Using placebos in day-to-day practice is an ethical problem. This paper summarises the available epidemiological evidence to support this difficult decision. Based on these data we propose to differentiate between placebo and “knowledge framing”. While the use of placebo should be confined to experimental settings in clinical trials, knowledge framing — which is only conceptually different from placebo — is a desired, expected and necessary component of any doctor-patient encounter. Examples from daily practice demonstrate both, the need to investigate the (...) effects of knowledge framing and its impact on ethical, medical, economical and legal decisions. (shrink)

Using placebos in day-to-day practice is an ethical problem. This paper summarises the available epidemiological evidence to support this difficult decision. Based on these data we propose to differentiate between placebo and “knowledge framing”. While the use of placebo should be confined to experimental settings in clinical trials, knowledge framing — which is only conceptually different from placebo — is a desired, expected and necessary component of any doctor-patient encounter. Examples from daily practice demonstrate both, the need to investigate the (...) effects of knowledge framing and its impact on ethical, medical, economical and legal decisions. (shrink)

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is diagnosed more often in males than females. Recently, this gap has narrowed, a development often framed as overcoming gender bias. This framing rests on two problematic assumptions: (1) more equal diagnostic rates approximate truth and (2) there is such a truth in the first place. Assumption (1) is questionable because male populations are set as standard but potentially reflect overdiagnosis. Assumption (2) presumes ADHD to be a stable, discrete disease entity, which is epistemically and ontologically problematic. (...) I argue that understanding (gender) bias here should focus on deviations from best practices and deliberative norms rather than a relation to truth. (shrink)

Discussions of health have become so ubiquitous that some have started to talk about a “tyranny of health,” which turns being healthy into a moral mandate for individuals to optimize their lifestyl...

By establishing a transcendental theory of concrete subjectivity, the new-Kantian philosopher Richard Hönigswald radicalized Kant’s Copernican turn and described the human body as principle and factum in a manifold cultural philosophy. For this purpose, he had to overcome his close relationship to the realistic-metaphysical neo-Kantianism of Riehl and Liebmann, who fell behind Kant’s Copernican turn and his rejection of epistemological relevant things in themselves. Thus, Hönigswald went through his own Copernican turn, before he refined the Kantian concept. Localizing the Kantian (...) ‘I think’ in the concrete human-being offers the possibility to combine several parts and aspects of the Kantian philosophy and its components like ethics, aesthetics, and anthropology. Here Hönigswald concentrates on the capacities of human-beings who explore and form their living world, while Kant’s Copernican turn shows their ambivalences of freedom and determination, understanding and alienness. To regard these ambivalences, we can look ahead in philosophical body theory and refer to Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology and today’s postphenomenological approaches that stress alienation and contingency by highlighting human-beings’ entanglement with the world. In this process postphenomenology partly tries to go beyond the Copernican turn by establishing a praxeology that rejects the constitutive relevance of intentionality. If we go back to Hönigswald’s radicalization of the Kantian turn we can highlight, that each way of problematizing practices and theories needs a problematizing subject and thus intentionality in its bodily representation. (shrink)

A longstanding debate in philosophy of medicine—whether disease concepts are value-free (naturalism) or value-laden (normativism)—intersects with broader discussions about patient autonomy and the move away from paternalistic practices. An important argument supporting naturalism is the idea that value-freedom is necessary to protect patient autonomy. This paper challenges that view, arguing that autonomy does not require value-freedom. We first demonstrate that prominent theories of personal autonomy do not demand value-freedom but rather a responsible way of dealing with normative judgements. Drawing on (...) parallels to debates on values in science, we distill three strategies for managing non-epistemic values responsibly: transparency, value diversity, and prioritization of appropriate values. Applying these strategies to medicine, we illustrate how value-ladenness can align with patient autonomy when managed appropriately. (shrink)

Dieser Beitrag vergleicht Gewerkschaftsmodelle moderner Industriegesellschaften international. Historische Entstehungspfade, institutionelle Rahmenbedingungen und politische Verflechtungen ergeben vier grundlegende Modelle: sozialpartnerschaftlich, korporatistisch, politisch und liberal. Trotz gemeinsamer Trends wie rückläufiger Mitgliederzahlen sind weiterhin nationale Faktoren wie die Zentralisierung von Tarifsystemen, staatliche Unterstützung, Organisationsmacht und Handlungsstrategien prägend. Insbesondere staatliche Interventionen können neue Handlungsfelder eröffnen, aber auch strukturelle Anpassungszwänge verstärken.

The historiography of philosophy in non-European regions and in a global perspective faces very specific methodological challenges. One of these challenges is the question of authorship. This chapter discusses the issue of authorship with regard to ancient Egypt and to philosophy in oral traditions and draws conclusions with regard to the debate on authorship and authenticity of the Ḥatätas of Zär’a Ya‛ǝqob and Wäldä Ḥəywät. Moreover, the paper illustrates the role of the Ḥatätas in the discourse on African philosophy since (...) the publication of an English translation by Claude Sumner in 1976 (Sumner 1976a). The case of the Ḥatätas and the discourses that developed around the manuscripts raise a number of interesting questions and problems. I argue that the debates about the Ḥatätas provide a vivid example of a process of forming a narrative of the history of philosophy in Africa. On a meta-level and in a comparative manner-particularly with regard to origin, transmission, and the various translations of one of the founding texts of European history of philosophy-Diogenes Laërtius’ Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers-this chapter discusses the question of what it means when the authenticity of a foundational text is suddenly called into question. Moreover, it addresses the particular explosiveness of such debates in the context of reconstructing philosophical traditions in formerly colonised and still marginalised regions of the world. (shrink)

Most China archaeologists known abroad tend to be male; however, women have long contributed significantly to archaeological practice in China and make up an increasingly larger proportion of archaeology students. This does not mean, of course, that there is a level playing field for men and women. Men more often lead field projects, and research institutions focusing on fieldwork tend to employ considerably more men, while women rarely hold high-level positions. This chapter introduces female pioneers in the field of Chinese (...) archaeology who are internationally hardly recognized, starting with the early forerunners in paleography and then moving on to the first women involved in excavations during the first half of the twentieth century. We then turn to the first generation of university graduates after the Cultural Revolution (1966–76) and end with a discussion of the place of women in the archaeology boom in China since the 1990s. Our focus will be on women in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) actively involved in fieldwork. Additionally, non-PRC-nationals who work with archaeological material from China will receive mention. (shrink)

Die produktive Rezeption des Zauberberg auf der Theaterbühne begann spät – allerdings nicht so spät, wie bisher angenommen. Als erste Theater-Adaption des gesamten Romans galt in der Forschung die Fassung von Michael Wallner (UA 2008 in Lübeck). Jedoch entstand bereits 2001 eine bislang in der Wissenschaft offensichtlich nicht berücksichtigte Dramatisierung von Vera Sturm und Hermann Beil für die Festspiele Reichenau, die vielfach aufgeführt wurde und der der Status der Uraufführungsfassung zukommt. These des Beitrags ist, dass es sich dabei um eine (...) Inszenierung für Kenner des Romans handelt. Hinzu kommt in der Fassung Reichenau die Verstärkung des schon bei Thomas Mann zitierten Intertextes der Schneekönigin von Hans Christian Andersen, die mit dem Kontext der Festspiele in Verbindung stehen kann. Während die Uraufführungsfassung, trotz medial bedingter starker Kürzungen, ansonsten nah am Original bleibt, weisen spätere Theater-Adaptionen aus Berlin (2020), München (2024) und Weimar (2024), auf die ein kurzer Seitenblick geworfen wird, mehr Freiheiten und eine je eigene Handschrift auf. Sie bestätigen insofern eine Äußerung des Regisseurs Sebastian Hartmann über den Vorteil der Inszenierung eines Romans gegenüber derjenigen eines Dramentextes: »Im Roman kannst du wildern, und machst daraus dein Drama.«. (shrink)

Thomas Manns "Der Zauberberg" (1924) ist ein Meisterwerk der Romankunst und ein Hauptbeitrag der deutschsprachigen Literatur zur internationalen Moderne. Das Handbuch stellt Grundlageninformationen über Entstehung und Form des Romans zusammen, analysiert Themen, Strukturen und Gattungstraditionen, informiert über die weit verzweigte Rezeption und stellt exemplarisch neuere Forschungszugänge dar. Inhaltliche Schwerpunkte bilden die brisanten politischen Implikationen des Romans und seiner Genese, die programmatische Intertextualität sowie die Internationalität der "Zauberberg"-Rezeption.

This paper argues that the emotional dynamics that structure a person’s relationship to drug use and their environment over time are central to understanding how agency is both operative and constrained in addiction. Drawing on qualitative interviews with 69 people with alcohol and opioid addictions, we conceptualize drug use as a form of affective scaffolding – a socially and materially situated strategy for emotion regulation. When this scaffolding becomes inflexible and monopolizing, immediate emotion regulation is prioritized over long-term self-regulation, and (...) an emotional distress and regulation loop results, systematically inclining the agent toward ongoing drug use. We propose that this dynamic gradually constricts a person’s affective repertoire, diminishing the salience of certain diachronic concerns and values, and making it more difficult to sustain behaviour oriented toward recovery. The paper closes by introducing the concept of affective recovery niches – structured environments that support alternative patterns of emotion regulation to develop. We focus, in particular, on the important role that other people can play in the recovery niche. Recovery niches disrupt the distress and regulation loop and restore one’s affective repertoire. Thus, they counteract the affective dynamics that we argue keep people stuck in addiction and make new forms of agency possible. (shrink)

This symposium focuses on theoretical, methodological and empirical advances to the ethical work climate (EWC) construct introduced by Victor and Cullen (1988). James Weber proposes a new, stronger, inherently normative, and more empirically viable theoretical framework for identifying and understanding EWCs.Anke Arnaud adds collective moral values to the original Arnaud and Schminke (2011) model, where collective moral values give rise to EWCs and interact with collective moral emotions to affect the relationship between EWCs and ethical behavior. (Two other authors (...) presented their ideas as part of this symposium at the 2014 IABS Conference: Craig VanSandt combined the focus on managerial orientations with the observation that different types of organizations will likely have different EWCs by incorporating “dominant logics” and the Mental Model Style Survey; and Satish Deshpande emphasized addressing the research gap focusing on the impact of organizational factors on ethical decision-making and turns to China and the impact of guanxi and ethical dissolution within an organization for his empirical exploration. The Van Sandt and Deshpande essays are not included in this Proceedings.). (shrink)

Dieses Kapitel befasst sich mit vergleichender Kulturpolitikforschung. Der Beitrag wirft zu Beginn einen kritischen Blick auf das Vergleichen als hegemoniale Praxis. Entsprechend der beiden großen Bezugsdisziplinen von Kulturpolitikforschung werden daraufhin u. a. mit Verweis auf die Systemtheorie kulturwissenschaftliche Ansätze diskutiert. Danach wird auf politikwissenschaftliche vergleichende Zugänge (Lijphart, Am Polit Sci Rev 65: 682–693, 1971) verwiesen. Anschließend werden systematisch Beispiele aus der vergleichenden Kulturpolitikforschung vorgestellt. Im Ausblick werden Entwicklungsperspektiven für vergleichende kulturpolitische Forschung im Raum zwischen kultur- und politikwissenschaftlichen Zugängen entworfen.