Ferro-hornblende
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Ferro-hornblende
Formula:
◻Ca2(Fe2+4Al)(Si7Al)O22(OH)2
Defined as an amphibole in the magnesio-hornblende group of the Calcium subgroup with Fe2+>Mg and Al>Fe3+ in the C position and (OH) as the dominant ion in the W position.
Colour:
Dark green to black, greenish-brown, more rarely lighter green
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
5 - 6
Specific Gravity:
3.12 - 3.30
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1789 by Abraham Gottlieb Werner from an old German term for dark minerals with no ore value and from "blende", meaning to deceive in allusion to it occurring in ore deposits but not yielding any metal and for ferro- indicating Fe2+ as a dominant cation.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1519
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1519:2
IMA Classification of Ferro-hornblende
Classification of Ferro-hornblende
9.DE.10
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
E : Inosilicates with 2-periodic double chains, Si4O11; Clinoamphiboles
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
E : Inosilicates with 2-periodic double chains, Si4O11; Clinoamphiboles
16.23.5
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
23 : Aluminosilicates of Fe, Ca, and Mg
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
23 : Aluminosilicates of Fe, Ca, and Mg
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Fhbl | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Fe2-Hbl | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Fhb | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Ferro-hornblende
Vitreous
Colour:
Dark green to black, greenish-brown, more rarely lighter green
Streak:
Pale grey-green, grey-white
Hardness:
5 - 6 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Perfect
on {110}
on {110}
Density:
3.12 - 3.30 g/cm3 (Measured)
Optical Data of Ferro-hornblende
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.687 - 1.694 nβ = 1.7 - 1.707 nγ = 1.701 - 1.712
2V:
Measured: 12° to 76°, Calculated: 30° to 62°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.014 - 0.018
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
r > v or r < v
Chemistry of Ferro-hornblende
Mindat Formula:
◻Ca2(Fe2+4Al)(Si7Al)O22(OH)2
Defined as an amphibole in the magnesio-hornblende group of the Calcium subgroup with Fe2+>Mg and Al>Fe3+ in the C position and (OH) as the dominant ion in the W position.
Defined as an amphibole in the magnesio-hornblende group of the Calcium subgroup with Fe2+>Mg and Al>Fe3+ in the C position and (OH) as the dominant ion in the W position.
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
Ti,Mn,Na,K
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | |
|---|---|
| SiO2 | 39.94 % |
| TiO2 | 0.2 % |
| Al2O3 | 16.02 % |
| FeO | 22.06 % |
| MnO | 0.31 % |
| MgO | 5,29 % |
| CaO | 11.45 % |
| Na2O | 1.52 % |
| K2O | 0.52 % |
| Total: | 97.02 % |
Empirical formulas:
| Sample ID | Empirical Formula |
|---|---|
| 1 | (Na0.381K0.101)Σ0.482 (Ca1.872Na0.069Mn0.04Fe0.019)Σ2 (Fe2+2.282Mg1.204Al0.977Fe3+0.514Ti0.023)Σ5 (Si6.095Al1.905)Σ8 O22 ((OH)1.954O0.046)Σ2 |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Engebøfjellet Eclogite Deposit, Naustdal, Sunnfjord, Vestland, Norway | Retrograde amphibole as rims on clinopyroxene Formula normalized by use of Locock, A. J. (2014). An Excel spreadsheet to classify chemical analyses of amphiboles following the IMA 2012 recommendations. Computers & Geosciences, 62, 1-11. |
Crystallography of Ferro-hornblende
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/m
Setting:
C2/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.96 Å, b = 18.19 Å, c = 5.32 Å
β = 104.87°
β = 104.87°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.548 : 1 : 0.292
Unit Cell V:
931.56 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0012672 | Ferro-hornblende | Guha R, Nag D K, Iyengar S V P (1987) Structure of an amphibole from Simlipal granite, India Indian Minerals 41 32-41 | 1987 | Simlipal granite, India | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
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Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
| 8 : Mafic igneous rocks | |
| Stage 4a: Earth’s earliest continental crust | >4.4-3.0 |
| 19 : Granitic intrusive rocks | |
| 20 : Acidic volcanic rocks | |
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 26 : Hadean detrital minerals | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites | |
| 35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks | |
| 37 : Layered igneous intrusions and related PGE minerals | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Synonyms of Ferro-hornblende
Other Language Names for Ferro-hornblende
Varieties of Ferro-hornblende
| Black Hornblende Jade | A dense, massive variety of ferrohornblende which is traded as black jade for use as a decorative stone. |
| Chlorian Ferro-Hornblende | |
| Philipstadite | A ferrian ferrohornblende |
Relationship of Ferro-hornblende to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Hornblende Root Name Group:
| Ferro-ferri-hornblende | ◻Ca2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Magnesio-ferri-fluoro-hornblende | ◻Ca2(Mg4Fe3+)(AlSi7O22)F2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Magnesio-ferri-hornblende | ◻Ca2(Mg4Fe3+)[(Si7Al)O22](OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Magnesio-fluoro-hornblende | ◻Ca2(Mg4Al)(AlSi7O22)F2 | |
| Magnesio-hornblende | ◻Ca2(Mg4Al)(Si7Al)O22(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 22 photos of Ferro-hornblende associated with Titanite | CaTi(SiO4)O |
| 9 photos of Ferro-hornblende associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 9 photos of Ferro-hornblende associated with Sanidine | K(AlSi3O8) |
| 7 photos of Ferro-hornblende associated with Garnet Group | X3Z2(SiO4)3 |
| 7 photos of Ferro-hornblende associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 6 photos of Ferro-hornblende associated with Hedenbergite | CaFe2+Si2O6 |
| 5 photos of Ferro-hornblende associated with Sodalite | Na4(Si3Al3)O12Cl |
| 5 photos of Ferro-hornblende associated with Feldspar Group | |
| 5 photos of Ferro-hornblende associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 4 photos of Ferro-hornblende associated with Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.DE. | Shojiite | Na(NaMg)Mg5Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE. | Clino-suenoite | ◻{Mn2+2}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE. | Mangani-eckermannite | NaNa2(Mg4Mn3+)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.05 | Permanganogrunerite | ◻{Mn2+2}{Mn2+5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.05 | Cummingtonite | ◻{Mg2}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.05 | Ferri-fluoro-leakeite | {Na}{Na2}{Mg2Fe3+2Li}(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.05 | Grunerite | ◻{Fe2+2}{Fe2+5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.05 | Clino-holmquistite Root Name Group | ◻{Li2}{Z2+3Z3+2}(Si8O22)(OH,F,Cl)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Actinolite | ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Fluoro-cannilloite | CaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si5Al3)O22F2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Joesmithite | Pb2+Ca2(Mg3Fe3+2)(Si6Be2)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Clino-ferro-suenoite | ◻{Mn2+2}{Fe2+5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Fluoro-tremolite | ◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Parvo-manganotremolite | ◻{CaMn2+}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Magnesio-ferri-hornblende | ◻Ca2(Mg4Fe3+)[(Si7Al)O22](OH)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Ferro-ferri-hornblende | ◻Ca2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Ferro-cannilloite | CaCa2(Fe2+4Al)(Si5Al3O22)OH2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Ferro-ferri-cannilloite | CaCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Si5Al3O22)OH2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Ferro-fluoro-actinolite | ◻{Ca2}{Fe5}(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Ferro-fluoro-hornblende | ◻Ca2(Fe2+4Al)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Magnesio-ferri-fluoro-hornblende | ◻Ca2(Mg4Fe3+)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Ferro-ferri-fluoro-hornblende | ◻Ca2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Ferri-fluoro-tschermakite | ◻{Ca2}{Mg3Fe3+2}(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Ferro-ferri-fluoro-tschermakite | ◻{Ca2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Ferro-fluoro-tschermakite | ◻{Ca2}{Fe2+3Al2}(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Fluoro-tschermakite | ◻{Ca2}{Mg3Al2}(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Magnesio-fluoro-hornblende | ◻Ca2(Mg4Al)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Tremolite | ◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Ferro-ferri-tschermakite | ◻{Ca2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Cannilloite | CaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si5Al3O22)OH2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Tschermakite | ◻(Ca2)(Mg3Al2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Magnesio-hornblende | ◻Ca2(Mg4Al)(Si7Al)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Ferri-tschermakite | ◻{Ca2}{Mg3Fe3+2}(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Ferro-actinolite | ◻Ca2Fe2+5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Ferro-tschermakite | ◻{Ca2}{Fe2+3Al2}(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-chloro-pargasite | KCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22Cl2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Ferro-fluoro-pargasite | (Na)(Ca2)(Fe2+4Al)(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-ferro-chloro-edenite | KCa2Fe2+5(AlSi7O22)Cl2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Ferro-ferri-sadanagaite | {Na}{Ca2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Hastingsite | NaCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Fluoro-edenite | NaCa2Mg5(Si7Al)O22F2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Pargasite | NaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Magnesio-fluoro-hastingsite | NaCa2(Mg4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22F2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-fluoro-hastingsite | KCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22F2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-chloro-hastingsite | KCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22Cl2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Unnamed (F-dominant analogue of Ferri-kaersutite) | (Na,K)Ca2[Mg3(Fe3+,Fe2+)Ti](Si6Al2O22)(F,O)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Edenite | NaCa2Mg5(Si7Al)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-sadanagaite | {K}{Ca2}{Mg3Al2}(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Ferri-kaersutite | NaCa2(Mg3Fe3+Ti)(Si6Al2O22)O2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-pargasite | KCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-ferro-sadanagaite | {K}{Ca2}{Fe2+3Al2}(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Kaersutite | NaCa2(Mg3AlTi4+)(Si6Al2)O22O2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Ferro-chloro-pargasite | NaCa2(Fe2+4Al)(Al2Si6O22)Cl2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-fluoro-pargasite | KCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22F2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-ferro-ferri-sadanagaite | {K}{Ca2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Fluoro-pargasite | NaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22F2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Parvo-mangano-edenite | {Na}{CaMn2+}{Mg5}(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Ferro-fluoro-edenite | NaCa2Fe2+5(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Mangani-pargasite | NaCa2(Mg4Mn3+)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Sadanagaite | {Na}{Ca2}{Mg3Al2}(Si5Al3O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Magnesio-hastingsite | NaCa2(Mg4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Ferri-sadanagaite | {Na}{Ca2}{Mg3Fe3+2}(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Ferro-sadanagaite | {Na}{Ca2}{Fe3Al2}(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Ferri-fluoro-sadanagaite | {Na}{Ca2}{Mg3Fe3+2}(Al3Si5O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Ferro-ferri-fluoro-sadanagaite | {Na}{Ca2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Al3Si5O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Ferro-fluoro-sadanagaite | {Na}{Ca2}{Fe2+3Al2}(Al3Si5O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Fluoro-sadanagaite | {Na}{Ca2}{Mg3Al2}(Al3Si5O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-chloro-sadanagaite | {K}{Ca2}{Mg3Al2}(Al3Si5O22)Cl2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-ferro-chloro-sadanagaite | {K}{Ca2}{Fe2+3Al2}(Al3Si5O22)Cl2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Ferro-edenite | NaCa2Fe2+5(Si7Al)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Oxo-magnesio-hastingsite | NaCa2(Mg3(Fe3+2-x,Tix))5(Si6Al2O22)O2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-ferro-pargasite | KCa2(Fe2+4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-hastingsite | KCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Fluoro-hastingsite | NaCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-magnesio-hastingsite | KCa2(Mg4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Vanadio-pargasite | NaCa2(Mg3+4V)(Al2Si6)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Ferro-kaersutite | NaCa2{Fe2+3AlTi}(Si6Al2O22)O2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Chromio-pargasite | NaCa2(Mg4Cr)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Ferro-pargasite | NaCa2(Fe2+4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ghoseite | ◻[Mn2+Na][Mg4Al]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Potassic-ferro-taramite | K{CaNa}{Fe2+3Al2}{Si6Al2}O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferri-fluoro-katophorite | Na(CaNa)(Mg4Fe3+)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Barroisite | ◻{CaNa}{Mg3Al2}(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Fluoro-richterite | {Na}{CaNa}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Potassic-ferro-ferri-taramite | K(CaNa)(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Potassic-ferri-katophorite | K(CaNa)(Mg4Fe3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Potassic-ferro-richterite | {K}{CaNa}{Fe2+5}Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Potassic-fluoro-richterite | {K}{CaNa}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Potassic-richterite | {K}{CaNa}{Mg5}Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferri-ghoseite | ◻[Mn2+Na][Mg4Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Fluoro-taramite | {Na}{CaNa}{Mg3Al2}(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferro-ferri-fluoro-katophorite | Na(CaNa)(Fe2+4Fe3+)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Richterite | Na(NaCa)Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferri-winchite | ◻(NaCa)(Mg4Fe3+)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Fluoro-katophorite | Na(CaNa)(Mg4Al)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Hjalmarite | {Na}(NaMn}{Mg5}Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferro-taramite | Na(CaNa)(Fe2+3Al2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Clinoferroholmquistite | ◻Li2[Fe2+3Al2]Si8O22(OH,F)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferro-katophorite | {Na}{CaNa}{Fe2+4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Taramite | Na(CaNa)(Mg3Al2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Potassic-fluoro-katophorite | K(CaNa)(Mg4Al)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferro-fluoro-katophorite | Na(CaNa)(Fe2+4Al)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferri-katophorite | Na(CaNa)(Mg4Fe3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferro-ferri-barroisite | ◻(CaNa)(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferri-taramite | Na(CaNa)(Mg3Fe3+2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Potassic-ferro-ferri-katophorite | {K}{CaNa}{Fe2+4Fe3+}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferro-ferri-winchite | ◻[CaNa][Fe2+4(Fe3+,Al)]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Winchite | ◻{CaNa}{Mg4Al}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferro-fluoro-richterite | {Na}{CaNa}{Fe2+5}(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Fluoro-winchite | ◻{CaNa}{Mg4Al}(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferro-fluoro-winchite | ◻{CaNa}{Fe2+4Al}(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferri-barroisite | ◻(CaNa)(Mg3Fe3+2)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferro-ferri-taramite | Na(CaNa)(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferri-fluoro-barroisite | ◻{CaNa}{Mg3Fe3+2}(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferro-fluoro-barroisite | ◻{CaNa}{Fe2+3Al2}(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferro-ferri-fluoro-barroisite | ◻{CaNa}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Fluoro-barroisite | ◻{CaNa}{Mg3Al2}(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferro-ferri-katophorite | Na(NaCa)(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Si7Al)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferri-fluoro-taramite | Na(CaNa)(Mg3Fe3+2)(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferro-ferri-fluoro-taramite | Na(CaNa)(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferro-fluoro-taramite | Na(CaNa)(Fe2+3Al2)(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Potassic-ferri-taramite | K(CaNa)(Mg3Fe3+2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Magnesiotaramite | {Na}{CaNa}{Mg3AlFe3+}(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferro-barroisite | ◻{CaNa}{Fe2+3Al2}(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Scandio-winchite | ◻(NaCa)(Mg4Sc)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferro-richterite | {Na}{CaNa}{Fe2+5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Katophorite | {Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferro-winchite | ◻{CaNa}{Fe2+4Al}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Clino-sodic-fluoro-holmquistite | {Na}{Li2}{Mg4Al}(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-ferri-nybøite | NaNa2[(Fe2+3,Mg)Fe3+2](AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Clino-ferro-ferri-holmquistite | ◻{Li2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Oxo-pargasite | NaCa2(Mg3(Al2-xTix))5(Si6Al2O22)O2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferri-nybøite | NaNa2(Mg3Fe3+2](AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-ferri-leakeite | [Na][Na2][Fe2+2Fe3+2Li]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-ferri-fluoro-leakeite | Na(Na2)(Fe2+2Fe3+2Li)(Si8O22)(F)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferri-leakeite | [Na][Na2][Mg2Fe3+2Li]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Fluoro-pedrizite | NaLi2(Mg2Al2Li)(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Eckermannite | NaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Arfvedsonite | [Na][Na2][Fe2+4Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Mangano-ferri-fluoro-leakeite | NaNa2(Mn2+2Fe3+2Li)[Si8O22]F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferri-obertiite | NaNa2(Mg3Fe3+Ti)Si8O22O2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Riebeckite | ◻[Na2][Fe2+3Fe3+2]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Unnamed (Possible K-analogue of Ferri-obertiite) | KNa2((Mg,Fe,Na)3Fe3+(Ti,Fe))Si8O22(O,F)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Magnesio-fluoro-arfvedsonite | [Na][Na2][Mg4Fe3+][Si8O22](F,OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-fluoro-glaucophane | ◻[Na2][Fe2+3Al2]Si8O22F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Oxo-mangani-leakeite | NaNa2(Mn3+4Li)Si8O22O2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Fluoro-leakeite | NaNa2(Mg2Al2Li)(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Nybøite | NaNa2(Mg3Al2)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Sodic-ferri-clinoferroholmquistite | Na0.5{Li2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Potassic-arfvedsonite | [(K,Na)][Na2][Fe2+4Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Potassic-mangano-mangani-ungarettiite | KNa2(Mn2+2Mn3+3)Si8O22O2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Potassic-jeanlouisite | K(NaCa)(Mg4Ti)Si8O22O2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferri-pedrizite | [Na][Li2][Mg2Fe3+2Li]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Glaucophane | ◻[Na2][Mg3Al2]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-fluoro-pedrizite | Na(Li2)(Fe2+2Al2Li)[Si8O22]F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Potassic-ferri-leakeite | [K][Na2][Mg2Fe3+2Li]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Potassic-magnesio-fluoro-arfvedsonite | [(K,Na)][Na2][Mg4Fe3+][Si8O22][(F,OH)2] |
| 9.DE.25 | Mangani-obertiite | NaNa2(Mg3Mn3+Ti4+)Si8O22O2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Scandio-fluoro-eckermannite | NaNa2(Mg4Sc)(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-eckermannite | NaNa2(Fe2+4Al)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-ferri-pedrizite | [Na][Li2][Fe2+2Fe3+2Li]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Pedrizite | NaLi2(LiMg2Al2)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-pedrizite | NaLi2(Fe2+2Al2Li)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Potassic-mangani-leakeite | [(Na,K)][Na2][Mg2Mn3+2Li]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Clino-fluoro-holmquistite | ◻{Li2}{Mg3Al2}(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-ferri-obertiite | NaNa2(Fe2+3Fe3+Ti)Si8O22O2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Magnesio-riebeckite | ◻{Na2}{Mg3Fe3+2}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Potassic-magnesio-arfvedsonite | [K][Na2][Mg4Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Fluoro-nybøite | NaNa2(Mg3Al2)(AlSi7O22)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Mangano-ferri-eckermannite | {Na}{Na2}{Mn2+4Fe3+}Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Fluoro-glaucophane | ◻[Na2][Mg3Al2]Si8O22F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Fluoro-riebeckite | ◻{Na2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Magnesio-fluoro-riebeckite | ◻{Na2}{Mg3Fe3+2}(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Fluoro-eckermannite | NaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-fluoro-eckermannite | NaNa2(Fe2+4Al}Si8O22F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Fluoro-arfvedsonite | [Na][Na2][Fe2+4Fe3+]Si8O22F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Magnesio-arfvedsonite | {Na}{Na2}{Mg4Fe3+}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferri-fluoro-nybøite | NaNa2(Mg3Fe3+2)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-ferri-fluoro-nybøite | NaNa2(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-glaucophane | ◻[Na2][Fe2+3Al2]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-fluoro-nybøite | NaNa2(Fe2+3Al2)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Mangani-dellaventuraite | NaNa2(MgMn3+2Ti4+Li)Si8O22O2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-leakeite | NaNa2(Fe2+2Al2Li)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Leakeite | NaNa2(Mg2Al2Li)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Potassic-leakeite | KNa2(Mg2Al2Li)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferri-fluoro-pedrizite | NaLi2(LiMg2Fe3+2)(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-ferri-fluoro-pedrizite | NaLi2(LiFe2+2Fe3+2)(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-nybøite | NaNa2(Fe2+3Al2)(AlSi7)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Clino-ferro-ferri-fluoro-holmquistite | ◻{Li2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Mangano-mangani-ungarettiite | NaNa2(Mn2+2Mn3+3)(Si8O22)O2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Clino-ferri-fluoro-holmquistite | ◻{Li2}{Mg3Fe3+2}(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Clino-ferro-fluoro-holmquistite | ◻{Li2}{Fe2+3Al2}(Si8O22)F2 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Ferro-hornblende
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1519.html
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External Links:
References for Ferro-hornblende
Localities for Ferro-hornblende
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Algeria | |
| Azzouni‐Sekkal et al. (1987) |
Antarctica | |
Australia | |
| Birch (1999) +1 other reference |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Meinert |
Austria | |
| Götzinger (1978) |
| Knobloch et al. (2021) |
| Hollerer (1999) |
Bolivia | |
| Petrov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Brazil | |
| Souza Neto et al. (2008) |
Canada | |
| |
| Acosta-Góngora et al. (2015) |
| Doucette et al. (1997) |
| Kontak et al. (1993) |
| www.handbookofmineralogy.com (2012) |
| McCormick et al. (1999) |
| Frank Craig 2015 |
| www.John Betts.com |
| www.handbookofmineralogy.org (2011) |
| Marsden (2012) |
| www.handbookofmineralogy.com (2012) |
| Mitchell et al. (1993) |
| Age of the Cabonga nepheline syenite +4 other references |
China | |
| Yiming Zhao and Daxin Li (2003) |
| Yiming Zhao and Daxin Li (2003) | |
| Yiming Zhao and Daxin Li (2003) |
| Li et al. (2022) |
| Yiming Zhao and Daxin Li (2003) |
| Jingbin Wang et al. (1998) |
| Zhenhua Zhou et al. (2011) | |
| Ligang et al. (2018) |
| Bugao Xue (2003) |
| Xue et al. (2022) |
Croatia | |
| Palinkaš et al. (2010) |
Czech Republic | |
| Beran (Ag, Au, Co) +2 other references |
| Zimák (2008) |
| |
| www.handbookofmineralogy.com (2012) |
| www.handbookofmineralogy.org (2011) | |
Eurasian Plate | |
| Rout et al. (2025) | |
Europe | |
| Dobnikar et al. (2002) |
Finland | |
| www.handbookofmineralogy.com (2012) |
France | |
| Périnet (n.d.) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Lacroix (1910) |
Germany | |
| Habel (2009) |
| Weber (2013) |
| SEM-EDS by Joy Desor and Gerhard Möhn |
| |
| Hans-Jürgen Haas Collection |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| |
Greenland | |
| Petersen et al. (1985) |
| Petersen (2001) | |
| www.koeln.netsurf.de (1999) |
| www.koeln.netsurf.de (1999) |
India | |
| www.handbookofmineralogy.org (2011) |
| Chowdhury et al. (2011) |
| Mineralogical Studies of Metasomatized ... |
Iran | |
| Ghalamghash et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
Italy | |
| A.Sorlini |
| Russo (2008) |
| King (n.d.) |
| Gruppo Mineralogico Geologico ... | |
| www.handbookofmineralogy.org (2011) | |
| www.handbookofmineralogy.org (2011) | |
| |
| Russo (2010) | |
| Russo (2003) |
| Analysis by Marco E. Ciriotti |
| Maida (2002) |
| Marchesini et al. (2025) |
| Bedogné et al. (1995) |
| Campostrini (2001) |
| Franciosi et al. (2019) |
| Gamboni et al. (1996) |
| Billows (1941) |
Kazakhstan | |
| |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| |
North Korea | |
| INOUE Tami (1950) |
Norway | |
| www.handbookofmineralogy.com (2012) |
| Garmo (2006) |
| www.handbookofmineralogy.com (2012) | |
| www.handbookofmineralogy.com (2012) |
| Berge (1993) |
| Braathen et al. (2014) |
Peru | |
| Laubacher (1978) |
Poland | |
| Eligiusz Szełęg collection |
| Gil et al. (2022) |
| Eligiusz Szełęg collection (SEM/EDS identification) |
Portugal | |
| Alves et al. (2010) |
Romania | |
| Bonin et al. (2016) |
Russia | |
| Kiseleva et al. (2022) |
| Barkov et al. (2021) +1 other reference |
| ... |
| Ivanyuk et al. (2008) |
| Grebennikov (2011) |
Slovakia | |
| Spišak J. |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Ružička P. et al. (2017) |
| Pauliš et al. (2002) |
| Ďuďa |
| Ozdín D. & Rojkovič I. |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
South America Plate | |
| Lima et al. (2024) |
| Lima et al. (2024) | |
| Lima et al. (2024) | |
| Lima et al. (2024) | |
Spain | |
| Martins da Pedra collection |
| Colección Juan A.M. Barnestein | |
| Carles Curto Milà. |
| C. Canet et al. |
| Martin-Izard et al. (1995) |
| Casanova Honrubia |
| Adrian Pesudo Collection |
Sri Lanka | |
| Burford et al. (2000) |
Sweden | |
| Thulin (1996) |
| Shaikh-Persson-Sundberg-Wik: SGU Rep. ... |
| Tegengren (1924) |
| Wilke (1997) |
| Wilke (1997) |
| Wilke (1997) | |
| Wilke (1997) | |
| Wilke (1997) | |
| Wilke (1997) | |
| Wilke (1997) | |
| Wilke (1997) | |
| Wilke (1997) | |
| Wilke (1997) | |
| Wilke (1997) | |
| Wilke (1997) | |
| GFF 6 |
| Lyckberg (2006) |
| Aksel Österlöf collection & photo. ... | |
| Aksel Österlöf specimen and photo +1 other reference | |
| Bjällerud (1989) +1 other reference |
| Sandström et al. (2011) |
| Åberg (2015) |
| |
| Sandström et al. (2009) |
| Lorin et al. (2009) |
| Öhman et al. (2004) |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Tindle (2008) | |
| [Specimen in the Natural History Museum |
| |
| S.Rust Collection |
| |
| ... |
| Bevins et al. (1993) |
Ukraine | |
| Dvoichenko P.A. The minerals of Crimea (1914) |
USA | |
| Illig (2015) |
| Conway et al. (1990) |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10037110 |
| Henry Barwood - unpublished (2010) |
| Arnold (1910) +3 other references |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference | |
| Bernard et al. (2004) |
| Jesse Crawford specimen | |
| Eckel (1946) +5 other references |
| Pabst (1951) +3 other references | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Moritz (n.d.) |
| Rocks & Min.: 64:202. |
| Boudette |
| Boudette |
| Toulmin et al. (1957) |
| |
| Gilman | |
| Rocks & Min.: 21:144-145 +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 18:206. |
| Peter Cristofono collection and SEM-EDS ... |
| Dennen |
| Emerson (1917) | |
| "Western Massachusetts Mineral ... |
| Plante (1992) |
| "Western Massachuetts Mineral ... | |
| "Western Massachusetts Mineral ... |
| Lincks (1978) |
| Lincks (1978) | |
| Lincks (1978) | |
| Lincks (1978) | |
| Alan R. Plante | |
| Plante (1992) |
| Cristofono (n.d.) |
| Emerson (1917) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Morris (1983) |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| T Mortimer |
| J. Petrol. 33:1193-1218 (1992) |
| Tom Mortimer |
| Meyers et al. (1956) | |
| Williams et al. (1954) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 17:136-139. |
| Tom Mortimer |
| John Durkos collection. +1 other reference |
| The Iron Mines of NJ (1910) |
| The Iron Mines of NJ (1910) |
| Observed-David S.Bernstein/April of 2012 |
| The Iron Mines of NJ (1910) |
| The Iron Mines of NJ (1910) | |
| Amer. Jour. of Sci.:262:1119-1123 (Nov 64) |
| Manchester (1931) | |
| The Iron Mines of NJ (1910) | |
| The Iron Mines of NJ (1910) |
| The Iron Mines of NJ (1910) |
| Rutgers Univ. Bull. #5 |
| NJ State Geol. Ann. Rpt. (1886) +1 other reference |
| NJ State Geol. Ann. Rpt. (1906) |
| The Iron Mines of NJ (1910) |
| NJ State Geol. Ann. Rpt. (1856) | |
| NJ State Geol. Ann. Rpt. (1856) |
| Bayley (1910) +1 other reference |
| |
| Rutgers Univ. Bull. #5 +6 other references | |
| A Quest for New Jersey Minerals (1978) |
| NJ State Geol. Ann. Rpt. (1856) +1 other reference |
| NJ State Geol. Ann. Rpt. (1908) |
| The Iron Mines of NJ (1910) |
| NJ State Geol. Ann. Rpt. (1856) +1 other reference | |
| NJ State Geol. Ann. Rpt. (1856) +1 other reference |
| The Iron Mines of NJ (1910) +2 other references | |
| The Iron Mines of NJ (1910) |
| NJ State Geol. Ann. Rpt.: (1856) |
| The Iron Mines of NJ (1910) | |
| NJ State Geol. Ann. Rpt. (1856) +1 other reference |
| NJ State Geol. Ann. Rpt. (1856) | |
| NJ State Geol. Ann. Rpt. (1856) +1 other reference | |
| NJ State Geol. Ann. Rpt. (1856) | |
| Observed/ collected David S. Bernstein- ... | |
| NJ State Geol. Ann. Rpt. (1856) |
| NJ State Geol. Ann. Rpt. (1856) |
| NJ State Geol. Ann. Rpt. (1886) +1 other reference | |
| The Iron Mines of NJ (1910) |
| NJ Geol. Survey Bull. #64 et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| NJ State Geol. Ann. Rpt (1856) |
| The Iron Mines of NJ (1910) | |
| NJ State Geol. Ann. Rpt. (1856) +1 other reference | |
| NJ State Geol. Ann. Rpt. (1856) | |
| NJ State Geol. Ann. Rpt. (1856) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 22: 717. | |
| NJ State Geol. Ann. Rpt. (1906) |
| NJ State Geol. Ann. Rpt. (1856) +1 other reference |
| The Iron Mines of NJ (1910) | |
| The Iron Mines of NJ (1910) |
| Rutgers Univ. Bull. #5 |
| NJ State geol. Ann. Rpts.: (1856) +2 other references |
| The Iron Mines of NJ (1910) |
| Rutgers Univ. Bull. #5 +1 other reference |
| www.handbookofmineralogy.org (2011) | |
| NJ State Geol. Ann. Rpt. (1856) +1 other reference |
| www.handbookofmineralogy.com (2012) |
| The Iron Mines of NJ (1910) |
| The Iron Mines of NJ (1910) | |
| NJ State Geol. Ann. Rpt. (1856) |
| The Iron Mines of NJ (1910) |
| The Iron Mines of NJ (1910) |
| The Iron Mines of NJ (1910) | |
| The Iron Mines of NJ (1910) |
| - (2005) |
| The Iron Mines of NJ (1910) | |
| The Iron Mines of NJ (1910) | |
| NJ State Geol. Ann. Rpt. (1900) | |
| The Iron Mines of NJ (1910) |
| NJ State Geol. Ann. Rpt. (1886) | |
| The Iron Mines of NJ (1910) |
| The iron Mines of NJ (1910) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| New York State Museum Bull. 223 et al. (July-August 1919) |
| New York State Museum Bull. 223 et al. (July-August 1919) |
| Rocks & Min.: 12:10. |
| New York State Museum Bulletin No. 199 et al. (July, 1917) |
| New York State Museum Bulletin No. 199 et al. (July, 1917) | |
| New York State Museum Bull. 223 et al. (July-August 1919) |
| John H. Betts (2009) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 15: 162-164. |
| New York State Museum Bull. 223 et al. (July-August 1919) |
| www.handbookofmineralogy.com (2012) | |
| New York State Museum Bull. 223 et al. (July-August 1919) |
| www.handbookofmineralogy.com (2012) | |
| www.handbookofmineralogy.com (2012) | |
| New York State Museum Bull. 223 et al. (July-August 1919) |
| New York State Museum Bull. 223 et al. (July-August 1919) |
| Rocks & Min.: 6:101 & 9:136-137. |
| Leonard S.Wiener and Sigrid Ballew et al. ( Geologic Note No.4 ) | |
| Eckert |
| David S. Bernstein- January 2010 |
| Rocks & Min.: 22: 1024-1026. +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Minerals (1986) |
| Bernard et al. (2004) |
| Rick Dalrymple Collection |
| |
| Rocks & Min 71:330-333 |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996) |
| Zodac (1940) |
| Rocks & Min.: 8:143-144. |
| Micro Probe Volume VI Number 8 |
| Woolley (1987) |
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Betts Manganese Mines, Plainfield, Hampshire County, Massachusetts, USA