Facts, Evidence, and Explanation
Prerequisite: ENGL C1000, ENGL C1000H, ENGL C1000E, or ESL 1S.
Description
This course presents an overview of research methods used by historians and an introduction to critical analysis and historical writing. Students will develop these skills through a variety of written assignments such as primary source response papers, review essays, and bibliographies. The research component of this course will enhance students’ information competency skills by familiarizing them with the use of resources like online databases, applets, and archives.
Transferability
Transferable to both UC and CSU; see counselor for limitations
Identifiers & Codes
Department: History, Political Science and Ethnic Studies
School: Social and Behavioral Sciences
Academic Level: Undergraduate
TOP Code: 220500 - History
SAM Code: E - Non-Occupational
CIP Code: 54.0101 - History, General.
Credit or Noncredit: Credit
Class Size Max, Units, Hours
Total Student Learning Hours: 162
Requisites & Limitations on Enrollment
Prerequisites: Prerequisite: ENGL C1000, ENGL C1000H, ENGL C1000E, or ESL 1S.
Catalog Information
Is the course repeatable? No
Student Learning Outcomes & Course Objectives
Student Learning Outcomes: - 1. Define, compare, and discuss the different methods, theories, and genres that historians use to analyze and draw conclusions from factual evidence.
- 2. Evaluate primary and secondary historical source material critically, with attention to issues such as context, agency, conflict, perspective, and causation.
Course Objectives: 1) Distinguish between facts, opinions, and arguments.
2) Identify, evaluate, and apply different historical research methods such textual analysis, oral history, and quantitative analysis.
3) Define historiography and use secondary source material to identify and analyze debates between historians.
4) Locate and evaluate secondary sources with an attention to audience, argument, date and context of publication, author’s perspective, methodology, and use of sources.
5) Locate and critically analyze, or judge, primary sources with an attention to historical agency, context, perspective, and causation.
Course Content
Course Content: I. Identify and Analyze Historian’s Vocabulary.
A. Agency
B. Archive
C. Argument/thesis/claim
D. Audience
E. Causality
F. Citation
G. Deduction
H. Evidence
I. Fact
J. Fallacy
K. Historical Context
L. Historiography
M. Induction
N. Methodology
O. Opinion
P. Perspective
Q. Primary Source
R. Review
S. Secondary Source
4 Hour(s)
II. Case Studies in Historiography.
A. Identifying a "Debate" Among Historians
B. Argument and Methodology
C. Argument and Availability of Evidence
D. Historical Context
15 Hour(s)
III. Reading Primary Sources
A. Author's Perspective
B. Intended Audience
C. Historical Context
D. Significance of Evidence
20 Hour(s)
IV. Identifying Errors
A. Logical Fallacies
B. Misreading and Overstretching Evidence
C. Historical Forensics
10 Hour(s)
V. Historical Research Project.
A. Framing a Question
B. Identifying Relevant Secondary Sources
C. Identifying Primary Source Archives
D. Communicating with Archivists
E. Searching Databases
5 Hour(s)
Methods of Instruction & Active Learning
Instructional Method(s): - Lecture
- Demonstration
- Discussion
- Technology
- Collaborative Learning
- Supplemental Learning
Examples: Lecture will be the primary method of instruction, and will consist of the instructor presenting material and using socratic questioning to help students analyze it. Instructors will use the whiteboard and projection screen (e.g., slideshows and visual examples), as well as handouts, to help students understand, apply, and analyze important concepts.
Throughout the semester, instructors will offer demonstrations on how to conduct historical research using online databases and applets. Demonstrations can be conducted in class using a digital projector or in a campus computer lab. Assigned textbooks will provide introductory demonstrations of secondary and primary source analysis.
Students will work individually and/or in groups to engage with course concepts. Instructors may use group-work exercises so students can engage with course concepts.
Instructors may use PowerPoint slide presentations to help facilitate the lecture and discussion components, and especially to present excerpts from relevant secondary and primary source materials. Instructors will use a range of web-based resources, including interactive applets such as the Stanford Spatial History Project, online archives such as the Library of Congress Website, and online databases like JSTOR.
Instructors may, and are strongly encouraged to, use group-work exercises to facilitate objectives and outcomes related to critical secondary and primary source analysis.
Instructors may, and are strongly encouraged to, distribute digital and/or hard copies of tutorials on topics such as “What Questions Should I Ask and Answer When I Read a Primary Source?,” “How Do I Properly City Primary Sources?,” and “How Do I Use the Internet to Find Historical Census Data?”
Assignment for In and Out of Class
Assignment Types: - Substantial college level writing assignment, such as: essay(s), written homework, term/research paper, and/or other (Required).
- Substantial college level reading assignment, such as: textbook, journal article(s), literature, and/or other (specify)
- Class Presentation
- Group Assignment
- Supplemental Learning
Examples: These college level writing assignments constitute the bulk of the course writing requirement, which consists of a minimum of 6,000 words.
Write two 5-page (1250-word) review essays that analyze, evaluate, and compare four or more secondary sources (each) in terms of their intended audience, author’s assumptions, argument, use of sources, logical reasoning, and relationship to the topic’s historiography.
Frame a historical research question and develop a 7-page (1750-word) annotated bibliography for the project that includes at least six primary sources and three secondary sources.
In 45 minutes, write a brief essay (500 words) that identifies which one of the three primary sources contained in the exam packet is the most reliable source of fact. You must support your selection by comparing and contrasting it as specifically as possible with the other two. As you compare and contrast, pay close attention to the author and their historical context, the intended audience, and the logical consistency of the content. Your essay must have a brief introduction and thesis statement, body paragraphs with topic sentences, and a brief conclusion. You may use your lecture and reading notes during the exam.
These college level writing assignments constitute the bulk of the course writing requirement, which consists of a minimum of 6,000 words.
Write four 500-word responses to secondary sources selected by the instructor (e.g, James Q. Whitman’s Hitler’s American Model: The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law) that summarize the argument, identify at least four pieces of evidence, and explain the reason each piece of evidence is convincing or unconvincing.
Locate a primary source not in the textbooks that is related to one of the in-class lectures. At the beginning of the class following the lecture on that topic, be prepared to give a five-minute presentation to the rest of the class the describes the source, places it in historical context, and raises at least one question about it for the rest of the class to consider.
Working with a partner, take a body of factual information provided by the instructor and present it first as a chronological narrative—that is, assemble the different pieces of information in order to tell a story about the relevant events in the order they occurred. Then present it in an analytical format that organizes the information thematically—that is, according to the major issues/questions that the information raises.
Study the bold key terms from Chapters 1-4 in A Student's Guide to History in preparation for a 40-question fill-in-the-blank exam. Each answer on the exam will be one of the bold key terms. You may not need to use all of the terms to complete the exam, and you may need to use some of the terms more than once.
Use the "Tables" applet on the Social Explorer website (socialexplorer.com) to determine in what decade the U.S. transitioned from a mostly "rural" population to a mostly "urban" population.
Methods of Evaluation
Written Evaluations: - Essay Exam(s)
- Term or Other Paper(s)
- Written Homework
- Reading Report(s)
Computational or Non-Computational Problem Solving Demonstrations:
Further Methods of Evaluation: - Skill Demonstrations such as class performances(s), fieldwork, performance exam(s)
- Objective examinations, such as: multiple choice, true/false, matching items, completion
- Oral Presentation(s)
- Supplemental Learning
Examples: Open-note essay exams that evaluate students’ ability to compare the reliability of different primary documents as sources of factual information. Instructors will grade essay exams using a rubric which stresses the importance of using specific examples from (and attributes of) all of the sources to appraise their relative reliability. The rubric will also lay out basic structural requirements of an in-class essay exam: a very brief introduction with a succinctly stated argument, body paragraphs with topic sentences that focus on a specific point of comparison between the sources, and a brief conclusion.
Review essays which require students to compare, contrast, and synthesize multiple secondary sources (e.g., scholarly articles) in order to outline and evaluate debates between historians on a particular question. Instructors will grade review essays based on timely submission, as well as on a rubric which stresses proper use of citations, relevance of selected sources, and quality of comparative analysis.
Annotated bibliographies requiring that students successfully frame a research question, as well as locate and summarize relevant secondary and primary source material. Instructors will grade annotated bibliographies based on timely submission, as well as on a rubric which stresses the relevance of selected sources, the diversity of selected sources (both in terms of perspective and medium), and the accuracy/thoroughness of annotations.
One-to-two page write-ups that give students an opportunity to practice asking and answering standard questions about primary sources (one or two sources per assignment). Instructors will evaluate write-ups based on timely submission and a rubric listing the key questions students must ask and answer of the primary source in question (e.g., What was the intended audience?).
Assignments that require students to answer questions using online applets based on primary source material, such as the census and mapping applets on the Social Explorer website. Instructors will evaluate worksheets based on timely submission and accuracy of responses.
Brief (e.g., one-page) secondary source summaries that require students to clearly and concisely identify the argument and evidence used to support it. Instructors will evaluate the reports based on timely submission, accuracy of the summaries, and students' ability to summarize complex arguments concisely in their own words.
Online or in-class quizzes that cover basic definitions and concepts from the assigned readings. Instructors will evaluate quizzes based on the accuracy of student responses.
Instructors will evaluate presentations based on a rubric that emphasize organization, clarity, accuracy of information, and level of critical thinking.
True-false, multiple choice, matching, and fill-in-the blank assessments will be used to evaluate student mastery of concepts. Instructors will evaluate students based on the accuracy of responses.
Oral presentations at the instructor’s discretion. Instructors will evaluate presentations based on instructor-specific rubrics that emphasize organization, clarity, accuracy of information, and level of critical thinking (esp. with regard to the formulation of discussion questions).
In-class and out-of-class assignments that require students to use historical databases like Social Explorer to track down specific information. Instructors will evaluate assignments based on the accuracy of responses.
In-class and out-of-class group assignments that require students to organize a body factual information (e.g., a list of events in no particular order) both chronologically (as a timeline) and thematically. Instructors will evaluate assignments based on accuracy (in the case of chronological organization) and internal consistency (in the case of thematic organization).
Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, Accessibilty
The History and Ethnic Studies faculty utilize equitable teaching practices that promote inclusion by honoring and centering diverse perspectives, identities, abilities, and lived experiences. Our faculty employ culturally relevant material to promote active engagement, critical inquiry, and evidence-based historical thinking. We cultivate learning environments that encourage dialogue, reflection, and the development of informed, socially conscious perspectives.
This means that students will: 1) develop critical historical thinking skills grounded in evidence and multiple perspectives; 2) build a sense of belonging and validation of their identities and experiences; 3) take ownership of their learning through inquiry, reflection, and engagement; and 4) foster respect, solidarity, and appreciation for diverse communities.
Course instruction is accessible to all students, including those with disabilities, and is achieved through professional development support, and District accessibility procedures which guarantee accommodation so that all students can equally participate in learning opportunities.
The History and Ethnic Studies faculty affirm that access, inclusion, equity, and diversity are essential to meaningful learning, and commit to ongoing training to achieve these ends. Cyclical Routine Review of courses allows faculty to engage in regular reflection upon how each element of the course outline illustrates inclusion and engagement with diverse student bodies.
Representative Textbooks and Materials
Representative Textbook: The Pursuit of History: Aims, Methods and New Directions in the Study of History. John Tosh. 6th edition. Routledge. 2015. A Short Guide to Writing About History. Richard Maurius and Melvin Page. 9th edition. Pearson. 2014. A Student’s Guide to History. Jules Benjamin. 13th edition. Bedford/St. Martin’s. 2015. Writing History: A Guide for Students. William Kelleher Storey. 5th edition. Oxford. 2015.
Recommended Textbook: American Empire at the Turn of the Twentieth Century: A Brief History with Documents. Kristin Hoganson. 1st edition. Bedford/St. Martin’s. 2016. The Best War Ever: America and World War II. Michael C.C. Adams. 2nd edition. Johns Hopkins. 2015. City of Dreams: Dodger Stadium and the Birth of Modern Los Angeles. Jerald Podair. 1st edition. Princeton. 2017. The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America. Richard Rothstein. 1st edition. Norton. 2017. The French Revolution and Human Rights: A Brief History with Documents. Lynn Hunt. 2nd edition. Bedford/St. Martin’s. 2016. Hitler’s American Model: The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law. James Whitman. 1st edition. Princeton. 2017. The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America. Andres Resendez. 1st edition. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2016. Slave Revolution in the Caribbean, 1789-1804: A Brief History with Documents. Laurent Dubois and John Garrigus. 1st edition. Bedford/St. Martin’s. 2006.
Modality