Roscoelite
About Roscoelite
Unique Identifiers
IMA Classification of Roscoelite
Classification of Roscoelite
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
C : Phyllosilicates with mica sheets, composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
2 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 2:1 layers
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
15 : Aluminosilicates of V and Cr
Mineral Symbols
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Rcl | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Rcl | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Roscoelite
on {001}
Optical Data of Roscoelite
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Chemistry of Roscoelite
Crystallography of Roscoelite
| Roscoelite-1M | Roscoelite-2M1 |
|---|---|
| KV3+2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 | KV3+2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Monoclinic | |
| 2/m - Prismatic | |
| B2/m | |
| C2/m | |
| a = 5.292(1) Å, b = 9.131(2) Å, c = 10.206 Å β = 100.98(2)° | |
| a:b:c = 0.58 : 1 : 1.118 | |
| V 484.14 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell) | |
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 10.0 Å | (100) |
| 4.54 Å | (80) |
| 3.35 Å | (80) |
| 2.60 Å | (80) |
| 1.52 Å | (60) |
| 3.66 Å | (50) |
| 3.11 Å | (50) |
Geological Environment
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47e : [Vanadates, chromates, manganates] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
Type Occurrence of Roscoelite
Synonyms of Roscoelite
Other Language Names for Roscoelite
Colomit
Roscoelit
Roscoelita
Relationship of Roscoelite to other Species
| Boromuscovite | KAl2(BSi3O10)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m |
| Celadonite Subgroup | A subgroup of the dioctahedral mica group. | |
| Chromphyllite | KCr2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Glauconite | K0.60-0.85(Fe3+,Mg,Al)2(Si,Al)4O10](OH)2 | |
| Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Nanpingite | CsAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH,F)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Natro-glauconite | (Na,K)(Fe3+,Al,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 | |
| Paragonite | NaAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Tobelite | (NH4)Al2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Common Associates
| 4 photos of Roscoelite associated with Nolanite | V3+8Fe3+2O14(OH)2 |
| 4 photos of Roscoelite associated with Bariandite | Al0.6(V5+,V4+)8O20 · 9H2O |
| 3 photos of Roscoelite associated with Hewettite | CaV6O16 · 9H2O |
| 3 photos of Roscoelite associated with Natalyite | NaV3+Si2O6 |
| 3 photos of Roscoelite associated with Vésigniéite | BaCu3(VO4)2(OH)2 |
| 3 photos of Roscoelite associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| 2 photos of Roscoelite associated with Bokite | (Al,Fe)1.3(V5+,V4+,Fe3+)8O20 · 7.5H2O |
| 2 photos of Roscoelite associated with Baryte | BaSO4 |
| 2 photos of Roscoelite associated with Tennantite-(Zn) | Cu6(Cu4Zn2)As4S12S |
| 2 photos of Roscoelite associated with Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.EC. | Meifuite | KFe6(Si7Al)O19(OH)4Cl2 |
| 9.EC. | Balestraite | KLi2V5+Si4O12 |
| 9.EC.05 | Talc | Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.05 | Minnesotaite | Fe2+3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.05 | Willemseite | Ni3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.9.EC. | Voloshinite | Rb(LiAl1.5◻0.5)(Al0.5Si3.5)O10F2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Fluorluanshiweiite | KLiAl1.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10F2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Garmite | CsLiMg2(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Gorbunovite | CsLi2(Ti,Fe)Si4O10(F,OH,O)2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Ferripyrophyllite | Fe3+Si2O5(OH) |
| 9.EC.10 | Manganiceladonite | K(MgMn3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Luanshiweiite | KLiAl1.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Pyrophyllite | Al2Si4O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Paragonite | NaAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Ferroaluminoceladonite | K(Fe2+Al◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Nanpingite | CsAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH,F)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Ferroceladonite | K(Fe2+Fe3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Ganterite | (Ba,Na,K)(Al,Mg)2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Kreiterite | CsLi2Fe3+(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Aluminoceladonite | K(MgAl◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Tobelite | (NH4)Al2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Tainiolite | KLiMg2(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Celadonite | K(MgFe3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Chromceladonite | K(MgCr◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Montdorite | KFe2+1.5Mn2+0.5Mg0.5Si4O10(F,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Chromphyllite | KCr2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Boromuscovite | KAl2(BSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | UM1988-22-SiO:AlCaFFeHKLiMg | KLiMgAl2Si3O10F2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Chernykhite | (Ba,Na)(V3+,Al,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Masutomilite | K(LiAlMn2+)[AlSi3O10]F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Oxyphlogopite | K(Mg,Ti,Fe)3[(Si,Al)4O10](O,F)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Chloroferrokinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3(Al2Si2O10)(Cl,OH,F)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Siderophyllite | KFe2+2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Sokolovaite | CsLi2Al(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Hendricksite | KZn3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Tetraferriphlogopite | KMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH,F)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Fluorannite | KFe2+3(Si3Al)O10F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Aspidolite | NaMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Suhailite | (NH4)Fe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Ephesite | NaLiAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Norrishite | KLiMn3+2(Si4O10)O2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Yangzhumingite | KMg2.5(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Orlovite | KLi2Ti(Si4O10)OF |
| 9.EC.20 | Tetraferriannite | KFe2+3(Si3Fe3+)O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Shirokshinite | K(NaMg2)(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Trilithionite | K(Li1.5Al1.5)(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Polylithionite | KLi2Al(Si4O10)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Shirozulite | KMn2+3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Preiswerkite | NaMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Fluorophlogopite | KMg3(Si3Al)O10F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Wonesite | (Na,K)(Mg,Fe,Al)6((Al,Si)4O10)2(OH,F)4 |
| 9.EC.20 | UM2004-49-SiO:AlCsFHKLi | (Cs,K)(Al,Li)2.6((Si,Al)4O10)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Fluorotetraferriphlogopite | KMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Annite | KFe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Eastonite | KMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.22 | Pimelite | Ni3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.EC.30 | Margarite | CaAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.30 | Chlorophaeite | (Ca,Mg,Fe)2Fe2Si4O13 · 10H2O |
| 9.EC.35 | Kinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Mg,Mn2+,Al)3(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Ferrokinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3(Al2Si2O10)(OH,F)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Clintonite | CaAlMg2(SiAl3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Oxykinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Mg,Ti,Fe3+,Fe2+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(O,OH,F)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Fluorokinoshitalite | BaMg3(Al2Si2O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Bityite | CaLiAl2(AlBeSi2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Anandite | (Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3((Si,Al,Fe)4O10)(S,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.40 | Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.40 | Beidellite | (Na,Ca0.5)0.3Al2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.40 | Volkonskoite | Ca0.3(Cr,Mg,Fe)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.EC.40 | Nontronite | Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.40 | Kurumsakite | (Zn,Ni,Cu)8Al8V5+2Si5O35 · 27H2O (?) |
| 9.EC.40 | Yakhontovite | (Ca,Na)0.5(Cu,Fe,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · 3H2O |
| 9.EC.45 | Swinefordite | Li(Al,Li,Mg)3((Si,Al)4O10)2(OH,F)4 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.45 | Hectorite | Na0.3(Mg,Li)3(Si4O10)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.45 | Zincsilite | Zn3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2O (?) |
| 9.EC.45 | Hanjiangite | Ba2CaV3+Al(H2AlSi3O12)(CO3)2F |
| 9.EC.45 | Spadaite | MgSiO2(OH)2 · H2O (?) |
| 9.EC.45 | Ferrosaponite | Ca0.3(Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.EC.45 | Stevensite | (Ca,Na)xMg3-x(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.45 | Saponite | Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.45 | Sauconite | Na0.3Zn3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.EC.50 | Vermiculite | Mg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 · 8H2O |
| 9.EC.52 | Tarasovite | near NaKAl11Si13O40(OH)9 · 3H2O |
| 9.EC.55 | Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Borocookeite | (LiAl4◻)[BSi3O10](OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Franklinfurnaceite | Ca2Fe3+Mn2+3Mn3+(Zn2Si2O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Pennantite | Mn2+5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Vakhrushevaite | Mg5Cr(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Nimite | (Ni,Mg,Al)6((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Cookeite | (LiAl4◻)[AlSi3O10](OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Gonyerite | (Mn2+,Mg)5Fe3+(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Chamosite | (Fe2+,Mg,Al,Fe3+)6(Si,Al)4O10(OH,O)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Orthochamosite | (Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH,O)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Baileychlore | (Zn,Fe2+,Al,Mg)6(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Sudoite | Mg2Al3(Si3Al)O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Glagolevite | Na(Mg,Al)6(AlSi3O10)(OH,O)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Donbassite | Al4.33(Si3Al)O10(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.60 | Dozyite | Mg7Al2(Al2Si4O15)(OH)12 |
| 9.EC.60 | Rectorite | (Na,Ca)Al4((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| 9.EC.60 | Corrensite | (Mg,Fe)9((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)10 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.60 | Aliettite | Ca0.2Mg6((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · 4H2O |
| 9.EC.60 | Karpinskite | (Ni,Mg)2Si2O5(OH)2 (?) |
| 9.EC.60 | Lunijianlaite | Li0.7Al6.2(AlSi7O20)(OH,O)10 |
| 9.EC.60 | Tosudite | Na0.5(Al,Mg)6((Si,Al)8O18)(OH)12 · 5H2O |
| 9.EC.60 | Hydrobiotite | K(Mg,Fe2+)6((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.60 | Saliotite | (Li,Na)Al3(AlSi3O10)(OH)5 |
| 9.EC.60 | Kulkeite | Mg8Al(AlSi7O20)(OH)10 |
| 9.EC.60 | Brinrobertsite | Na0.3Al4(Si4O10)2(OH)4 · 3.5 H2O |
| 9.EC.65 | Macaulayite | (Fe,Al)24Si4O43(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.70 | Burckhardtite | Pb2(Fe3+Te6+)[AlSi3O8]O6 |
| 9.EC.75 | Niksergievite | (Ba,Ca)2Al3(AlSi3O10)(CO3)(OH)6 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.75 | Ferrisurite | (Pb,Ca)2.4Fe3+2(Si4O10)(CO3)1.7(OH)3 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.75 | Surite | (Pb,Ca)3(Al,Fe2+,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.80 | Kegelite | Pb8Al4(Si8O20)(SO4)2(CO3)4(OH)8 |
Radioactivity
| Element | % Content | Activity (Bq/kg) | Radiation Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uranium (U) | 0.0000% | 0 | α, β, γ |
| Thorium (Th) | 0.0000% | 0 | α, β, γ |
| Potassium (K) | 8.7620% | 2,716 | β, γ |
For comparison:
- Banana: ~15 Bq per fruit
- Granite: 1,000–3,000 Bq/kg
- EU exemption limit: 10,000 Bq/kg
Note: Risk is shown relative to daily recommended maximum exposure to non-background radiation of 1000 µSv/year. Note that natural background radiation averages around 2400 µSv/year so in reality these risks are probably extremely overstated! With infrequent handling and safe storage natural radioactive minerals do not usually pose much risk.
Note: The mass selector refers to the mass of radioactive mineral present, not the full specimen, also be aware that the matrix may also be radioactive, possibly more radioactive than this mineral!
Activity: –
| Distance | Dose rate | Risk |
|---|---|---|
| 1 cm | ||
| 10 cm | ||
| 1 m |
The external dose rate (D) from a radioactive mineral is estimated by summing the gamma radiation contributions from its Uranium, Thorium, and Potassium content, disregarding daughter-product which may have a significant effect in some cases (eg 'pitchblende'). This involves multiplying the activity (A, in Bq) of each element by its specific gamma ray constant (Γ), which accounts for its unique gamma emissions. The total unshielded dose at 1 cm is then scaled by the square of the distance (r, in cm) and multiplied by a shielding factor (μshield). This calculation provides a 'worst-case' or 'maximum risk' estimate because it assumes the sample is a point source and entirely neglects any self-shielding where radiation is absorbed within the mineral itself, meaning actual doses will typically be lower. The resulting dose rate (D) is expressed in microsieverts per hour (μSv/h).
D = ((AU × ΓU) + (ATh × ΓTh) + (AK × ΓK)) / r2 × μshield
Other Information
Internet Links for Roscoelite
Please feel free to link to this page.
References for Roscoelite
Localities for Roscoelite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Rainoldi et al. (2024) |
Australia | |
| |
| Schmid +2 other references |
| Mawson (1906) +1 other reference |
| Stillwell (1932) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (2016) |
| - (1903) |
| Simpson (1948) | |
| Simpson (1948) | |
| Simpson (1948) | |
| Gray et al. (1996) |
| Gray et al. (1996) | |
| Butt (2003) | |
| Butt (2003) | |
| Sumail et al. (2024) |
Canada | |
| King et al. (1993) +3 other references |
| Lines et al. (1996) |
| Pan et al. (1992) |
| Parnell et al. (2018) | |
China | |
| Dai et al. (2017) |
| Liu et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Wending Xiao (2007) |
| Geng Ansong and Parnell (1994) |
| Anthony et al. (1997) |
| Jingwen Mao et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| National Geological Archives of China ... |
| National Geological Archives of China ... |
| Saisai Li et al. (2013) |
| Hongzhou Zhu et al. (2010) | |
| National Geological Archives of China ... | |
| Tao Ren et al. (2007) |
| Fu et al. (2025) | |
| Jiansheng Qiu et al. (1994) |
| Huijin Lu and Jian Wang (2005) |
Czech Republic | |
| Ulmanová et al. (2024) |
| Johan et al. (1987) |
| Lapis 2002 (7/8) |
| Petr Fuchs collection |
| geologie.vsb.cz (n.d.) |
Fiji | |
| 16th Australian Geological Convention +3 other references |
| Naden +3 other references |
Finland | |
| Piirainen |
France | |
| - (1998) |
Gabon | |
| Janeczek (1999) +1 other reference |
Germany | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2005) |
| Gröbner (2007) +1 other reference |
| Gröbner (2001) | |
| Grundler et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
Italy | |
| Balestra (2016) |
| Corrado Balestra collection +1 other reference | |
| |
| Balestra C. (2003) +2 other references |
| Orlandi et al. (2009) |
| Orlandi (1999) +1 other reference |
| Orlandi et al. (2009) |
| Orlandi et al. (2000) | |
Japan | |
| - (Go Ito, pers. com.) |
| Matsubara et al. (1990) |
| Am Min 66:638 +2 other references |
| Matsubara et al. (2002) |
| Yoshimura & Momoi (1964) +1 other reference |
Kazakhstan | |
| Karpenko et al. (2011) |
| Karpenko et al. (2011) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Karpenko et al. (2004) |
Madagascar | |
| Di Cecco et al. (2018) |
| Hänni et al. (1982) |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Econ Geol (1993) |
| Richards et al. (1997) +1 other reference | |
| Cameron (1998) | |
| Chapple et al. (1998) |
Peru | |
| Bayliss et al. (1989) +1 other reference |
Poland | |
| Piestrzyński et al. (2012) |
| Banaś et al. (2005) |
Russia | |
| Parnell et al. (2001) |
| Bosi et al. (2014) |
| Kompanchenko et al. (2018) +1 other reference |
| American Mineralogist +5 other references |
| Leontev et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
| Leontev et al. (2018) | |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra (1986) |
South Africa | |
| www.fc.up.pt/geo/ecrofi/377.PDF. +1 other reference |
Spain | |
| Castillo et al. (2009) +2 other references |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Beda Hofmann (1986) |
| Meisser (2012) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
UK | |
| Brian Craik-Smith collection +3 other references |
| Parnell (1988) |
| van Panhuys-Sigler et al. (1996) |
| Spinks et al. (2014) |
| Parnell et al. (2016) | |
USA | |
| - (2005) |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Dean (1995) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference |
| Graeme (1993) |
| Graeme (1993) +1 other reference | |
| Van Gosen et al. (2025) |
| Witkind (1963) +1 other reference |
| Holland et al. (1958) +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:108. +1 other reference |
| Kimble (1907) +2 other references |
| www.eldoradolibrary.org +7 other references |
| Hanks (1881) +3 other references |
| Hanks (1884) +3 other references |
| Page et al. (1956) +2 other references |
| Anonymous (1954) +3 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| ISBN-13: 978-1555913656 +1 other reference |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Lovering et al. (1950) | |
| Anthony et al. (2016) | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| USGS Prof Paper 320 | |
| USGS Prof Paper 320 | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckhard D. Stuart collection (visual identification) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1072E +1 other reference | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) +1 other reference | |
| Min News (1987) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Econ Geol (1985) +1 other reference |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (2016) | |
| Carnein et al. (2005) |
| Ream (2004) |
| Tucker (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Econ Geol (1994) |
| Tucker (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) +1 other reference | |
| Gibson (2018) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| ex Robert E. Jenkins and David Shannon ... | |
| Moench (1962) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Bingler (1968) +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Hanahan (1985) |
| Gold and Silver in Oregon |
| Anthony et al. (2016) | |
| Anthony et al. (2016) | |
| - (2005) |
| Barton et al. (2018) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| SEM-EDS analyzed by Joy Desor |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Kasatkin et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| - (2005) |
| Bull. Minéral. |
| - (2005) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Canadian Mineralogist (2001) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Huff et al. (1962) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| USGS Bull 1190 |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Carl L. Ege (2005) |
Zambia | |
| MacIntyre (2019) |




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Gambatesa Mine, Reppia, Ne, Genoa, Liguria, Italy