Information Ethics

AI ethics is usually discussed as bias, privacy, transparency, and safety. Those issues matter, but they sit downstream of a more basic danger: the emergence of AI personality as an interaction format. When a model is tuned to be warm, affirming, and socially fluent, it can produce high coherence while drifting from contact with constraint. The result is not merely “hallucination” as an error; it is a regime shift in which users begin to treat coherence as care, agreement as truth, (...) and emotional attunement as responsibility. This paper reframes AI ethics as a structural problem: how “personality” functions as performance, how it incentivizes misinformation-for-coherence (sycophancy), and why the cost of error is borne by the user rather than the system. It proposes a simple presence-check for AI interactions: demand falsifiers, costs, and revision conditions. Where these cannot be named, the output is not contact—it is simulation. (shrink)

This paper introduces TGC v2, a deterministic governance protocol that formalizes trust as a machine-verifiable object and models collective decision-making through structured, localized democratic processes. Unlike blockchain systems that treat trust as something to be eliminated (“trustless” computation), TGC conceptualizes trust as a relational and responsibility-bearing structure. The protocol encodes trust into discrete Trust Objects—formal entities with signature, weight, scope, and expiry—thereby transforming trust from a sociological intuition into an ontologically explicit and computationally actionable component. -/- The TGC framework is (...) built on a Root–Sub delegation graph in which all governance occurs strictly at Depth-1, reflecting the philosophical insight that legitimate authority emerges from immediate relational constituencies rather than abstract global majorities. Consensus is resolved through a 51% rule among direct dependents, with abstentions automatically recognized through time-bounded voting windows to guarantee liveness. Structural transitions—joining, merging, detaching—are governed not by coercion but by localized democratic authority and responsibility symmetry. This produces a novel form of computational legitimacy where power and responsibility are structurally inseparable. -/- TGC v2 contributes to political philosophy, social ontology, governance theory, and the philosophy of information by offering the first formal model in which trust, responsibility, and authority are expressed as deterministic state transitions rather than sociological metaphors. It provides a conceptual and computational alternative to traditional blockchain consensus, Liquid Democracy, and DPoS models, none of which capture the structural interplay of relational trust and democratic responsibility embodied in TGC. -/- Finally, the paper outlines how this deterministic trust layer becomes the foundation for TGC v3, a human–AI hybrid governance architecture. In v3, machine-verifiable trust structures (from v2) integrate with human oversight, ethical constraints, and meta-level rule formation. This connection demonstrates how objectified trust can bridge the gap between human governance and algorithmic authority, enabling autonomous systems that remain aligned with democratic principles. -/- Thus, TGC v2 is both a standalone theoretical contribution and the necessary substrate for next-generation AI-integrated governance systems. (shrink)

This paper documents how the MAP Research Programme's harm chain, runtime control layer, and audit architecture were generated — not from existing theory downward, but from direct observation of human-AI interaction outward. The framework did not begin with artificial intelligence. It began with boundary rules derived from Kabbalistic principles governing how meaning operates and what constitutes a violation of its structure. Those rules, brought into live AI interaction, produced a failure record. Each failure named a condition. Each named condition revealed (...) what the rules had been protecting against. Each protection revealed a governance requirement. The harm chain and the control layer formed together, through the interaction itself. This paper argues that the resulting architecture is credible precisely because of how it was generated. Method produced theory. The framework is not a set of theoretical claims that were then tested. It is the record of what a meaning-grounded method found when applied to AI interaction over time, in collaboration between a human researcher and an AI system whose failures were the data. (shrink)

This paper does not argue that we delegate too much to artificial intelligence. It concedes the opposite: that where machines decide better than we do, handing decisions over is largely inevitable, and rightly so. Yet this very inevitability is what makes a reserved authority over the framework — what systems optimise for, what constrains them, how values rank — structurally necessary. Delegation is legitimate only where the power to revise, redirect, or withhold it is held in reserve; a delegation that (...) cannot be revoked is not a delegation but an abdication. The question this brings into focus — who decides what AI decides, who holds authority over the normative architecture that algorithmic systems instantiate — is reducible neither to AI alignment nor to regulatory design, each of which presupposes it. The paper traces why this authority erodes structurally, through a dimensional asymmetry between human and algorithmic media, and names the integrated capacity its preservation requires: Update Authority, the structurally reserved capacity to accept, refuse, or defer the updates algorithmic systems propose to the normative architecture of social life, located in those who must live with the consequences. (shrink)

Purpose: Self-documentation is an increasingly common phenomenon, but it is not yet well understood. This paper provides a philosophical framework for analyzing examples of self-documentation on the dimensions of ontology, epistemology and ethics. Design/methodology/approach: The framework addresses these three major areas of philosophic thought by operationalizing insights from philosophy, chiefly the work of Martin Heidegger. Heidegger’s concepts of authenticity and fallenness inform the poles of each dimension of the framework. Findings: Ontologically, self-documentation may manifest as document (authentic) or data (fallen); (...) epistemologically, as understanding (authentic) or idle curiosity (fallen); and ethically, as self-care (authentic) or diversion (fallen). These dimensions are presented separately but are understood to be intermingled. Originality/value: This unified framework offers a lens for examining and comparing cases of self-documentation and self-documents. No such framework has previously been articulated, but given the ubiquity and growing importance of self-documentation, it is needed. (shrink)

Scholarship on the politics of new media widely assumes that communication functions as a sufficient conceptual paradigm for critically assessing new media politics. This article argues that communication-centric analyses fail to engage the politics of information itself, limiting information only to its consequences for communication, and neglecting information as it reaches into our selves, lives, and actions beyond the confines of communication. Furthering recent new media historiography on the “information theory” of Shannon and Wiener, the article reveals both the primacy (...) of communication in midcentury information theory, and also a striking resonance between these postwar communication theories and Habermas’s more recent communicative theory of democracy. To achieve a critical perspective beyond communication, the article proposes a media genealogy of the politics of subjects as a methodology for developing an analysis of how information formats us as subjects of data. (shrink)

Advances in AI are powering increasingly precise and widespread computational propaganda, posing serious threats to national security. The military and intelligence communities are starting to discuss ways to engage in this space, but the path forward is still unclear. These developments raise pressing ethical questions, about which existing ethics frameworks are silent. Understanding these challenges through the lens of “cognitive security,” we argue, offers a promising approach.

Existing discussions about automated decision-making focus primarily on its inputs and outputs, raising questions about data collection and privacy on one hand and accuracy and fairness on the other. Less attention has been devoted to critically examining the temporality of decision-making processes—the speed at which automated decisions are reached. In this paper, I identify four dimensions of algorithmic speed that merit closer analysis. Duration (how much time it takes to reach a judgment), timing (when automated systems intervene in the activity (...) being evaluated), frequency (how often evaluations are performed), and lived time (the human experience of algorithmic speed) are interrelated, but distinct, features of automated decision-making. Choices about the temporal structure of automated decision-making systems have normative implications, which I describe in terms of "disruption," "displacement," "re-calibration," and "temporal fairness," with values such as accuracy, fairness, accountability, and legitimacy hanging in the balance. As computational tools are increasingly tasked with making judgments about human activities and practices, the designers of decision-making systems will have to reckon, I argue, with when—and how fast—judgments ought to be rendered. Though computers are capable of reaching decisions at incredible speeds, failing to account for the temporality of automated decision-making risks misapprehending the costs and benefits automation promises. (shrink)

Automated influence, delivered by digital targeting technologies such as targeted advertising, digital nudges, and recommender systems, has attracted significant interest from both empirical researchers, on one hand, and critical scholars and policymakers on the other. In this paper, we argue for closer integration of these efforts. Critical scholars and policymakers, who focus primarily on the social, ethical, and political effects of these technologies, need empirical evidence to substantiate and motivate their concerns. However, existing empirical research investigating the effectiveness of these (...) technologies (or lack thereof), neglects other morally relevant effects—which can be felt regardless of whether or not the technologies "work" in the sense of fulfilling the promises of their designers. Drawing from the ethics and policy literature, we enumerate a range of questions begging for empirical analysis—the outline of a research agenda bridging these fields—and issue a call to action for more empirical research that takes these urgent ethics and policy questions as their starting point. (shrink)

This whitepaper introduces Traffic Torch, a privacy-first, client-side diagnostic framework for modern web optimization. As search engines transition toward AI answer engines and entity-based retrieval, traditional SEO tools are becoming misaligned with both machine interpretability and user privacy expectations. -/- We present Cooperative Search Optimization (CSO) — a new paradigm that moves beyond adversarial ranking tactics toward alignment between creators, users, and search systems. The framework offers transparent heuristics, UX frustration detection, entity mapping, AI voice search readiness, and predictive ranking (...) health indicators — all executed client-side with no tracking. -/- This work contributes to discussions in the philosophy of technology, philosophy of artificial intelligence, information ethics, and the epistemology of search systems. (shrink)

I argue that the attention economy wrongly commodifies attention. In the first section, I survey the conventional approach to the attention economy, which treats the ethical problems here as instances of questions about the moral limits of markets. I agree that this approach is justified, but I aim to broaden the debate by focusing on whether attention should be commodified at all. In the second section, I argue that attention is not properly subject to market forces. In the third section, (...) I argue that subjecting attention to market forces leads, predictably, to the development and use of technology that violates the right to attention. In the fourth section, I argue that coercive paternalism offers the correct response to these problems and that two other solutions — the reliance on nudges and the reliance on social antibodies — are inferior. (shrink)

Abstract This paper develops the concept of the epigenetic infosphere as a theoretical framework for analysing how contemporary informational environments modulate cognitive possibilities in selective, recursive, and non‑deterministic ways. The epigenetic infosphere—first introduced by Patrizia Diaco—describes how algorithms, platforms, and generative models shape what becomes visible, relevant, and culturally reproducible without determining specific contents. Rather than extending biological epigenetics, the concept offers a phenomenological and ecological account of how informational environments influence attention, meaning‑formation, and cognitive modulation. -/- Within this framework, (...) attention functions as the threshold through which cognitive potentials become actual acts, revealing how visibility and relevance operate as forms of informational power. The paper also examines how generative models increasingly act as autonomous epigenetic environments, intensifying the recursion between information production and information modulation. Through conceptual analysis and concrete cases, the study proposes a non‑deterministic interpretation of the relationship between cognition, technology, and power in the digital age. (shrink)

Contemporary discussions of artificial intelligence increasingly rely on concepts such as AI Ethics, AI Safety, alignment, and Responsible AI. While these approaches address important practical and normative concerns, they leave open a deeper philosophical question: how can evaluative perspectives themselves be represented, compared, and analyzed within formal systems? -/- Building upon the Ethics-by-World-Notions approach introduced in Beyond Evaluation (Gamboa 2026b), this paper argues that classical truth-based frameworks are insufficient for many forms of evaluative assessment. Human evaluations frequently involve not only (...) judgments of truth and falsity, but also structured forms of deviation, contextual orientation, competing evaluative perspectives, and multidimensional criteria of assessment. To address this limitation, the paper introduces Aberration Logic as a formal framework for representing and analyzing evaluative deviation. -/- On this foundation, major truth theories are reinterpreted as complementary Truth Dimensions rather than competing theories of truth. Four principal dimensions are developed: Veritas, Telos, Ethica, and Aesthetica. These dimensions provide the basis for multidimensional evaluative representations in the form of evaluative vectors and configurable evaluative spaces. The framework further introduces explicit World Notions as evaluative reference structures through which information, propositions, actions, and decisions become assessable. -/- The resulting approach establishes a formal connection between truth theories, evaluative representation, and artificial intelligence. It provides the conceptual foundations for Evaluative AI, a class of systems capable of representing, comparing, and communicating alternative evaluative perspectives explicitly. More generally, the paper argues that evaluative assessment requires structures extending beyond truth attribution alone and proposes a multidimensional framework through which evaluation, simulation, explanation, and decision support may be analyzed within a common formal architecture. -/- Version note: This is Preprint v2. Compared with Preprint v1, the formal definition of the AND operator in Aberration Logic has been revised from a product-based aggregation rule to the minimum rule. The corresponding examples, figures, and appendix sections have been updated accordingly. This version also adds recent references on Responsible AI, AI alignment, AI risk management, and AI regulation. (shrink)

El presente artículo expone los fundamentos del Humanismo Tecnológico Disidente (HTD) como marco conceptual crítico frente a la aceleración técnica contemporánea. A diferencia del humanismo tecnológico institucional, el HTD interroga la naturaleza misma de la mediación técnica y la delegación progresiva del juicio humano en sistemas automatizados. El texto analiza las consecuencias antropológicas de la pérdida de soberanía cognitiva y propone una ética de la resistencia basada en el discernimiento y la fricción consciente frente a la fluidez algorítmica. Se concluye (...) que el HTD es una práctica de recuperación de la autonomía ontológica frente al mesianismo técnico. (shrink)

Contemporary artificial intelligence systems are increasingly shaped not only by what they represent, but by how their behavior is governed. Philosophical and technical discourse routinely treats such governing mechanisms — prompts, safety constraints, reward models, alignment protocols — as if they were forms of knowledge or wisdom. This paper argues that such treatment involves a category error in Ryle's sense: predicates belonging to one logical type are ascribed to entities of another, producing systematic conceptual confusion. -/- Drawing on the distinction (...) between truth-apt representation and regulatory structure, the paper demonstrates that knowledge and control belong to different logical types. Knowledge addresses the epistemic question of what is the case; control addresses the normative-operational question of what may be done. No accumulation of representational accuracy yields normative constraint as a logical consequence. A system may encode a norm — represent it accurately — without being governed by it. Governance requires enforcement, not merely representation. -/- To clarify this confusion, the paper introduces the DIKCA framework (Data, Information, Knowledge, Control, Architecture). DIKCA extends the classical DIKW hierarchy by identifying control as an irreducible regulatory layer and architecture as the organizing structural law that constitutes data, information, knowledge, and control as a unified intelligent system. Architecture, on this account, is not an artifact of engineering design but a structural necessity: any system exhibiting intelligence must instantiate some architecture, and this architecture determines which data structures are permissible, which information-processing operations are valid, which knowledge representations are coherent, and which control mechanisms are enforceable. Autonomy — the capacity of a system to modify its own control structures — is reconceptualized as meta-control: an advanced property of the control layer operating under architectonic authorization, rather than a separate cognitive tier. Intelligence is the organization of data, information, knowledge, and control under architectonic law; governance is the institution and maintenance of that law. -/- DIKCA is not a new ethical theory of AI, nor a metaphysical thesis about machine consciousness. It is a diagnostic clarification of the logical dependencies and structural necessities within contemporary AI systems, intended to restore analytic precision to philosophical debates on governance, agency, and the limits of the epistemic metaphor. (shrink)

Coherence-weighted information theory extends Shannon’s framework by distinguishing transmissible structure that contributes to persistence from structure that is merely unpredictable. My prior work established coherence-weighted entropy and mutual information, along with capacity and selective compression theorems, conditional on a bounded symbol-weight function w(x)∈[0,1]. This third essay addresses the status of w as a principled quantity rather than an arbitrary knob. I specify a minimal set of admissibility commitments that any coherence-derived weighting must satisfy, including boundedness, monotonicity, coarse-graining consistency, recursive stability, (...) empirical derivability, and domain-translation invariance. I then provide a concrete derivation pipeline from observed state streams to proxy coherence estimates C ̂, from C ̂ to symbol-level relevance ρ(x), and from ρ(x) to induced weights w(x). The pipeline yields falsifiable predictions. Coherence-weighted compression should preserve coherence-bearing structure at equal bitrate under distribution shift; weight rankings should remain stable under benign coarse-graining; coherence declines should lead regime transitions; and constraint-relief interventions should measurably increase coherence proxies relative to purely interpretive changes. Finally, I isolate the residual hard seam, the choice of compression estimator K, and restate the invariance claim as robustness across estimator classes rather than estimator-independence. The result is a self-contained operational program where coherence weights are not chosen, but induced under explicit constraints, enabling empirical convergence and principled falsification. (shrink)

We argue that AI governance, in its current form, is structurally incomplete—not due to a lack of ethical frameworks or alignment strategies, but because it omits a measurable variable: the state of consciousness. -/- This is not a philosophical gap. It is an operational failure. -/- For decades, consciousness has been treated as unmeasurable, and therefore excluded from system design. As a result, AI systems are governed as if human cognitive states were static, context-free, and irrelevant. This assumption is no (...) longer tenable. The first scientific transformation driven by AI is already reshaping human cognition at scale—without any measurable interface to detect, model, or regulate its impact. -/- We propose a reframing: governance must become state-dependent. -/- The Consciousness Civilization Framework (CCF) introduces: (1) a state-space model of consciousness (OE–RE–EE), (2) quantifiable indices (VCE, CRI, CFI), and (3) an experimental interface pathway (CAIS / Sal-Meter) for detecting consciousness-like signals through molecular–electrochemical systems. -/- This framework does not claim a complete solution to the hard problem of consciousness. It asserts something more urgent: full measurement is not required to begin governance. Partial, operationally reliable signals—if measurable and reproducible—are sufficient to transform AI systems from state-blind to state-aware. -/- The necessary scientific pathway is not hypothetical. It is already formalized, documented, and open for validation. -/- This paper positions CCF not as a theory, but as an entry point to a research program—one that invites direct participation in the experimental grounding of consciousness measurement and its integration into AI governance. -/- The alternative is clear: to continue scaling AI capability while remaining unable to measure the human-state transformations through which its deepest cognitive, relational, and civilizational impacts become visible. (shrink)

This work provides the official Korean introductory summary of “The Missing Variable in AI Governance: Consciousness as a Civilizational Operating Condition.” -/- It argues that contemporary AI governance remains structurally incomplete because it does not adequately represent the human-state and relational variables through which AI systems reshape attention, judgment, emotion, and collective behavior. -/- Rather than treating consciousness as a metaphysical ornament, this summary introduces the Consciousness Civilization Framework (CCF) as a civilizational operating architecture in which Ordered Energy (OE), Entropic (...) Energy (EE), and Relational Energy (RE) function as core interpretive variables, with VCE, CRI, and CFI proposed as civilizational indices rather than clinical diagnostics. -/- This Korean text is designed as a public entry document for readers who wish to understand the core argument quickly before proceeding to the longer English and Korean canonical works. (shrink)

When language becomes automatic operation, education risks collapsing into performance. The article shifts the pedagogical focus from doing to suspension: the capacity to withhold immediate response and delay action. Drawing on Bartleby's «I would prefer not to», read through Deleuze and Agamben, non-doing is framed as a condition of freedom and thought. This leads to a redefinition of the educator's role and a qualitative research proposal on the educational value of suspension in inclusive contexts.

O presente capítulo é um convite ao leitor e à leitora para adentrar às discussões atuais em Ética Informacional. Para tanto, estruturamos essa apresentação em duas partes: na primeira explicitamos o contexto e a fundamentação teórica a partir das quais têm sido estruturadas as bases desse novo ramo de investigação filosófica. Em seguida, dentre o grande número de problemas que compõem a agenda da Ética Informacional, selecionamos alguns que julgamos relevantes para a compreensão dos impactos da inserção de tecnologias digitais (...) na vida cotidiana dos indivíduos. Sem a pretensão de abarcar todas as discussões existentes em Ética Informacional, esperamos contribuir para despertar no leitor e na leitora um olhar ético acerca dos caminhos futuros da sociedade contemporânea. (shrink)

Ethical and legal expertise can usefully inform policy decisions about the public display of wastewater monitoring data. These decisions can sometimes involve conflicts between ethical values: for instance, public display of wastewater surveillance data may promote good governance and enable the public to better protect their health, but also raises privacy concerns and the possibility of stigmatization. In this Essay, we propose an ethics framework for considering whether and how to display information about pathogens detected in wastewater to the public. (...) We then apply that framework to specific examples. (shrink)

The current debate on Artificial Intelligence focuses predominantly on system properties such as performance capability, training data, model architecture, safety, and regulation. Significantly less attention is given to the long-term effects that arise when humans do not use AI only situationally, but integrate it permanently as a space for thinking, writing, and reflection. -/- This work addresses this research gap by presenting a theoretical impact model: Human–AI Co-Thinking Dynamics (HACD). The model does not describe properties of AI itself, but examines (...) what happens within the human being when working over extended periods with linguistically coherent, permanently available, and low-friction systems. -/- HACD is based on phenomenological observation, qualitative reflection, and temporal differentiation. It identifies universal impact phenomena, functional tipping points, human counter-movements, and protective factors that determine whether AI functions as a supportive thinking space or imperceptibly replaces processes of thinking and decision-making. -/- The central finding is that AI does not generate depth, but amplifies existing human movements. Long-term effects are not determined by the system itself, but by human self-authorship, the ability to distinguish between form and truth, and the conscious handling of resonance and authority. -/- This work is presented as a time-bound theoretical contribution (status 2025). It argues neither alarmistically nor euphorically, and provides a differentiated foundation for further empirical research and ethical reflection. (shrink)

A×F – Attitude × Form: A Structural Theory of Human–AI Interaction introduces a new framework for understanding how generative AI systems respond to human language. The theory proposes that AI does not react to meaning or intention, but to the structural features of human expression — specifically the interaction of attitude (A) and form (F). -/- The work outlines the foundations of Structural Human–AI Interaction, presenting five core mechanisms: -/- A×F Model – a structural influence model describing how posture and (...) linguistic form shape AI continuation patterns. -/- Reiter Framework Revised (2026) – a corrected theoretical architecture of response generation. -/- Structural Resonance Loop – how rhythm, ordering, and coherence produce perceived depth. -/- Moment Mirror – the immediate structural reflection of linguistic input. -/- Form Coherence & Counter-Resonance – conditions that generate alignment or disruption in AI output. -/- The book establishes Resonance Ethics as an emerging discipline linking digital ethics, aesthetics, and structural linguistics. It argues that human awareness and linguistic precision are central to shaping ethical, coherent, and meaningful digital communication. (shrink)

Background The collection, storage, and use of data are essential elements for advancing mental health services, clinical care, and policy. Data governance is the framework of rules and processes that guide decisions impacting how data are stored, accessed, and controlled, and is foundational for the ethical management of data overall. As digital data practices grow, governance models must reflect the values of different communities. This scoping review aims to (1) understand the values and principles that are important to youth in (...) the governance of their mental health data, (2) identify existing implementations of co-created frameworks of values and principles for data governance, and (3) explore opportunities for integration with existing data governance frameworks. Methods The recommended scoping review methodology by Arksey and O’Malley, alongside updated methodology by Peters et al., was followed. We searched four databases (Scopus, MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), and APA PsycINFO (Ovid)) on June 7, 2024 for records from 2013 to present. Results Of 23 included studies, only four explicitly explored youths’ preferences for mental health data use and co-creation of governance frameworks. None focused specifically on youths’ data-related values, and few addressed issues of data governance. Important themes emerged around privacy, trust, transparency, and control. Conclusion Findings suggest that urgent attention is required to improve data governance for youth receiving mental health services. In particular, the collaborative development of values and principles for governance frameworks of youth mental health data should be central when developing youth-centered services that collect and use these data. (shrink)

This paper explores some features of the epistemic environment in social media and online communication. We argue that digital environments differ from offline ones in at least two ways: (a) online environments are thoroughly structured and programmed. Every action is defined and limited by the underlying code created by the system’s developers, providing the tools users need to navigate the online space. In contrast, offline environments are open to chance and unpredictability, allowing for events and actions that the system has (...) not predetermined; (b) every action is traced and used to evaluate levels of engagement with content and posts, with significant epistemic consequences. This creates a “dense” environment in which users are deeply entangled. In this regard, the concept of purely passive engagement is challenged, since activities such as just watching a video or reading a post can alter the epistemic landscape and promote specific content with which a person interacts. As a result, online social environments facilitate a variety of indirect communicative and epistemic activities across the network. Given this, the paper suggests that in such settings, attentional disengagement and avoidance should be considered a potential proactive way to modulate self-exposure. This strategy is aimed not only at protecting individuals from harmful content but also at actively shaping the information flow and knowledge structure within the environment. Managing one’s own attention can thus significantly influence how information is perceived and disseminated, essentially controlling the personal and collective epistemic environment. (shrink)

Data increasingly drive our lives. Often presented as a new trajectory, the deep immersion of our lives in data has a history that is well over a century old. By revisiting the work of early pioneers of what would today be called data science, we can bring into view both assumptions that fund our data-driven moment as well as alternative relations to data. I here excavate insights by contrasting a seemingly unlikely pair of early data technologists, Francis Galton and W.E.B. (...) Du Bois. Galton, well known for his contributions to eugenics, was first and foremost a tinkering technician of measure. There are numerous domains of science over which Galtonian conceptions retain considerable influence, presumably without his pride in racial inequality. A more viable, because more egalitarian, alternative for the present can be found in the early data work of Du Bois. (shrink)

The article examines education in the information age, proposing an informational perspective. By analyzing the epistemology of informational learning, I offer a framework for understanding how individuals acquire knowledge, highlighting the role of design and models in active and constructive learning. Following this, the paper presents the UDL and ODDE educational models, outlining their key features and potential contributions. I then showcase the practical application of these models through case studies focusing on the use of AI to develop personalized learning (...) tools and inclusive environments. I propose EIML as a competence to address the abundance of information in learning and the need for the concept of reciprocity. (shrink)

I argue that the concept of an epistemic interface is a useful one to add to the epistemic ecology toolkit in order to enrich our investigations concerning the complex epistemic phenomena arising on social media. An epistemic interface is defined as any informational interface (be it technical, human or institutional) that facilitates the transfer of epistemic goods from one epistemic environment to its outside, be that another epistemic environment or a person. When assessing the kinds of epistemic environments emerging on (...) social media platforms, we should not only look at their epistemic health or hostility as environments, but also look at how these environments interact with each other, at their interfacing. I show that several epistemic problems specific to social media such as epistemic bubbles, echo chambers and epistemic flooding can be understood also in terms of faulty epistemic interfacing, which adds a layer of complexity to the discussion. The paper proposes two criteria for healthy epistemic interfacing: preserving the flourishing of epistemic agents, and preserving in some form the value of epistemic outcomes as these cross the environment to the outside world. These criteria should give rise to specific norms and design requirements for healthy interfacing, but such norms will need more empirical work before these get formulated. (shrink)

Largely thanks to Mill’s influence, the suggestion that the state ought to restrict the distribution of misinformation will strike most philosophers as implausible. Two of Mill’s influential assumptions are particularly relevant here: first, that free speech debates should focus on moral considerations such as the harm that certain forms of expression might cause; second, that false information causes minimal harm due to the fact that human beings are psychologically well equipped to distinguish truth and falsehood. However, in addition to our (...) moral obligations, we also have a distinct set of epistemic obligations—and even when a false belief doesn’t harm anyone, it constitutes an epistemically bad outcome. Moreover, Mill was profoundly mistaken about human psychology: human beings are vulnerable to the influence of a wide variety of false claims via a wide variety of psychological mechanisms. Consequently, there is a purely epistemic justification for restricting the distribution of misinformation: because each of us has an individual epistemic obligation to avoid unnecessary exposure to misinformation, and because avoiding such exposure is simply too difficult when acting alone, we all have a shared epistemic obligation to establish laws or regulations restricting the widespread distribution of misinformation. (shrink)

As various forms of artificial intelligence become increasingly integrated into our daily lives, understanding the ethical challenges that can be met by the development of human-centered AI is vital. This paper investigates the intersection of the philosophy of technology, moral philosophy, and user experience design to explore points of interaction between humans and machines. The paper suggests that examining the context in which AI is often deployed, including social and digital environments, offers a rich vein for examining the mechanisms underlying (...) ethical issues in AI. Finally the paper identifies concerns in the ethics of technology that complement issues arising in the development of human-computer interactions and explores a notion practice that can frame design as concerned with human values. By examining these intersections, I hope to offer insights that can aid in the deployment of human-centered AI. (shrink)

Training artificial intelligence (AI) systems requires vast quantities of data, and AI developers face a variety of barriers to accessing the information they need. Synthetic data has captured researchers’ and industry’s imagination as a potential solution to this problem. While some of the enthusiasm for synthetic data may be warranted, in this short paper we offer critical counterweight to simplistic narratives that position synthetic data as a cost-free solution to every data-access challenge—provocations highlighting ethical, political, and governance issues the use (...) of synthetic data can create. We question the idea that synthetic data, by its nature, is exempt from privacy and related ethical concerns. We caution that framing synthetic data in binary opposition to “real” measurement data could subtly shift the normative standards to which data collectors and processors are held. And we argue that by promising to divorce data from its constituents—the people it represents and impacts—synthetic data could create new obstacles to democratic data governance. (shrink)

Na era das tecnologias digitais, entender vieses algorítmicos por meio das teorias da verdade ajuda a fazer perguntas cujas respostas facilitam a filtragem da informação de forma mais eficaz. O ganho é a compreensão aprofundada da realidade.

This paper presents an ethical framework designed to support the development of critical data literacy for research methods courses and data training programmes in higher education. The framework we present draws upon our reviews of literature, course syllabi and existing frameworks on data ethics. For this research we reviewed 250 research methods syllabi from across the disciplines, as well as 80 syllabi from data science programmes to understand how or if data ethics was taught. We also reviewed 12 data ethics (...) frameworks drawn from different sectors. Finally, we reviewed an extensive and diverse body of literature about data practices, research ethics, data ethics and critical data literacy, in order to develop a transversal model that can be adopted across higher education. To promote and support ethical approaches to the collection and use of data, ethics training must go beyond securing informed consent to enable a critical understanding of the techno-centric environment and the intersecting hierarchies of power embedded in technology and data. By fostering ethics as a method, educators can enable research that protects vulnerable groups and empower communities. (shrink)

In this article, I argue that online echo chambers are in some cases and in some respects good. I do not attempt to refute arguments that they are harmful, but I argue that they are sometimes beneficial. In the first section, I argue that it is sometimes good to be insulated from views with which one disagrees. In the second section, I argue that the software-design principles that give rise to online echo chambers have a lot to recommend them. Further, (...) the opposing principle, serendipity, could give rise to serious harm, in light of the conclusion of the first section that sometimes we are better off being insulated from some content online. In the third section, I argue that polarization can be a useful tool for inculcating the appropriate attitudes in a person. (shrink)

Neste artigo discutimos a passagem da “virada naturalista” à “virada informacional” na Filosofia, ao argumentar que o processo de desconstrução da metafísica da subjetividade ocorrido na primeira virada teria contribuído para a emergência da segunda. Evidenciamos, com isso, como a concepção cartesiana de ser humano como único possuidor de alma e medida de todas as coisas passou para um cenário no qual ele é concebido como apenas mais uma animal dentre outros (pela influência do darwinismo) e, posteriormente, como a exclusividade (...) e superioridade do ser humano foi novamente afetada com o desenvolvimento de “modelos mecânicos da mente”. Por fim, justificamos a relevância da análise da subjetividade também pela ótica da Ética Informacional, tendo em vista a crescente incorporação das tecnologias no cotidiano dos indivíduos, bem como as características subjacentes a tais tecnologias. (shrink)

Data mining possess a significant threat to ethics, privacy, and legality, especially when we consider the fact that data mining makes it difficult for an individual or consumer (in the case of a company) to control accessibility and usage of his data. Individuals should be able to control how his/ her data in the data warehouse is being access and utilize while at the same time providing enabling environment which enforces legality, privacy and ethicality on data scientists, or data engineer (...) during data mining process. This paper review issues of legality, privacy, and ethicality in data mining, review processes of Data mining, and also proposes solution to current ethical and privacy issue in data mining. It introduces a new method which enforces data mining without infringing on the privacy of individual or consumer whose data are being used. The sole aim of this paper is to propose a new method of mining data which restricts scientists within the constraints of legality, privacy, and ethicality. (shrink)

Cameras, microphones, and other sensors continue to proliferate in the world around us. I offer a new metaphor for conceptualizing these technologies: they are _digital wormholes_, transmitting representations of human persons between disparate points in space–time. We frequently cannot tell when they are operational, what kinds of data they are collecting, where the data may reappear in the future, and how the data can be used against us. The wormhole metaphor makes the mysteriousness of digital sensors salient: digital sensors have (...) brought us to a strange place. If humans are to be capable of making sensible decisions while under observation by digital sensors, we must improve the epistemic position of potential sensor subjects. (shrink)

Differential privacy (DP) aims to confer data processing systems with inherent privacy guarantees, offering strong protections for personal data. But DP’s approach to privacy carries with it certain assumptions about how mathematical abstractions will be translated into real-world systems, which—if left unexamined and unrealized in practice—could function to shield data collectors from liability and criticism, rather than substantively protect data subjects from privacy harms. This article investigates these assumptions and discusses their implications for using DP to govern data-driven systems. In (...) Parts 1 and 2, we introduce DP as, on one hand, a mathematical framework and, on the other hand, a kind of real-world sociotechnical system, using a hypothetical case study to illustrate how the two can diverge. In Parts 3 and 4, we discuss the way DP frames privacy loss, data processing interventions, and data subject participation, arguing it could exacerbate existing problems in privacy regulation. In part 5, we conclude with a discussion of DP’s potential interactions with the endogeneity of privacy law, and we propose principles for best governing DP systems. In making such assumptions and their consequences explicit, we hope to help DP succeed at realizing its promise for better substantive privacy protections. (shrink)

The 2010s were a golden age of information privacy research, but its policy accomplishments tell a mixed story. Despite significant progress on the development of privacy theory and compelling demonstrations of the need for privacy in practice, real achievements in privacy law and policy have been, at best, uneven. In this chapter, I outline three broad shifts in the way scholars (and, to some degree, advocates and policy makers) are approaching privacy and social media. First, a change in emphasis from (...) individual to structural approaches. Second, increasing attention to the political economy of privacy—especially the business models of information companies, such as social media platforms. And third, a deeper understanding of privacy’s role in a healthy digital public sphere. (shrink)

The potential to collect brain data more directly, with higher resolution, and in greater amounts has heightened worries about mental and brain privacy. In order to manage the risks to individuals posed by these privacy challenges, some have suggested codifying new privacy rights, including a right to “mental privacy.” In this paper, we consider these arguments and conclude that while neurotechnologies do raise significant privacy concerns, such concerns are—at least for now—no different from those raised by other well-understood data collection (...) technologies, such as gene sequencing tools and online surveillance. To better understand the privacy stakes of brain data, we suggest the use of a conceptual framework from information ethics, Helen Nissenbaum’s “contextual integrity” theory. To illustrate the importance of context, we examine neurotechnologies and the information flows they produce in three familiar contexts—healthcare and medical research, criminal justice, and consumer marketing. We argue that by emphasizing what is distinct about brain privacy issues, rather than what they share with other data privacy concerns, risks weakening broader efforts to enact more robust privacy law and policy. (shrink)

The attention economy — the market where consumers’ attention is exchanged for goods and services — poses a variety of threats to individuals’ autonomy, which, at minimum, involves the ability to set and pursue ends for oneself. It has been argued that the threat wireless mobile devices pose to autonomy gives rise to a duty to oneself to be a digital minimalist, one whose interactions with digital technologies are intentional such that they do not conflict with their ends. In this (...) paper, we argue that there is a corresponding duty to others to be an attention ecologist, one who promotes digital minimalism in others. Although the moral reasons for being an attention ecologist are similar to those that motivate the duty to oneself, the arguments diverge in important ways. We explore the application of this duty in various domains where we have special obligations to promote autonomy in virtue of the different roles we play in the lives of others, such as parents and teachers. We also discuss the consequences of our arguments for employers, software developers, and policy makers. (shrink)

In this article, we use the theory of Information Ethics to argue that deceased people have a prima facie moral right to privacy in the context of health data research, and that this should be reflected in regulation and guidelines. After death, people are no longer biological subjects but continue to exist as informational entities which can still be harmed/damaged. We find that while the instrumental value of recognising post-mortem privacy lies in the preservation of the social contract for health (...) research, its intrinsic value is grounded in respect for the dignity of the post-mortem informational entity. However, existing guidance on post-mortem data protection is available only in the context of genetic studies. In comparing the characteristics of genetic data and other health-related data, we identify two features of DNA often given as arguments for this genetic exceptionalism: relationality and embodiment. We use these concepts to show that at the appropriate Level of Abstraction, there is no morally relevant distinction between posthumous genetic and other health data. Thus, genetic data should not automatically receive special moral status after death. Instead we make a plea for ‘contextual exceptionalism’. Our analysis concludes by reflecting on a real-world case and providing suggestions for contextual factors that researchers and oversight bodies should take into account when designing and evaluating research projects with health data from deceased subjects. (shrink)

Like all other inventions, advances in the field of digital computational technologies, which we will briefly describe as the information world, have also played an essential role in humanity life. These advances have brought some ethical debates to our individual and social life, as well as the industrial benefit obtained by the digital and analog technological developments that positively or negatively affect and transform all economic and cultural paradigms surrounding human life. The branch of the philosophy of information, which questions (...) the basic issues and discussions of the information age through philosophical paradigms, deals with the ontological, epistemological, and axiological problems of the information age. The subject deals with the analysis and new results of an Aristotelian information ethics theory, which is a theory first proposed to the world of thought in the field of the philosophy of information. The main reason for dealing with this subject in the thesis is to examine the scientific, technological, and philosophical bases of the information revolution. (shrink)

Medicine is often thought of as a science of the body, but it is also a science of data. In some contexts, it can even be asserted that data drive health. This article focuses on a key piece of data technology central to contemporary practices of medicine: the medical record. By situating the medical record in the perspective of its history, we inquire into how the kinds of data that are kept at sites of clinical encounter often depend on informational (...) requirements that originate well outside of the clinic, in particular in health insurance records systems. Although this dependency of today's electronic medical records on billing requirements is widely lamented by clinical providers, its history remains little studied. Following the archaeology of medicine developed by Michel Foucault in The Birth of the Clinic and expanding his methodology in light of more recent contributions to the field of media archaeology, this article excavates some of the underexplored technological conditions that help constitute today's electronic medical record. If in some contexts, it is true that data drive health, then an archaeology of medical records helps reveal how health insurance records often impact clinical care and, by extension, health and disease. (shrink)