Paragonite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Paragonite
Formula:
NaAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Colour:
Colorless, pale yellow, grayish, grayish white, greenish, light apple-green
Lustre:
Pearly
Hardness:
2½ - 3
Specific Gravity:
2.85
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1843 by Karl Emil Schafhäutl from the Greek, παραγειυ to mislead as the mineral looked like talc, but did not contain Mg.
Mica Group.
An uncommon Na-member of the mica group.
Occurs in low- to medium-grade metamorphic schists and phyllites, in muscovite-biotite gneisses, quartz veins, fine-grained sediments, and glaucophane-bearing rocks.
2M1; 3A polytypes.
An uncommon Na-member of the mica group.
Occurs in low- to medium-grade metamorphic schists and phyllites, in muscovite-biotite gneisses, quartz veins, fine-grained sediments, and glaucophane-bearing rocks.
2M1; 3A polytypes.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3090
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3090:4
IMA Classification of Paragonite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
NaAl2(Si3Al)O10(OH)2
First published:
1843
Classification of Paragonite
9.EC.15
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
C : Phyllosilicates with mica sheets, composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
C : Phyllosilicates with mica sheets, composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
71.2.2a.2
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
2 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 2:1 layers
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
2 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 2:1 layers
16.2.4
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
2 : Aluminosilicates of Na
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
2 : Aluminosilicates of Na
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Pg | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Pg | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
| Pg | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Pg | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Pg | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
| Pg | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Physical Properties of Paragonite
Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Colorless, pale yellow, grayish, grayish white, greenish, light apple-green
Streak:
White
Hardness:
2½ - 3 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Flexible
Cleavage:
Perfect
{001}
{001}
Density:
2.85 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.907 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Paragonite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.564 - 1.580 nβ = 1.594 - 1.609 nγ = 1.600 - 1.609
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.029 - 0.036
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
r < v strong
Optical Extinction:
Y ≃ a; Z = b; X ∧ c ≃ 5°.
Comments:
Absorption: Very faint; Z >= Y > X.
Chemistry of Paragonite
Mindat Formula:
NaAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Element Weights:
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | 2 | 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SiO2 | 47.22 % | 46.49 % | 47.25 % |
| TiO2 | 0.04 % | 0.10 % | 0.12 % |
| Al2O3 | 39.52 % | 38.92 % | 39.73 % |
| Cr2O3 | 0.09 % | 0.11 % | 0.07 % |
| FeO | 0.76 % | 0.51 % | 0.70 % |
| MnO | 0.25 % | 0.02 % | 0.03 % |
| MgO | 0.04 % | 0.44 % | 0.15 % |
| CaO | 0.25 % | 0.38 % | 0.43 % |
| Na2O | 7.54 % | 6.97 % | 6.96 % |
| K2O | 0.20 % | 0.97 % | 1.05 % |
| Total: | 95.91 % | 94.91 % | 96.49 % |
Empirical formulas:
| Sample ID | Empirical Formula |
|---|---|
| 1 | (Na0.93 K0.02 )Σ0.95 (Al 1.96Ca0.02Mn0.01Fe0.04)Σ2.03(Al1.00Si3.00O10)OH2 |
| 2 | (Na0.85Na0.09) Σ0.94(Al1.91Mg0.04 Fe0.03 Ca0.03Cr0.01)Σ2.02(Al1.04Si2.96)Σ4.00O10OH2 |
| 3 | (Na0.86Na0.08) Σ0.94(Al1.96Mg0.01 Fe0.04Ca0.03)Σ2.04(Al1.01Si2.99)Σ4.00O10OH2 |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Eissee eclogite, Timmelbach valley, Prägraten am Großvenediger, Lienz District, Tyrol, Austria | EMPA analysis of paragonite found as an inclusion in garnet in a kyanite-eclogite. | |
| 2 | Steinsteg eclogite, Frosnitz valley, Matrei in Osttirol, Lienz District, Tyrol, Austria | EMPA analysis of paragonite after kyanite in a kyanite-eclogite | |
| 3 | " " | EMPA analysis of a paragonite inclusion in garnet from a post eclogite-facies mica schists. |
Crystallography of Paragonite
Polytype:
Formula:
Crystal System:
Class (H-M)
Space Group:
Space Group Setting:
Cell Parameters:
Ratio:
Unit Cell Volume (calc):
Z:
| Paragonite-1M | Paragonite-1Md | Paragonite-2M1 | Paragonite-3T |
|---|---|---|---|
| NaAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 | NaAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 | NaAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 | NaAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Monoclinic | Trigonal | ||
| 2/m - Prismatic | 3 2 - Trapezohedral | ||
| B2/b | P31 1 2 | ||
| C2/c | |||
| a = 5.128(2) Å, b = 8.898(3) Å, c = 19.287(9) Å β = 94.35(3)° | a = 5.132 Å, c = 28.72 Å | ||
| a:b:c = 0.576 : 1 : 2.168 | a:c = 1 : 5.596 | ||
| V 877.51 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell) | V 655.07 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell) | ||
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000924 | Paragonite | Lin C Y, Bailey S W (1984) The crystal structure of paragonite-2M1 American Mineralogist 69 122-127 |  | 1984 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0008000 | Paragonite | Comodi P, Zanazzi P F (1997) Pressure dependence of structural parameters of paragonite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 24 274-280 | 1997 | 0.00001 | 293 | ||
| 0008001 | Paragonite | Comodi P, Zanazzi P F (1997) Pressure dependence of structural parameters of paragonite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 24 274-280 | 1997 | 0.05 | 293 | ||
| 0008002 | Paragonite | Comodi P, Zanazzi P F (1997) Pressure dependence of structural parameters of paragonite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 24 274-280 | 1997 | 2.54 | 293 | ||
| 0008003 | Paragonite | Comodi P, Zanazzi P F (1997) Pressure dependence of structural parameters of paragonite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 24 274-280 | 1997 | 4.05 | 293 | ||
| 0008407 | Paragonite | Comodi P, Zanazzi P F (2000) Structural thermal behavior of paragonite and its dehydroxylate: a high-temperature single-crystal study Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 377-385 | 2000 | 0 | 298 | ||
| 0008408 | Paragonite | Comodi P, Zanazzi P F (2000) Structural thermal behavior of paragonite and its dehydroxylate: a high-temperature single-crystal study Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 377-385 | 2000 | 0 | 483 | ||
| 0008409 | Paragonite | Comodi P, Zanazzi P F (2000) Structural thermal behavior of paragonite and its dehydroxylate: a high-temperature single-crystal study Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 377-385 | 2000 | 0 | 723 | ||
| 0008410 | Paragonite | Comodi P, Zanazzi P F (2000) Structural thermal behavior of paragonite and its dehydroxylate: a high-temperature single-crystal study Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 27 377-385 | 2000 | 0 | 873 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.44 Å | (100) |
| 2.536 Å | (90) |
| 9.7 Å | (80) |
| 2.430 Å | (80) |
| 1.486 Å | (80b) |
| 2.921 Å | (70) |
| 2.831 Å | (70) |
Comments:
Pizzo Forno, Switzerland; 2M1
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
| 6 : Secondary asteroid phases | 4.566-4.560 |
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 39 : High-? metamorphism (blueschist, eclogite, ultrahigh ? facies) | |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Type Occurrence of Paragonite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Talc-like.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
No designated type material.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Metamorphic shists and phyllites.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Paragonite
White mica (in part)
Other Language Names for Paragonite
Varieties of Paragonite
| Brammallite | A sodium-deficient variety of paragonite, an analogue of illite. May be derived sometimes from the Na-leaching of paragonite, or by alteration of muscovite or other aluminous minerals. |
| Cossaite (of Piolti?) | A K-bearing paragonite. |
Relationship of Paragonite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Dioctahedral mica:
| Boromuscovite | KAl2(BSi3O10)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m |
| Celadonite Subgroup | A subgroup of the dioctahedral mica group. | |
| Chromphyllite | KCr2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Glauconite | K0.60-0.85(Fe3+,Mg,Al)2(Si,Al)4O10](OH)2 | |
| Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Nanpingite | CsAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH,F)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Natro-glauconite | (Na,K)(Fe3+,Al,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 | |
| Roscoelite | KV3+2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Tobelite | (NH4)Al2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 32 photos of Paragonite associated with Kyanite | Al2(SiO4)O |
| 26 photos of Paragonite associated with Staurolite | Fe2+2Al9Si4O23(OH) |
| 3 photos of Paragonite associated with Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 3 photos of Paragonite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 2 photos of Paragonite associated with Almandine | Fe2+3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| 1 photo of Paragonite associated with Garnet Group | X3Z2(SiO4)3 |
| 1 photo of Paragonite associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| 1 photo of Paragonite associated with Rutile | TiO2 |
| 1 photo of Paragonite associated with Chamosite | (Fe2+,Mg,Al,Fe3+)6(Si,Al)4O10(OH,O)8 |
| 1 photo of Paragonite associated with Tourmaline | AD3G6(T6O18)(BO3)3X3Z |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.EC. | Meifuite | KFe6(Si7Al)O19(OH)4Cl2 |
| 9.EC. | Balestraite | KLi2V5+Si4O12 |
| 9.EC.05 | Talc | Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.05 | Minnesotaite | Fe2+3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.05 | Willemseite | Ni3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.9.EC. | Voloshinite | Rb(LiAl1.5◻0.5)(Al0.5Si3.5)O10F2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Fluorluanshiweiite | KLiAl1.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10F2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Garmite | CsLiMg2(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Gorbunovite | CsLi2(Ti,Fe)Si4O10(F,OH,O)2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Ferripyrophyllite | Fe3+Si2O5(OH) |
| 9.EC.10 | Manganiceladonite | K(MgMn3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Luanshiweiite | KLiAl1.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Pyrophyllite | Al2Si4O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Ferroaluminoceladonite | K(Fe2+Al◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Nanpingite | CsAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH,F)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Ferroceladonite | K(Fe2+Fe3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Ganterite | (Ba,Na,K)(Al,Mg)2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Kreiterite | CsLi2Fe3+(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Roscoelite | KV3+2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Aluminoceladonite | K(MgAl◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Tobelite | (NH4)Al2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Tainiolite | KLiMg2(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Celadonite | K(MgFe3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Chromceladonite | K(MgCr◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Montdorite | KFe2+1.5Mn2+0.5Mg0.5Si4O10(F,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Chromphyllite | KCr2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Boromuscovite | KAl2(BSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | UM1988-22-SiO:AlCaFFeHKLiMg | KLiMgAl2Si3O10F2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Chernykhite | (Ba,Na)(V3+,Al,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Masutomilite | K(LiAlMn2+)[AlSi3O10]F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Oxyphlogopite | K(Mg,Ti,Fe)3[(Si,Al)4O10](O,F)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Chloroferrokinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3(Al2Si2O10)(Cl,OH,F)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Siderophyllite | KFe2+2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Sokolovaite | CsLi2Al(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Hendricksite | KZn3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Tetraferriphlogopite | KMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH,F)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Fluorannite | KFe2+3(Si3Al)O10F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Aspidolite | NaMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Suhailite | (NH4)Fe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Ephesite | NaLiAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Norrishite | KLiMn3+2(Si4O10)O2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Yangzhumingite | KMg2.5(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Orlovite | KLi2Ti(Si4O10)OF |
| 9.EC.20 | Tetraferriannite | KFe2+3(Si3Fe3+)O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Shirokshinite | K(NaMg2)(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Trilithionite | K(Li1.5Al1.5)(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Polylithionite | KLi2Al(Si4O10)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Shirozulite | KMn2+3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Preiswerkite | NaMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Fluorophlogopite | KMg3(Si3Al)O10F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Wonesite | (Na,K)(Mg,Fe,Al)6((Al,Si)4O10)2(OH,F)4 |
| 9.EC.20 | UM2004-49-SiO:AlCsFHKLi | (Cs,K)(Al,Li)2.6((Si,Al)4O10)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Fluorotetraferriphlogopite | KMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Annite | KFe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Eastonite | KMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.22 | Pimelite | Ni3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.EC.30 | Margarite | CaAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.30 | Chlorophaeite | (Ca,Mg,Fe)2Fe2Si4O13 · 10H2O |
| 9.EC.35 | Kinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Mg,Mn2+,Al)3(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Ferrokinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3(Al2Si2O10)(OH,F)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Clintonite | CaAlMg2(SiAl3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Oxykinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Mg,Ti,Fe3+,Fe2+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(O,OH,F)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Fluorokinoshitalite | BaMg3(Al2Si2O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Bityite | CaLiAl2(AlBeSi2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Anandite | (Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3((Si,Al,Fe)4O10)(S,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.40 | Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.40 | Beidellite | (Na,Ca0.5)0.3Al2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.40 | Volkonskoite | Ca0.3(Cr,Mg,Fe)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.EC.40 | Nontronite | Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.40 | Kurumsakite | (Zn,Ni,Cu)8Al8V5+2Si5O35 · 27H2O (?) |
| 9.EC.40 | Yakhontovite | (Ca,Na)0.5(Cu,Fe,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · 3H2O |
| 9.EC.45 | Swinefordite | Li(Al,Li,Mg)3((Si,Al)4O10)2(OH,F)4 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.45 | Hectorite | Na0.3(Mg,Li)3(Si4O10)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.45 | Zincsilite | Zn3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2O (?) |
| 9.EC.45 | Hanjiangite | Ba2CaV3+Al(H2AlSi3O12)(CO3)2F |
| 9.EC.45 | Spadaite | MgSiO2(OH)2 · H2O (?) |
| 9.EC.45 | Ferrosaponite | Ca0.3(Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.EC.45 | Stevensite | (Ca,Na)xMg3-x(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.45 | Saponite | Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.45 | Sauconite | Na0.3Zn3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.EC.50 | Vermiculite | Mg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 · 8H2O |
| 9.EC.52 | Tarasovite | near NaKAl11Si13O40(OH)9 · 3H2O |
| 9.EC.55 | Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Borocookeite | (LiAl4◻)[BSi3O10](OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Franklinfurnaceite | Ca2Fe3+Mn2+3Mn3+(Zn2Si2O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Pennantite | Mn2+5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Vakhrushevaite | Mg5Cr(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Nimite | (Ni,Mg,Al)6((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Cookeite | (LiAl4◻)[AlSi3O10](OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Gonyerite | (Mn2+,Mg)5Fe3+(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Chamosite | (Fe2+,Mg,Al,Fe3+)6(Si,Al)4O10(OH,O)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Orthochamosite | (Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH,O)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Baileychlore | (Zn,Fe2+,Al,Mg)6(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Sudoite | Mg2Al3(Si3Al)O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Glagolevite | Na(Mg,Al)6(AlSi3O10)(OH,O)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Donbassite | Al4.33(Si3Al)O10(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.60 | Dozyite | Mg7Al2(Al2Si4O15)(OH)12 |
| 9.EC.60 | Rectorite | (Na,Ca)Al4((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| 9.EC.60 | Corrensite | (Mg,Fe)9((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)10 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.60 | Aliettite | Ca0.2Mg6((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · 4H2O |
| 9.EC.60 | Karpinskite | (Ni,Mg)2Si2O5(OH)2 (?) |
| 9.EC.60 | Lunijianlaite | Li0.7Al6.2(AlSi7O20)(OH,O)10 |
| 9.EC.60 | Tosudite | Na0.5(Al,Mg)6((Si,Al)8O18)(OH)12 · 5H2O |
| 9.EC.60 | Hydrobiotite | K(Mg,Fe2+)6((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.60 | Saliotite | (Li,Na)Al3(AlSi3O10)(OH)5 |
| 9.EC.60 | Kulkeite | Mg8Al(AlSi7O20)(OH)10 |
| 9.EC.60 | Brinrobertsite | Na0.3Al4(Si4O10)2(OH)4 · 3.5 H2O |
| 9.EC.65 | Macaulayite | (Fe,Al)24Si4O43(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.70 | Burckhardtite | Pb2(Fe3+Te6+)[AlSi3O8]O6 |
| 9.EC.75 | Niksergievite | (Ba,Ca)2Al3(AlSi3O10)(CO3)(OH)6 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.75 | Ferrisurite | (Pb,Ca)2.4Fe3+2(Si4O10)(CO3)1.7(OH)3 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.75 | Surite | (Pb,Ca)3(Al,Fe2+,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.80 | Kegelite | Pb8Al4(Si8O20)(SO4)2(CO3)4(OH)8 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Paragonite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Paragonite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3090.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
References for Paragonite
Reference List:
McCormick, R. B. (1934) Paragonite from Pizzo Forno, Ticino, Switzerland. American Mineralogist, 19 (9) 431-432
Schaller, W. T., Stevens, R. E. (1941) The validity of paragonite as a mineral species. American Mineralogist, 26 (9) 541-545
Gruner, John W. (1942) Conditions for the formation of paragonite. American Mineralogist, 27 (2) 131-134
Dietrich, Richard V. (1956) Trigonal paragonite from Campbell and Franklin Counties, Virginia. American Mineralogist, 41 (11-12) 940-941
Yoder, Hatten S. (1957) Experimental Studies on Micas: A Synthesis. Clays and Clay Minerals, 6 (1) 42-60 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1957.0060105
Althaus, Egon; Winkler, Helmut G. F. (1961) Einfluß von Anionen auf metamorphe Mineralreaktionen. Die Naturwissenschaften, 48 (15). 521-522 doi:10.1007/bf00595337
Zen, E-an, Ross, Malcolm, Bearth, Peter (1964) Paragonite from Tasch Valley near Zermatt, Switzerland. American Mineralogist, 49 (1-2) 183-189
Guidotti, Charles V. (1968) On the relative scarcity of paragonite. American Mineralogist, 53 (5-6) 963-974
Cheney, John T., Guidotti, Charles V. (1973) Paragonite contents of coexisting, but texturally different, muscovites from pelitic schists of the Puzzle Mountain area, Maine. American Mineralogist, 58 (11-12) 1076-1079
Ackermand, D., Morteani, G. (1973) Occurrence and breakdown of paragonite and margarite in the Greiner Schiefer Series (Zillerthal Alps, Tyrol) Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 40 (4) 293-304 doi:10.1007/bf00371020
Höck, Volker (1974) Coexisting phengite, paragonite and margarite in metasediments of the mittlere Hohe Tauern, Austria. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 43 (4). 261-273 doi:10.1007/bf00373483
Franz, Gerhard, Hinrichsen, Thomas, Wannemacher, Ellen (1977) Determination of the miscibility gap on the solid solution series paragonite-margarite by means of the infrared spectroscopy. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 59 (3) 307-316 doi:10.1007/bf00374559
Brown, E. H. (1977) Phase equilibria among pumpellyite, lawsonite, epidote and associated minerals in low grade metamorphic rocks. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 64 (2) 123-136 doi:10.1007/bf00371507
Gibson, G. M. (1979) Margarite in kyanite- and corundum-bearing anorthosite, amphibolite, and hornblendite from central Fiordland, New Zealand. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 68 (2) 171-179 doi:10.1007/bf00371898
Lin, Cheng-yi, Bailey, S. W. (1984) The crystal structure of paragonite-2M1. American Mineralogist, 69 (1-2). 122-127
Jenkins, David M. (1984) Upper-pressure stability of synthetic margarite plus quartz. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 88 (4) 332-339 doi:10.1007/bf00376758
OKUYAMA-KUSUNOSE, YASUKO (1985) Margarite-paragonite-muscovite assemblages from the low-grade metapelites of the Tono metamorphic aureole, Kitakami Mountains, Northeast Japan. The Journal of the Japanese Association of Mineralogists, Petrologists and Economic Geologists, 80 (12) 515-525 doi:10.2465/ganko1941.80.515
Gomez-Pugnaire, Maria Teresa, Visona, Dario, Franz, Gerhard (1985) Kyanite, margarite and paragonite in pseudomorphs in amphibolitized eclogites from the Betic Cordilleras, Spain. Chemical Geology, 50 (1) 129-141 doi:10.1016/0009-2541(85)90116-0
Guidotti, Charles V., Mazzoli, Claudio, Sassi, Francesco P., Blencoe, James G. (1992) Compositional controls on the cell dimensions of 2M1 muscovite and paragonite. European Journal of Mineralogy, 4 (2). 283-297 doi:10.1127/ejm/4/2/0283
FEENSTRA, ANNE (1996) An EMP and TEM—AEM Study of Margarite, Muscovite and Paragonite in Polymetamorphic Metabauxites of Naxos Cyclades, Greece) and the Implications of Fine-scale Mica Interlayering and Multiple Mica Generations. Journal of Petrology, 37 (2) 201-233 doi:10.1093/petrology/37.2.201
Comodi, Paola, Zanazzi, Pier Francesco (1997) Pressure dependence of structural parameters of paragonite. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 24 (4) 274-280 doi:10.1007/s002690050039
Rieder, M., Cavazzini, G., D’Yakonov, Y.S., Frank-Kamenetskii, V.A., Gottardt, G., Guggenheim, S., Koval, P.V., Muller, G., Neiva, A.M.R., Radoslovich, E.W., Robert, J.L., Sassi, F.P., Takeda, H., Weiss, Z., Wones, D.R. (1998) Nomenclature of the micas. The Canadian Mineralogist, 36 (3) 905-912
Localities for Paragonite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Perelló et al. (2023) |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Petersen et al. (2000) |
Australia | |
| Lishmund (1982) +1 other reference |
| Allibone (1998) |
| Birch (1999) |
| Mackie (1986) |
| Monecke (2002) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| R. Bottrill |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) |
| Allen et al. (2003) |
| Ferguson (1999) |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Walter et al. (2001) |
| www.univie.ac.at (2020) |
| Kolitsch (2019) |
| Zirkl (1961) |
| Goldmann et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Kolitsch (2020) |
| Schortmann's Minerals (Massachusetts) |
| Postl et al. (1988) |
| Walter Prochaska (1985) |
| Hoschek (2001) +1 other reference |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) | |
| Exel (1993) | |
| Hoschek (2004) |
Belgium | |
| Kramm (1980) +1 other reference |
| José Dehove collection. |
| Kramm (1980) +2 other references | |
| Kramm (1980) +1 other reference | |
| Blondieau (2005) | |
Brazil | |
| Maria de Lourdes da Silva Rosa et al. (2007) |
| Jost et al. (2001) |
| Campos et al. (2022) | |
| Jost et al. (2001) |
| Lobato et al. (2001) |
| Lobato et al. (2001) |
Burkina Faso | |
| Sore et al. (2025) |
| Kříbek et al. (2016) |
| Sore et al. (2025) |
Canada | |
| Garagan (2014) |
| Febbo et al. (2019) |
| Richardson et al. (1996) |
| Sparkes et al. (2016) |
| Sabina (2003) | |
| Hannington et al. (1999) |
| Sabina (2003) |
| Legault et al. (2006) |
| |
| SRK Consulting (Canada) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
China | |
| Franz et al. (2001) |
| Dubin Huang and Xinbang Guan (2012) |
| Yaxiu Yang et al. (1992) |
| Wang et al. (2024) |
| Zhang et al. (1994) |
| Fengjun Nie et al. (2013) |
| Oberti et al. (2003) |
| Mattinson et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Jinhai Yu et al. (2001) |
| Zhou Guoqing (1997) |
| Jinhai Yu et al. (2001) |
| Guo et al. (2020) |
| Wang et al. (2025) |
| Wang et al. (2025) | |
| Hao et al. (2024) |
| Zhang et al. (2024) |
| Wang et al. (2025) |
| Zhao et al. (2025) |
| Wu et al. (2025) |
| Li et al. (2025) |
| Zhao et al. (2025) |
| Wang et al. (2025) | |
| Lin et al. (2006) |
| Xin Liu et al. (2013) |
| Lifei Zhang et al. (2001) +2 other references | |
| Mao et al. (2024) |
Colombia | |
| Green et al. (1968) |
Cuba | |
| Garcia-Casco (2009) +1 other reference |
| MACIZO METAMÓRFICO ESCAMBRAY. CUBA CENTRAL. CONTROLES Y USOS DE LOS MINERALES NO-METÁLICOS. Humberto Álvarez-Sánchez (1) +2 other references |
Czech Republic | |
| Gramblička (n.d.) |
| Gramblička (n.d.) |
| Jirásek J et al. (2020) |
| Novák et al. (2007) |
Dominican Republic | |
| Krebs et al. (2008) |
Ecuador | |
| Aspden et al. (1995) |
| Díaz Castro et al. (2025) |
| Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Ethiopia | |
| Kabeta et al. (2024) |
Europe | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Fiji | |
| Orovan (2016) |
| Orovan (2016) |
| Orovan (2016) | |
Finland | |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
| Ilkka Nmikkola collection | |
| Sipilä |
| Eilu (2003) |
| Laitakari (1967) |
| Niskanen (2014) |
France | |
| Guillot et al. (2015) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Audren et al. (1993) |
| Audren et al. (1993) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Godard et al. (2024) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) | |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) | |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) | |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) | |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
Germany | |
| Baumann et al. (2000) |
| silicate fluids included in garnet et al. (5) +1 other reference |
| |
Ghana | |
| Allibone et al. (2002) |
Greece | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2015) +2 other references |
| Stouraiti et al. (2022) |
| Theye et al. (1992) |
| Theye et al. (1992) | |
| Theye et al. (1992) |
| Theye et al. (1992) |
| Mposkos et al. (2012) |
| Mposkos et al. (2011) | |
| Mposkos et al. (2011) | |
| Voudouris et al. (2019) |
| Hatzipanagiotou et al. (2003) |
| Hatzipanagiotou et al. (2003) | |
| www.gfz-potsdam.de (2004) |
| Ockenga et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Theye et al. (1992) |
| Katagas (1980) +1 other reference |
| Theye et al. (1992) | |
| Avigad et al. (1992) |
| Seck et al. (1996) +2 other references |
| Frank Mazdab collection (hand sample + thin section) |
Greenland | |
| rruff.geo.arizona.edu (2006) |
| Katerinopoulou et al. (2012) |
Guatemala | |
| Mikhail Ostrooumov and Alfredo Victoria Morales (2010) |
| Yui et al. (2010) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll & Jánosi. Minerals of Hungary |
| Szakáll & Jánosi. Minerals of Hungary | |
| Szakáll & Jánosi. Minerals of Hungary | |
India | |
| Ramakrishnan et al. (1975) |
| Devaraju et al. (1999) +1 other reference | |
Indonesia | |
| Angeles et al. (2002) |
| Maryono et al. (2018) |
| Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
Iran | |
| Ali Sholeh et al. (2016) |
Ireland | |
| Max et al. (1983) +1 other reference |
Italy | |
| Dal Piaz et al. (2008) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Toffolo (2012-13) |
| Silvana Martin et al. (2025) |
| Goffé et al. (1997) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Ch. Robert et al. | |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Martin et al. (1989) |
| Martin et al. (1989) | |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Busato et al. (1983) |
| Bonardi et al. (1984) |
| Bonardi et al. (1984) | |
| Bonardi et al. (1984) |
| Bonardi et al. (1984) |
| Bonardi et al. (1984) |
| Bonardi et al. (1984) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Tribuzio R. (1992) +1 other reference |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| R. Lefèvre and A. Michard | |
| Marengo et al. (2016) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) | |
| Goffé (2002) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Hirajima et al. (1993) | |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Goffé (2002) |
| Goffé (2002) | |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Bertok et al. (2019) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Ghignone et al. (2023) |
| Gastaldi (1874) +2 other references |
| Zuccali et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Lombardo et al. (1977) +2 other references |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Piolti (1887-88) +2 other references |
| Eur. J. Mineral. | |
| Zuccali et al. (2010) | |
| Ravagnani (1974) |
| Schaller et al. (1941) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Eur. J. Mineral (1989) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Corno et al. (2022) | |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) | |
| Eur. J. Mineral. | |
| Monte Soglio-Rocca Canavese +3 other references | |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Colomba (1909) | |
| Ch. Robert et al. | |
| Gastaldi (1874) +3 other references |
| Corno et al. (2022) | |
| Corno et al. (2022) | |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Eur. J. Mineral (1989) | |
| Eur. J. Mineral. | |
| Manzotti et al. (2022) |
| Compagnoni et al. (2014) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Liati A. et al. (2001) |
| Michele Verdi et al. (2025) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Urraci E.- Lini M. – Mattias P. (2006) |
| Theye et al. (1997) |
| Costantini A. et al. (1995) +1 other reference | |
| FRANCESCHELLI et al. (1986) +1 other reference | |
| Garofalo et al. (2025) |
| Boscardin M. et al. (Vicenza) |
Japan | |
| Ko et al. (2005) |
| - (n.d.) | |
| Kato (2009) | |
| Yamada (2004) |
| - (n.d.) | |
| Ohe Rikosha specimens +1 other reference |
| Nishiyama et al. (2017) |
| Nishiyama et al. (2017) |
| Nishiyama et al. (2017) |
| www.city.itoigawa.niigata.jp/fmm/detail-menu2/min109-corundum/corundum.html (in matrix of corundum-bearing river cobbles) |
Kosovo | |
| Karamata et al. (1970) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| OROZBAEV et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
Mongolia | |
| MacDonald et al. (2024) |
Namibia | |
| Peter Seroka |
Nepal | |
| Aaron J. Martin et al. (2009) |
Norway | |
| Garmo et al. (1995) |
| Bryhni (1964) |
| Henley (1970) |
| Jenssen et al. (1986) |
| Vogt (1897) |
| Agard et al. (2005) |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) |
| Kullerud et al. (2012) |
| Bucher et al. (2005) |
| Witsø (1994) |
| Bryhni (1964) |
| Carswell et al. (2003) |
| Bryhni (1964) |
| Oberti et al. (2007) |
| Binns (1967) |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Baldwin et al. (2021) |
Poland | |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) |
| [var: Brammallite] Uzarowic et al. (2012) | |
| Ilnicki et al. (2019) |
Portugal | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Novák et al. (2009) |
Romania | |
| Pál Molnár (2000) |
Russia | |
| Zabotina M et al. (2014) |
| Izbrodin et al. (2011) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Plotinskaya et al. (2018) |
| Plotinskaya et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Local geolofist S.V.Kolesnichenko data |
| Fersman Museum | |
| www.mindat.org (n.d.) |
| Plotinskaya et al. (2014) |
| Spiridonov et al. (the South Urals) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Chugaev et al. (2022) |
| Rusinov et al. (2008) |
| Rusinov et al. (2008) | |
| ... |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Grabezhev et al. (2000) |
| Logvinova et al. (2019) |
| Grabezhev et al. (2007) |
| Kuzhuget et al. (2015) |
| Hyršl (1992) |
Rwanda | |
| Daltry et al. (1998) |
| Bertossa | |
Slovakia | |
| [var: Brammallite] Koděra (1986) |
| Lemanski (n.d.) |
| Koděra et al. (2025) |
South Africa | |
| Costin et al. (2015) |
| Costin et al. (2014) +1 other reference | |
Spain | |
| B. Goffé et al. |
| Eur. J. Mineral. | |
| Goffé +3 other references |
| Ariza-Rodríguez et al. (2022) |
| Jiménez-Millán et al. (2022) |
| Eur. J. Mineral. | |
| Azañón et al. (1997) |
| Goffé +3 other references |
| Santamaría-López et al. (2023) | |
| Joan Rosell - Soledad Álvarez - Jordi Ibáñez (2021) |
Sweden | |
| Sandström (2008) |
Switzerland | |
| Meyre et al. (1999) |
| Meyre et al. (1999) | |
| Meyre et al. (1999) | |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Schaller et al. (1941) +3 other references |
| Weiβ et al. (2007) |
| |
| Roth (2007) |
| |
| Bearth (1963) +2 other references |
| Zen et al. (1964) |
| Chiesa et al. (1972) |
| Scherrer et al. (2001) |
Taiwan | |
| |
| Li et al. (2000) |
Tanzania | |
| Gao et al. (2024) |
| Lomthong (2004) |
Turkey | |
| Okay et al. (2000) |
| Okay (2002) |
| Okay et al. (2000) |
| Sunkari et al. (2025) |
| Tetiker et al. (2015) |
| Paolillo et al. (2022) |
UK | |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
| Baltatzis et al. (1977) |
| MCNAMARA (1963) +1 other reference | |
| [var: Brammallite] DAN Earth Sci. 208 (1973) +1 other reference |
| |
| [var: Brammallite] |
Ukraine | |
| Liventseva (n.d.) |
USA | |
| Am. Min. 50 (1965) +1 other reference |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Shafiqullah et al. (1980) +1 other reference |
| Albino (1995) |
| Guidott et al. (1979) +2 other references |
| Dudley (1969) |
| Weber (1963) |
| Raymond M. Coveney Gold quartz veins and auriferous granite at the Oriental Mine et al. (December 1981) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Schooner (circa 1985) |
| - (2005) |
| Hurst (1959) |
| Martin R. Lee & Richard C. Greenwood (1994) |
| Cheney et al. (1973) |
| ... |
| |
| "Western Massachusetts Mineral ... | |
| Cheney et al. () |
| Cheney et al. () +1 other reference | |
| Lincks (1978) |
| Emerson (1917) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Winchell (1914) |
| Gnanou (2018) |
| Gnanou (2018) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Rumrill et al. (2002) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Maynard (2014) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| USGS Open-File Report 2006-1259 |
| Genth et al. (1881) | |
| Genth et al. (1881) | |
| Zen (1961) |
| Genth (1891) | |
| Philip Stanley Justus | |
| Silliman et al. (1849) +2 other references |
| Rocks & Min.: 17:344. |
| Gohn et al. (1974) +1 other reference |
| Quinn (1958) |
| Miller | |
| Espenshade et al. (1960) |
| Paris (2011) |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996) |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996) |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996) | |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996) |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996) | |
| Rosenfeld (1956) |
| Bray and Emery | |
| Grant |
| Mitchell et al. (2) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| AmMin 41:940 | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Roberts et al. (1974) | |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
Venezuela | |
| Number 3 +2 other references |
Vietnam | |
| Garnier et al. (2008) |
| Malsy et al. (2010) | |
Zimbabwe | |
| Kerrich et al. (1988) |
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Slyudorudnik Mine, Kyshtym, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia