Grunerite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Grunerite
Emmanuel L. Gruner
Formula:
◻{Fe2+2}{Fe2+5}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Grunerite is defined as a monoclinic amphibole belong to the magnesium-iron-manganese amphibole subgroup.
It is defined with Fe2+ as the dominant element both in the B and C positions.
It is defined with Fe2+ as the dominant element both in the B and C positions.
Colour:
Dark green to brown, gray to greenish gray
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
5 - 6
Specific Gravity:
3.40 - 3.60
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1853 by Gustav Adolph Kenngott in honor of Emmanuel Ludwig (Louis) Gruner [May 11, 1809 Ittigen, Switzerland - March 26, 1883 Beaucaire, France], professor of chemistry at the Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne and later chief mining engineer of Poitiers Department following as director of the School of Mines at Saint-Etienne. He became department head of metallurgy of Ecole des Mines in Paris and held several additional posts in government mining offices. Gruner was the first to chemically analyze the mineral which now bears his name.
Some early authors incorrectly spelled the name 'grünerite'.
Some early authors incorrectly spelled the name 'grünerite'.
Polymorph of:
Cummingtonite-Grunerite Series.
The original description of the mineral in 1847 incorrectly determined it to be a pyroxene.
The original description of the mineral in 1847 incorrectly determined it to be a pyroxene.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1758
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1758:5
IMA Classification of Grunerite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
◻Fe2+2Fe2+5Si8O22(OH)2
First published:
1847
Classification of Grunerite
9.DE.05
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
E : Inosilicates with 2-periodic double chains, Si4O11; Clinoamphiboles
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
E : Inosilicates with 2-periodic double chains, Si4O11; Clinoamphiboles
14.21.8
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
21 : Silicates of Fe and Mg
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
21 : Silicates of Fe and Mg
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Gru | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Gru | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
| Gru | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Gru | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Gru | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Grunerite
Vitreous
Transparency:
Translucent
Comment:
Silky when fibrous
Colour:
Dark green to brown, gray to greenish gray
Comment:
Colorless to pale green or brown in thin section.
Streak:
Nd
Hardness:
5 - 6 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Density:
3.40 - 3.60 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.531 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Grunerite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.663 - 1.686 nβ = 1.68 - 1.709 nγ = 1.696 - 1.729
2V:
Measured: 90° to 70°, Calculated: 84° to 86°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.033 - 0.043
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
r > v r, weak.
Optical Extinction:
Y = b; Z ∧ c = -16° to -12°; X ^ a = -3° to 2°.
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X = pale yellow; Y = pale yellow-brown; Z = pale brown.
Chemistry of Grunerite
Mindat Formula:
◻{Fe2+2}{Fe2+5}(Si8O22)(OH)2
Grunerite is defined as a monoclinic amphibole belong to the magnesium-iron-manganese amphibole subgroup.
It is defined with Fe2+ as the dominant element both in the B and C positions.
Grunerite is defined as a monoclinic amphibole belong to the magnesium-iron-manganese amphibole subgroup.
It is defined with Fe2+ as the dominant element both in the B and C positions.
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Grunerite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/m
Setting:
C2/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.5642(7) Å, b = 18.393(2) Å, c = 5.3388(3) Å
β = 101.892(3)°
β = 101.892(3)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.52 : 1 : 0.29
Unit Cell V:
919.01 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Acicular or fibrous radiating crystals; asbestiform.
Twinning:
Simple or multiple twinning common ∥ {100}, producing narrow twin lamellae.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000002 | Grunerite | Finger L W (1969) The crystal structure and cation distribution of a grunerite Mineralogical Society of America Special Paper 2 95-100 | 1969 | Wabush iron formation, Labrador, Canada | 0 | 293 |
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X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 8.33 Å | (100) |
| 3.06 Å | (70) |
| 2.756 Å | (70) |
| 2.189 Å | (50) |
| 4.13 Å | (40) |
| 3.26 Å | (40) |
| 2.628 Å | (40) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Geological Setting:
Common mineral in medium- to high-grade metamorphosed iron formations. Also occurs as a product of contact metamorphism, and in some blueschist facies metaquartzites.
Type Occurrence of Grunerite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Muséum Nationale d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.
Synonyms of Grunerite
Other Language Names for Grunerite
Varieties of Grunerite
| Amosite | A fibrous variety of grunerite, also known as "brown asbestos". The name has also been used to refer to other asbestiform amphibole-group materials, such as cummingtonite. According to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos, "amosite" (CAS No. 12172-73-5)... |
Relationship of Grunerite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Magnesium-iron-manganese Amphibole Subgroup:
| Anthophyllite Root Name Group | ◻{X2}{Z5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 | Orth. |
| Cummingtonite | ◻{Mg2}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Gedrite Root Name Group | ◻{X2+2}{Z2+3Z3+2}(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 | Orth. |
| Papikeite Root Name Group | NaX2+2(Z2+3Al2)(Si5Al3)O22(OH)2 | |
| Suenoite Root Name Group | ◻{X2}{Z5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 21 photos of Grunerite associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 14 photos of Grunerite associated with Fayalite | Fe2+2SiO4 |
| 13 photos of Grunerite associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| 11 photos of Grunerite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 9 photos of Grunerite associated with Tridymite | SiO2 |
| 7 photos of Grunerite associated with Mica Group | |
| 3 photos of Grunerite associated with Specularite | Fe2O3 |
| 2 photos of Grunerite associated with Garnet Group | X3Z2(SiO4)3 |
| 2 photos of Grunerite associated with Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 2 photos of Grunerite associated with Augite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.DE. | Shojiite | Na(NaMg)Mg5Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE. | Clino-suenoite | ◻{Mn2+2}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE. | Mangani-eckermannite | NaNa2(Mg4Mn3+)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.05 | Permanganogrunerite | ◻{Mn2+2}{Mn2+5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.05 | Cummingtonite | ◻{Mg2}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.05 | Ferri-fluoro-leakeite | {Na}{Na2}{Mg2Fe3+2Li}(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.05 | Clino-holmquistite Root Name Group | ◻{Li2}{Z2+3Z3+2}(Si8O22)(OH,F,Cl)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Actinolite | ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Fluoro-cannilloite | CaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si5Al3)O22F2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Joesmithite | Pb2+Ca2(Mg3Fe3+2)(Si6Be2)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Clino-ferro-suenoite | ◻{Mn2+2}{Fe2+5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Fluoro-tremolite | ◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Parvo-manganotremolite | ◻{CaMn2+}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Magnesio-ferri-hornblende | ◻Ca2(Mg4Fe3+)[(Si7Al)O22](OH)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Ferro-ferri-hornblende | ◻Ca2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Ferro-cannilloite | CaCa2(Fe2+4Al)(Si5Al3O22)OH2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Ferro-ferri-cannilloite | CaCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Si5Al3O22)OH2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Ferro-fluoro-actinolite | ◻{Ca2}{Fe5}(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Ferro-fluoro-hornblende | ◻Ca2(Fe2+4Al)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Magnesio-ferri-fluoro-hornblende | ◻Ca2(Mg4Fe3+)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Ferro-ferri-fluoro-hornblende | ◻Ca2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Ferri-fluoro-tschermakite | ◻{Ca2}{Mg3Fe3+2}(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Ferro-ferri-fluoro-tschermakite | ◻{Ca2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Ferro-fluoro-tschermakite | ◻{Ca2}{Fe2+3Al2}(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Fluoro-tschermakite | ◻{Ca2}{Mg3Al2}(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Magnesio-fluoro-hornblende | ◻Ca2(Mg4Al)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Tremolite | ◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Ferro-ferri-tschermakite | ◻{Ca2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Cannilloite | CaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si5Al3O22)OH2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Tschermakite | ◻(Ca2)(Mg3Al2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Magnesio-hornblende | ◻Ca2(Mg4Al)(Si7Al)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Ferri-tschermakite | ◻{Ca2}{Mg3Fe3+2}(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Ferro-actinolite | ◻Ca2Fe2+5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Ferro-hornblende | ◻Ca2(Fe2+4Al)(Si7Al)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Ferro-tschermakite | ◻{Ca2}{Fe2+3Al2}(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-chloro-pargasite | KCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22Cl2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Ferro-fluoro-pargasite | (Na)(Ca2)(Fe2+4Al)(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-ferro-chloro-edenite | KCa2Fe2+5(AlSi7O22)Cl2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Ferro-ferri-sadanagaite | {Na}{Ca2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Hastingsite | NaCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Fluoro-edenite | NaCa2Mg5(Si7Al)O22F2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Pargasite | NaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Magnesio-fluoro-hastingsite | NaCa2(Mg4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22F2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-fluoro-hastingsite | KCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22F2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-chloro-hastingsite | KCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22Cl2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Unnamed (F-dominant analogue of Ferri-kaersutite) | (Na,K)Ca2[Mg3(Fe3+,Fe2+)Ti](Si6Al2O22)(F,O)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Edenite | NaCa2Mg5(Si7Al)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-sadanagaite | {K}{Ca2}{Mg3Al2}(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Ferri-kaersutite | NaCa2(Mg3Fe3+Ti)(Si6Al2O22)O2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-pargasite | KCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-ferro-sadanagaite | {K}{Ca2}{Fe2+3Al2}(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Kaersutite | NaCa2(Mg3AlTi4+)(Si6Al2)O22O2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Ferro-chloro-pargasite | NaCa2(Fe2+4Al)(Al2Si6O22)Cl2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-fluoro-pargasite | KCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22F2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-ferro-ferri-sadanagaite | {K}{Ca2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Fluoro-pargasite | NaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22F2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Parvo-mangano-edenite | {Na}{CaMn2+}{Mg5}(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Ferro-fluoro-edenite | NaCa2Fe2+5(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Mangani-pargasite | NaCa2(Mg4Mn3+)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Sadanagaite | {Na}{Ca2}{Mg3Al2}(Si5Al3O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Magnesio-hastingsite | NaCa2(Mg4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Ferri-sadanagaite | {Na}{Ca2}{Mg3Fe3+2}(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Ferro-sadanagaite | {Na}{Ca2}{Fe3Al2}(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Ferri-fluoro-sadanagaite | {Na}{Ca2}{Mg3Fe3+2}(Al3Si5O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Ferro-ferri-fluoro-sadanagaite | {Na}{Ca2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Al3Si5O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Ferro-fluoro-sadanagaite | {Na}{Ca2}{Fe2+3Al2}(Al3Si5O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Fluoro-sadanagaite | {Na}{Ca2}{Mg3Al2}(Al3Si5O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-chloro-sadanagaite | {K}{Ca2}{Mg3Al2}(Al3Si5O22)Cl2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-ferro-chloro-sadanagaite | {K}{Ca2}{Fe2+3Al2}(Al3Si5O22)Cl2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Ferro-edenite | NaCa2Fe2+5(Si7Al)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Oxo-magnesio-hastingsite | NaCa2(Mg3(Fe3+2-x,Tix))5(Si6Al2O22)O2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-ferro-pargasite | KCa2(Fe2+4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-hastingsite | KCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Fluoro-hastingsite | NaCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-magnesio-hastingsite | KCa2(Mg4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Vanadio-pargasite | NaCa2(Mg3+4V)(Al2Si6)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Ferro-kaersutite | NaCa2{Fe2+3AlTi}(Si6Al2O22)O2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Chromio-pargasite | NaCa2(Mg4Cr)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Ferro-pargasite | NaCa2(Fe2+4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ghoseite | ◻[Mn2+Na][Mg4Al]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Potassic-ferro-taramite | K{CaNa}{Fe2+3Al2}{Si6Al2}O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferri-fluoro-katophorite | Na(CaNa)(Mg4Fe3+)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Barroisite | ◻{CaNa}{Mg3Al2}(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Fluoro-richterite | {Na}{CaNa}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Potassic-ferro-ferri-taramite | K(CaNa)(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Potassic-ferri-katophorite | K(CaNa)(Mg4Fe3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Potassic-ferro-richterite | {K}{CaNa}{Fe2+5}Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Potassic-fluoro-richterite | {K}{CaNa}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Potassic-richterite | {K}{CaNa}{Mg5}Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferri-ghoseite | ◻[Mn2+Na][Mg4Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Fluoro-taramite | {Na}{CaNa}{Mg3Al2}(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferro-ferri-fluoro-katophorite | Na(CaNa)(Fe2+4Fe3+)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Richterite | Na(NaCa)Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferri-winchite | ◻(NaCa)(Mg4Fe3+)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Fluoro-katophorite | Na(CaNa)(Mg4Al)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Hjalmarite | {Na}(NaMn}{Mg5}Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferro-taramite | Na(CaNa)(Fe2+3Al2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Clinoferroholmquistite | ◻Li2[Fe2+3Al2]Si8O22(OH,F)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferro-katophorite | {Na}{CaNa}{Fe2+4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Taramite | Na(CaNa)(Mg3Al2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Potassic-fluoro-katophorite | K(CaNa)(Mg4Al)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferro-fluoro-katophorite | Na(CaNa)(Fe2+4Al)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferri-katophorite | Na(CaNa)(Mg4Fe3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferro-ferri-barroisite | ◻(CaNa)(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferri-taramite | Na(CaNa)(Mg3Fe3+2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Potassic-ferro-ferri-katophorite | {K}{CaNa}{Fe2+4Fe3+}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferro-ferri-winchite | ◻[CaNa][Fe2+4(Fe3+,Al)]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Winchite | ◻{CaNa}{Mg4Al}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferro-fluoro-richterite | {Na}{CaNa}{Fe2+5}(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Fluoro-winchite | ◻{CaNa}{Mg4Al}(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferro-fluoro-winchite | ◻{CaNa}{Fe2+4Al}(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferri-barroisite | ◻(CaNa)(Mg3Fe3+2)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferro-ferri-taramite | Na(CaNa)(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferri-fluoro-barroisite | ◻{CaNa}{Mg3Fe3+2}(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferro-fluoro-barroisite | ◻{CaNa}{Fe2+3Al2}(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferro-ferri-fluoro-barroisite | ◻{CaNa}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Fluoro-barroisite | ◻{CaNa}{Mg3Al2}(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferro-ferri-katophorite | Na(NaCa)(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Si7Al)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferri-fluoro-taramite | Na(CaNa)(Mg3Fe3+2)(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferro-ferri-fluoro-taramite | Na(CaNa)(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferro-fluoro-taramite | Na(CaNa)(Fe2+3Al2)(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Potassic-ferri-taramite | K(CaNa)(Mg3Fe3+2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Magnesiotaramite | {Na}{CaNa}{Mg3AlFe3+}(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferro-barroisite | ◻{CaNa}{Fe2+3Al2}(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Scandio-winchite | ◻(NaCa)(Mg4Sc)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferro-richterite | {Na}{CaNa}{Fe2+5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Katophorite | {Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferro-winchite | ◻{CaNa}{Fe2+4Al}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Clino-sodic-fluoro-holmquistite | {Na}{Li2}{Mg4Al}(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-ferri-nybøite | NaNa2[(Fe2+3,Mg)Fe3+2](AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Clino-ferro-ferri-holmquistite | ◻{Li2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Oxo-pargasite | NaCa2(Mg3(Al2-xTix))5(Si6Al2O22)O2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferri-nybøite | NaNa2(Mg3Fe3+2](AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-ferri-leakeite | [Na][Na2][Fe2+2Fe3+2Li]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-ferri-fluoro-leakeite | Na(Na2)(Fe2+2Fe3+2Li)(Si8O22)(F)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferri-leakeite | [Na][Na2][Mg2Fe3+2Li]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Fluoro-pedrizite | NaLi2(Mg2Al2Li)(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Eckermannite | NaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Arfvedsonite | [Na][Na2][Fe2+4Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Mangano-ferri-fluoro-leakeite | NaNa2(Mn2+2Fe3+2Li)[Si8O22]F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferri-obertiite | NaNa2(Mg3Fe3+Ti)Si8O22O2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Riebeckite | ◻[Na2][Fe2+3Fe3+2]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Unnamed (Possible K-analogue of Ferri-obertiite) | KNa2((Mg,Fe,Na)3Fe3+(Ti,Fe))Si8O22(O,F)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Magnesio-fluoro-arfvedsonite | [Na][Na2][Mg4Fe3+][Si8O22](F,OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-fluoro-glaucophane | ◻[Na2][Fe2+3Al2]Si8O22F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Oxo-mangani-leakeite | NaNa2(Mn3+4Li)Si8O22O2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Fluoro-leakeite | NaNa2(Mg2Al2Li)(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Nybøite | NaNa2(Mg3Al2)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Sodic-ferri-clinoferroholmquistite | Na0.5{Li2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Potassic-arfvedsonite | [(K,Na)][Na2][Fe2+4Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Potassic-mangano-mangani-ungarettiite | KNa2(Mn2+2Mn3+3)Si8O22O2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Potassic-jeanlouisite | K(NaCa)(Mg4Ti)Si8O22O2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferri-pedrizite | [Na][Li2][Mg2Fe3+2Li]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Glaucophane | ◻[Na2][Mg3Al2]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-fluoro-pedrizite | Na(Li2)(Fe2+2Al2Li)[Si8O22]F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Potassic-ferri-leakeite | [K][Na2][Mg2Fe3+2Li]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Potassic-magnesio-fluoro-arfvedsonite | [(K,Na)][Na2][Mg4Fe3+][Si8O22][(F,OH)2] |
| 9.DE.25 | Mangani-obertiite | NaNa2(Mg3Mn3+Ti4+)Si8O22O2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Scandio-fluoro-eckermannite | NaNa2(Mg4Sc)(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-eckermannite | NaNa2(Fe2+4Al)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-ferri-pedrizite | [Na][Li2][Fe2+2Fe3+2Li]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Pedrizite | NaLi2(LiMg2Al2)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-pedrizite | NaLi2(Fe2+2Al2Li)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Potassic-mangani-leakeite | [(Na,K)][Na2][Mg2Mn3+2Li]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Clino-fluoro-holmquistite | ◻{Li2}{Mg3Al2}(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-ferri-obertiite | NaNa2(Fe2+3Fe3+Ti)Si8O22O2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Magnesio-riebeckite | ◻{Na2}{Mg3Fe3+2}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Potassic-magnesio-arfvedsonite | [K][Na2][Mg4Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Fluoro-nybøite | NaNa2(Mg3Al2)(AlSi7O22)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Mangano-ferri-eckermannite | {Na}{Na2}{Mn2+4Fe3+}Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Fluoro-glaucophane | ◻[Na2][Mg3Al2]Si8O22F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Fluoro-riebeckite | ◻{Na2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Magnesio-fluoro-riebeckite | ◻{Na2}{Mg3Fe3+2}(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Fluoro-eckermannite | NaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-fluoro-eckermannite | NaNa2(Fe2+4Al}Si8O22F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Fluoro-arfvedsonite | [Na][Na2][Fe2+4Fe3+]Si8O22F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Magnesio-arfvedsonite | {Na}{Na2}{Mg4Fe3+}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferri-fluoro-nybøite | NaNa2(Mg3Fe3+2)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-ferri-fluoro-nybøite | NaNa2(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-glaucophane | ◻[Na2][Fe2+3Al2]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-fluoro-nybøite | NaNa2(Fe2+3Al2)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Mangani-dellaventuraite | NaNa2(MgMn3+2Ti4+Li)Si8O22O2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-leakeite | NaNa2(Fe2+2Al2Li)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Leakeite | NaNa2(Mg2Al2Li)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Potassic-leakeite | KNa2(Mg2Al2Li)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferri-fluoro-pedrizite | NaLi2(LiMg2Fe3+2)(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-ferri-fluoro-pedrizite | NaLi2(LiFe2+2Fe3+2)(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-nybøite | NaNa2(Fe2+3Al2)(AlSi7)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Clino-ferro-ferri-fluoro-holmquistite | ◻{Li2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Mangano-mangani-ungarettiite | NaNa2(Mn2+2Mn3+3)(Si8O22)O2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Clino-ferri-fluoro-holmquistite | ◻{Li2}{Mg3Fe3+2}(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Clino-ferro-fluoro-holmquistite | ◻{Li2}{Fe2+3Al2}(Si8O22)F2 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
This mineral is known to be a respirable carcinogen, and is a common form of asbestos. Exposure to very dusty air or long-term exposure to low level airborne dusts containing fine fibres of asbestos has been found to cause a high risk of serious lung disease, including mesothelioma and lung cancer. Care should be taken working with samples that contain fibrous forms of this mineral, to avoid creating or inhaling dusts. Non-fibrous forms, such as in many amphibolites, are safer to handle, but can still produce potentially carcinogenic respirable fibre when crushed. Appropriate dust masks should be worn if working in areas which have dusts likely to be rich in this mineral. Storage and careful handling of specimens has little or no risk.
Grunerite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Grunerite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1758.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
References for Grunerite
Reference List:
Lacroix, Alfred (1886) Propriétés optiques de la grünérite de Collobrières (Var) Bulletin de Minéralogie, 9 (2) 40-41 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1886.1977
Hirschmann, Marc, Evans, Bernard W., Yang, Hexiong (1994) Composition and temperature dependence of Fe-Mg ordering in cummingtonite-grunerite as determined by X-ray diffraction. American Mineralogist, 79 (9-10) 862-877
Leake, B. E., Woolley, A. R., Arps, C. E. S., Birch, W. D., Gilbert, M. C., Grice, J. D., Hawthorne, F. C., Kato, A., Kisch, H. J., Krivovochev, V. G., Linthout, K., Laird, J., Mandarino, J. A., Maresch, W. V., Nickel, E.H., Rock, N. M. S., Schumacher, J. C., Smith, D. C., Stephenson, N. C. N., Ungaretti, L., Whittaker, E. J. W., Youzhi, Gou (1997) Nomenclature of amphiboles: report of the Subcommittee on Amphiboles of the International Mineralogical Association, Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. The Canadian Mineralogist, 35 (1) 219-246
Ballaranl, Tiziana Boffa, Angel, Ross J., Carpenter, Michael A. (2000) High-pressure transformation behaviour of the cummingtonite-grunerite solid solution. European Journal of Mineralogy, 12 (6) 1195-1213 doi:10.1127/ejm/12/6/1195
Domeneghetti, M. C., Boffa Ballaran, T., Carpenter, M. A. (2001) Phase transition and mixing behaviour of the cummingtonite-grunerite solid solution. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 28 (2) 87-101 doi:10.1007/s002690000140
Localities for Grunerite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Slack et al. (1993) |
| Birch BH Book |
| Collection of M. Willoughby. Analysis ... | |
| Pigott et al. (1984) |
| Vaughan (1986) +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2009) |
| Pring et al. (2000) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill | |
| |
| Kelly et al. (2024) |
| Kelly et al. (2024) | |
| Maggie Hays Nickel Mineralization +2 other references |
| Fetherston et al. (2013) |
| Orth (2002) |
| Steadman et al. (2014) | |
| Steadman et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Marston (1984) |
| Marston (1984) | |
| Marston (1984) | |
| www.poseidonresources.com (n.d.) |
| Williams (1998) |
| Hassan (2017) |
| Pirajno et al. (1998) |
| Spaggiari et al. (2011) |
| www.portergeo.com and ... |
| Gole (1981) |
| Ferguson (1999) |
| Ferguson (1999) |
| Lascelles (2006) |
| Mueller (1997) |
| Meinert +2 other references |
| Eilu (2003) |
| Ore Petrology Chemistry and Timing of ... +2 other references | |
Austria | |
| Meixner (1978) +1 other reference |
| Auer (2023) |
Bolivia | |
| Rivas et al. (1998) |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Putiš et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
Botswana | |
| Glanville et al. (2011) |
| Phili et al. (2024) |
Brazil | |
| Soares et al. (2025) |
| Misi et al. (1999) |
| Jost et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Faraco +2 other references |
| Grainger et al. (2008) |
| NetunoVillas et al. (2001) +3 other references |
| Huang et al. (2022) |
| Dreher et al. (2008) +2 other references | |
| Leão-Santos et al. (2022) | |
| Grainger et al. (2008) | |
| Oliveira et al. (2025) | |
| Souza Neto et al. (2008) |
Cameroon | |
| Tetsopgang et al. (2003) |
| Anderson et al. (2014) |
Canada | |
| Lawley et al. (2020) |
| Canadian Mineralogist 31 +5 other references |
| Phillips (1979) | |
| Bernier (1990) +1 other reference | |
| Peter et al. (1996) |
| Maggie Wilson |
| Ducharme (2020) | |
| Klein (1966) |
| www.geosurv.gov.nf.ca/gacmap/LAB2.html. | |
| P.B. Tomascak et al. (1994) |
| Meinert +2 other references |
| Thurston et al. (2014) |
| Robertson (1976) |
| |
| |
| Markland et al. (UNK) |
| Springer (1989) |
| www.geologyontario.mndm.gov.on.ca (n.d.) |
| Mueller (1997) +2 other references |
| Sabina (2003) +1 other reference |
| Galley et al. (2000) |
| W. W. Moorhouse and N. Shepherd (1963) |
| Miller (2021) | |
China | |
| Yi et al. (2024) |
| USGS Open-File Report 03-220 |
| Wei Juying and Zeng Qiang (1996) |
| Hu et al. (2024) |
| Pan et al. (1999) |
| Pan et al. (1999) | |
| Xinming Jiang (1983) |
| Yiming Zhao and Daxin Li (2003) |
| Xixin Zhang (1989) |
| Yiming Zhao et al. (2006) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| Wang et al. (2024) |
| Hui et al. (2025) |
| Yang Ding et al. (1998) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| Hua Huang et al. (2014) |
| Deng et al. (2024) |
| Tao Ren et al. (2013) |
Czech Republic | |
| Josef Vajdak (2002) |
| Zimák (2008) |
| Víšková E. et al. (2013) |
Finland | |
| Le Vaillant et al. (2016) |
| Hytönen (1999) |
| Mancini et al. (2000) |
| Niskanen (2014) |
France | |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Bonin et al. (1972) +3 other references |
| Briggs (1975) |
| Warren (1931) |
| Mari et al. (1979) |
| Lacroix (1886) |
| Warren (1931) |
| Mari et al. (1979) | |
Germany | |
| Lefebvre et al. (2017) |
| Witzke et al. (2012) |
Greece | |
| Tombros et al. (2022) |
Greenland | |
| Uitterdijk Appel (1986) |
Hungary | |
| Kohút et al. (2019) |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
India | |
| Econ Geol (1994) |
| Econ Geol. (1995) |
| Khan et al. (1992) |
| Nadagouda et al. (1984) |
| Baidya et al. (2018) |
| Baidya et al. (2018) |
| N. Subba Reddy (1982) |
| N. Subba Reddy (1989) |
Japan | |
| Excalibur Mineral company specimens |
| |
| Uchida (1983) | |
| 奥村滋. (1986) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Masutomi Museum specimens |
| Masutomi Museum specimens +1 other reference |
Kazakhstan | |
| Bespaev et al. (n.d.) |
Madagascar | |
| Behier (1963) |
Mauritania | |
| Denver Region Exploration Geologists ... +1 other reference |
| Kolb et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
Namibia | |
| Steven et al. (1993) |
New Zealand | |
| Collection of RJ Martin inferred from ... |
| Collection of RJ Martin |
| Janeczek (1989) |
| Collection of RJ Martin correlated to ... | |
| Martin et al. (2016) | |
Norway | |
| Rosenberg et al. (2000) |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... |
| Witsø (2005) |
| Jørgensen et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
Portugal | |
| Nuno Bento Sousa. |
| Nuno Bento Sousa. |
Romania | |
| Hirtopanu et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) |
| Hîrtopanu (1997) +1 other reference |
Russia | |
| elibrary.lt (n.d.) |
| Berdnikov et al. (2023) |
| Berdnikov et al. (2023) | |
| Berdnikov et al. (2023) | |
| Kovalev et al. (2023) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +2 other references |
| Ivanyuk et al. (2008) |
| Kalinin et al. (2024) | |
| Kuleshevich et al. (2008) |
| Safonov et al. (2003) |
| Ivashchenko et al. (2018, June) |
| Коневин et al. (2020) |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Konečný et al. (2011) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Radvanec M. and Gonda S. (2020) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Miyano et al. (1997) |
| du Plessis et al. (1997) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| du Plessis et al. (1997) |
| Basson et al. (2017) |
| SIEMES (2013) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Rudnick et al. (2013) +1 other reference | |
| ... | |
| Rozendaal et al. (2017) |
Spain | |
| Econ Geol (1996) |
Sweden | |
| |
| Jansson et al. (2013) |
| Stenberg (2002) |
| Sundius (1924) |
| |
| Sundius (1932) +1 other reference |
| Johan Söderhielm |
| |
Tanzania | |
| Kwelwa et al. (2018) |
| Kwelwa et al. (2018) | |
| Kwelwa et al. (2018) | |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Tilley (1935) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Henry (1935) +2 other references |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
Ukraine | |
| Alexander I. Tischenko (1996) |
| Sharygin et al. (2014) |
| Cuney et al. (2012) |
| Baranov et al. (2009) | |
| Esipchuk K. (2001) |
| Shumlyanskyy et al. (2021) |
USA | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| Dr. Robert Housley |
| Chesterman (1966b) +3 other references |
| Muir Wood (1979) |
| Muir Wood (1979) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Schooner (circa 1985) |
| MRDS #10078354 |
| Windom et al. (1991) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Gleba (2008) |
| P Cristofono collection | |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) +1 other reference | |
| Palache (1950) | |
| American Mineralogist 38:864 |
| Harvard Museum of Natural History | |
| Peter Cristofono collection |
| - (2005) |
| Morris (1983) |
| Morris (1983) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Morris (1983) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Rocks & Minerals: 61:328. +1 other reference |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Morris (1983) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Morris (1983) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Dave Maietta | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| USGS Prof Paper 407 |
| USGS Prof Paper 407 +1 other reference | |
| Ross (2007) |
| 55TH INSTITUTE ON LAKE SUPERIOR GEOLOGY (2009) | |
| Frey et al. (2008) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Mueller (1997) |
| ... |
| Cianciulli (2004) |
| Brannock (1971) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Redden (1959) +1 other reference |
| USGS Prof Paper 297F |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Haas (n.d.) |
| Am Min 73:3-4 pp 324-337 |
| Cuttingsville Complex +1 other reference |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Laybourn +1 other reference |
| Cordua (1998) | |
| Laybourn |
| Cordua (1998) |
| Cordua (1998) | |
| Cordua (1998) | |
| Dutton et al. (1971) |
| Cordua (1998) | |
| Cordua (1998) |
| Hollister (1982) |
| May (1996) |
| Hausel et al. (2001) |
Zambia | |
| MacIntyre (2019) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Saager et al. (1989) |
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Helen-MacLeod Mines, McMurray and Chabanel Townships, Algoma District, Ontario, Canada