hungary |
| Zajzon N et al. (2014) | |
| Geoda | |
Italy | |
| Orlandi et al. (2005) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Orlandi et al. (1997) |
| Pezzotta et al. (1998) +1 other reference | |
| Pezzotta et al. (1998) | |
| Pezzotta et al. (1998) | |
| F. Pezzotta (1994) +1 other reference | |
| Pezzotta et al. (1998) | |
| Biagioni et al. (2025) |
Japan | |
| Donald E. Lee (1955) |
| Nishio-Hamane et al. (2023) |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| University of Tokyo collection |
| Information displayed at Mitsubishi ... |
| Yoshinaga (1959) |
| K. Nishikubo et al. (2005) |
| Nakatsugawa Mineral Museum (Gifu Prefecture, Japan) |
| Frank K. Mazdab collection (thin section FKM-190) |
| Akira Kato (undated manuscript) | |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
| Lee (1955) +1 other reference |
| Lee (1955) +1 other reference | |
Kazakhstan | |
| Ermilova et al. (1961) +2 other references |
| Cao et al. (2018) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Pekov (1998) |
Madagascar | |
| Pezzotta (1999) +1 other reference |
| Behier (1960) | |
| Behier (1960) |
| Pezzotta (2007) | |
| Demartin et al. (2001) |
Malaysia | |
| Alfredo Petrov specimens (not analysed, but reddish brown streak indicates probable hubnerite) |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
Mongolia | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data 2018 |
Mozambique | |
| Wilson et al. (2000) |
| Wilson et al. (2000) |
Namibia | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
New Zealand | |
| Read et al. (1971) |
North Korea | |
| Tsuda (1969) |
Norway | |
| Brommeland (1980) |
Pakistan | |
| Ikram Mineralogy |
| imported from Shigar District +1 other reference | |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Espi et al. (2007) |
Peru | |
| Lavinsky (n.d.) |
| Dana 7:II:1067. |
| Hochleitner (1985) +2 other references |
| Fluorite: The Collector's Choice. Extra ... | |
| Galdos et al. (2024) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Tony Peterson specimen (ID by red color in thin fragments) |
| Hyrsl et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Lavinsky (n.d.) +2 other references |
| Hyršl (2011) | |
| Hyršl (2011) | |
| Hyršl (2011) | |
| Hyršl (2011) | |
| Hyršl (2011) | |
| findarticles.com (n.d.) | |
| |
| - (1997) |
| Reiner Mielke 2015 |
Poland | |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Portugal | |
| Pedro Alves collection and/or ... | |
| Cabral Pinto et al. (2008) |
| Bobos et al. (2021) |
| XRD analysed |
| Análise Engº Pedro Alves |
| Alves (2017) |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
| Bull. Minéral. +1 other reference | |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
| Bull. Minéral. |
| Nunes (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Rui Nunes and Pedro Alves collections. Marques de Sá et al. (2002) | |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
Romania | |
| Bailly et al. (2002) |
| |
| Udubasa et al. (1996) |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) |
Russia | |
| Potseluev et al. (2006) |
| Damdinova et al. (2019) |
| webmineral.ru (2016) +2 other references | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| - (1998) | |
| Kasatkin et al. (2025) +1 other reference |
| Rogov et al. (2023) | |
| Rogov et al. (2023) | |
| Igor Savin's data |
| Kokorin et al. (2008) |
| Kazachenko et al. (2006, July) | |
| Perevoznikova et al. (2009) |
| Ivashchenko et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Jambor et al. (1994) |
| Brusnitsyn A.I. (2000) |
| Eremin et al. (2023) |
| - (1998) +1 other reference |
Serbia | |
| Pačevski et al. (2007) |
| Ministry of Mining and Energy (2002) |
Slovakia | |
| Števko et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Hurai et al. (2011) |
| Myšľan Pavol; Števko Martin; Mikuš Tomáš (2024) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Peterec et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra et al. (2025) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
South Korea | |
| Kinosaki (1943) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
Spain | |
| Joan Abella i Creus (2008) |
| Tánago et al. (2012) |
| Garófano-Medina et al. (2021) |
| Gouanvic (1985) |
| Calvo (2009) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2009) |
Sudan | |
| www.gras-sd.com (2004) |
Sweden | |
| |
| Collection Bergsskolan (7889) +1 other reference | |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Tindle (2008) |
| Kingsbury (1958) +2 other references |
| M.Wirth and BMS collections +1 other reference |
USA | |
| Econ Geol (1986) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Graeme (1993) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Palache (1941) +1 other reference |
| - (1973) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| - (1973) | |
| Ref.: Keith (1973) |
| Palache (1941) +3 other references |
| Rocks & Min.:65:458. +1 other reference | |
| - (1973) | |
| Cooper & Silver (1964) +1 other reference | |
| Guild (1910) +1 other reference | |
| Cooper (1964) +1 other reference | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10088605 | |
| Cooper (1964) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| - (1973) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Wilson (1941) | |
| Wilson (1941) | |
| Wilson (1941) +2 other references | |
| Wilson (1941) +3 other references | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Galbraith (1959) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10009943 +1 other reference |
| A.I.M.E. Ore Deposits of the Western States (1933) |
| Ransome (1903a) +2 other references |
| MRDS file #10008531. |
| MRDS file #10102533. |
| MRDS file #10008533. |
| MRDS file #10102543. |
| Galbraith (1959) +2 other references |
| Dale (1960) +2 other references | |
| Dale (1961) |
| Dale (1961) | |
| Gianella (1938) +5 other references |
| WARING +3 other references |
| Hess (1913) +3 other references |
| MarekC pers. coll. 2017-2018 |
| MarekC pers. coll. 2017-2018 |
| Tucker (1921) +3 other references |
| - (2005) | |
| Wright et al. (1953) +2 other references |
| Wright et al. (1953) +2 other references | |
| - (2005) | |
| Hess (1909) +2 other references |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) | |
| Junxing Zhao et al. (2011) |
| Dings et al. (1957) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| Dings et al. (1957) +1 other reference | |
| Dings et al. (1957) | |
| Dings et al. (1957) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Butler +1 other reference |
| Butler +2 other references |
| Shannon et al. (1985) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| - (2005) |
| Robert Stoufer collection--personal ... +1 other reference |
| 2008 New Mexico Mineral Symposium ... +2 other references |
| A. Rosenzweig (1957) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Robert Stoufer collection |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| 2009 New Mexico Mineral Symposium ... +1 other reference | |
| 2009 New Mexico Mineral Symposium ... +4 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Collector's Edge Minerals Inc |
| - (2005) | |
| Muntyan (1979) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckhard D. Stuart +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:284. +1 other reference |
| 2008 New Mexico Mineral Symposium ... | |
| Warren Cummings | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Dana 6:985 & 1090 +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| 2008 New Mexico Mineral Symposium ... +2 other references |
| Rocks & Min.:63:288. | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| 2008 New Mexico Mineral Symposium ... |
| 2009 New Mexico Mineral Symposium ... +1 other reference |
| 2008 New Mexico Mineral Symposium ... +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Ransome (1901) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:284-285. +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:288. +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| Carnein et al. (2005) |
| Carnein et al. (2005) | |
| J. Zolan Collec. |
| Rocks & Min. 70:246 |
| Rocks & Min. 70:247 |
| Ream (2004) |
| Ream (1995) | |
| Ream (2004) | |
| Ream (2004) | |
| Ream (2004) | |
| Ream (2004) | |
| Ream (2004) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Ream (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Ream (1995) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Ream (1995) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Ream (1995) |
| Ream (1995) | |
| - (2005) | |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Plante (1992) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Rocks & Min.: 21:501. | |
| Biennial Report of the State Geologist Transmitted to the General Assembly. (1919) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 21:500-501. | |
| - (2005) |
| American Mineralogist (1930) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
| Beaucamp et al. (2024) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Winchell (1914) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Winchell (1914) | |
| Weed (1912) |
| Anaconda Mining Company Collection | |
| Anaconda Mining Company Collection | |
| Weed (1912) | |
| Anaconda Mining Company Collection | |
| Guilbert and Zeihen 1964 +1 other reference | |
| USGS Bull 583 +1 other reference | |
| Weed (1912) | |
| Weed (1912) | |
| Weed (1912) | |
| Weed (1912) | |
| Weed (1912) | |
| Weed (1912) +1 other reference | |
| Weed (1912) +1 other reference | |
| Guilbert and Zeihen 1964 +1 other reference | |
| Sales (1914) | |
| Weed (1912) | |
| Weed (1912) +1 other reference | |
| Sales (1914) | |
| Anaconda Mining Company Collection | |
| Weed (1912) | |
| Sales (1914) | |
| Guilbert and Zeihen 1964 +1 other reference | |
| Manganese at Butte +1 other reference | |
| Weed (1912) |
| Weed (1912) | |
| Weed (1912) | |
| Weed (1912) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| NBMG Bull 78 Geology and Mineral ... | |
| - (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Kleinhampl et al. (1984) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) |
| J.V. Tingley and J. Quade (1986) +2 other references | |
| J.V. Tingley and J. Quade (1986) +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| J.V. Tingley and J. Quade (1986) +2 other references |
| Kleinhampl et al. (1984) | |
| Foord et al. (1988) | |
| Foord et al. (1988) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Foord et al. (1988) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (1976) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (1976) +2 other references |
| J. V. Tingley and J. L. Bentz (1983) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Engineering & Mining Journal (1900) | |
| Engineering & Mining Journal (1900) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| - (1976) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Dunn (1979) +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| - (1965) |
| - (1965) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| Dana 7:II:1066. | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) +2 other references |
| Walstrom (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Robert E.Walstrom Collection | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Schilling (1956) +2 other references |
| Schilling (1956) +1 other reference | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Wilson et al. (1978) |
| J.Wright Horton +1 other reference |
| www.excaliburmineral.com |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| Rocks & Min.: 60: 113. | |
| Rocks & Min.: 60: 113. |
| - (2005) | |
| USGS Bull 380D |
| - (2005) | |
| Dana 6: 1088 +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Smith (1991) +2 other references |
| - (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Collected by Tom Wyman |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +2 other references |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) +1 other reference |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) +1 other reference | |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) +1 other reference | |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) +1 other reference | |
| Cannon (1975) | |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) +1 other reference | |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) +1 other reference | |
| Cannon (1975) | |
| Rocks & Min. (2007) |
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Mundo Nuevo Mine, Mundo Nuevo, Huamachuco, Sánchez Carrión Province, La Libertad, Peru