Quantum Information

The black hole information paradox is commonly framed as a conflict between quantum uni- tarity and the semiclassical description of black hole evaporation. Despite decades of progress and a wide range of proposed resolutions, the paradox has persisted in various forms, often reap- pearing as new tensions between locality, equivalence and global consistency. This persistence suggests that the difficulty may not lie in the absence of an appropriate dynamical mechanism but in the conceptual framework within which spacetime and information are (...) jointly described. In this paper, we revisit the black hole information paradox from an ontological perspective. We first formulate the paradox in its minimal and widely accepted form and review standard resolution strategies, emphasizing their conceptual limitations rather than their technical de- tails. We then examine the role of holography as a consistency constraint, showing that while holographic bounds restrict how information can be associated with spacetime regions, they do not by themselves provide an ontological account of information or spacetime. Building on this analysis, we argue that the paradox reflects an ontological impasse arising from the treatment of spacetime geometry as the primary arena for information-bearing de- grees of freedom. We outline a generative and projection-based perspective in which spacetime is understood as a stabilized effective description emerging from the mutual compatibility of multiple projection structures. Within this framework, the apparent loss of information during black hole evaporation is reinterpreted as a limitation of spacetime-based descriptions rather than as a violation of unitarity. The analysis clarifies why purely spacetime-based resolutions have encountered persistent conceptual obstacles and highlights the role of black holes as probes of the ontological as- sumptions underlying quantum gravity. We conclude by discussing implications for emergent spacetime, information and future approaches to quantum gravity and cosmology. (shrink)

Everettian quantum mechanics is often presented as ontologically economical because it preserves unitary dynamics and avoids physical collapse. This paper argues that this economy is incomplete unless Everettian realism supplies a principled criterion for counting worlds, branches, histories, or observer-relevant realities. The central worry is not mathematical branching, but ontological overcounting: the move from microphysical or branch-level multiplicity to full world-multiplicity may assign ontological weight to distinctions that make no difference to any observer-constituting record. I introduce an observer-equivalence constraint: two (...) physical or branch-relative realizations are equivalent for an agent A if they agree with respect to all physically accessible, persistent, update-constraining records available to A within its finite integration window. Such realizations may be physically distinct, but they do not define distinct observer-worlds for A. In the conscious case, the relevant observer-constituting record-structure should be understood as temporally integrated over a finite window rather than as an instantaneous observer-slice. This does not refute Everettian quantum mechanics, nor does it deny decoherence or branch structure. It challenges the interpretation of branch multiplicity as unpriced ontological multiplicity. A record-based alternative treats many micro-realizations as equivalent until they generate observer-relevant record differences. The resulting picture is not a new collapse theory, but a constraint on ontological economy: worlds should not be counted more finely than the record-structures that make them difference-making for observers. (shrink)

Bit-Collapse Theory (BCT) begins from a simple question: when do physically or informationally different possibilities become different experienced worlds for a finite observer? The theory does not deny multiplicity. It denies that multiplicity, by itself, is already multiplicity of experienced outcomes, subjects, or worlds. A finite observer does not encounter the total informational space as an omniscient inventory of fully separated realities. The observer inhabits an experienced situation: a class of possibilities that remain equivalent relative to the observer’s accessible and (...) stable records. Collapse, in BCT, is not the physical destruction of alternatives and not an act of consciousness. It is the narrowing of the experienced situation when a stable record makes a previously non-discriminating difference accessible, persistent, and update-constraining for the observer. This paper introduces BCT in its intuitive philosophical form before distinguishing two levels of development. Level 3 is the speculative and ontological consequence of the basic intuition: the experienced world is not a single raw micro-realization, but an agent-relative equivalence class inside a broader informational space. Phase 2 is the operational program that makes this intuition non-elastic: it defines experienced definiteness through access, integration windows, stable records, equivalence-class updates, and possible defeat conditions. The aim is not to replace quantum mechanics or modify Schrödinger dynamics, but to recover an intelligible account of quantum definiteness without treating branch multiplicity, record formation, or observer identity as primitive. (shrink)

This paper argues that the unresolved core of the measurement problem is not best understood as a purely dynamical problem. The standard formulation asks how linear quantum evolution yields a single definite outcome. That question is genuine, but it already presupposes that definiteness must be read directly from the global physical state. I argue instead that the deeper residual problem is one of individuation: under what conditions does a physically realized difference count as a fact, an outcome, or a world (...) for a finite record-bearing system? Once the issue is formulated at this level, the role of decoherence looks different. Decoherence and redundant environmental encoding do not select one globally privileged outcome, but they do supply the physical architecture of stable, accessible, and update-constraining records. The remaining task is ontological rather than primarily dynamical. This diagnosis is especially significant for Everettian quantum mechanics. Everett preserves the global physics with unusual clarity, but branching structure alone does not determine when physically realized differences count as distinct observer-worlds for finite agents. A complete account therefore requires an explicit criterion of observer-world individuation. I propose such a criterion in terms of record-constituted definiteness: two physical configurations belong to the same observer-world for an agent when they agree with respect to the agent's accessible, persistent, and update-constraining records. (shrink)

This paper develops a record-based account of present subjectivity within the broader framework of Record-Based Ontology (RBO) and Bit-Collapse Theory (BCT). A companion paper, The Waking Self Problem, argues that personal continuation across interruption does not require a primitive persisting ego, but can be explained through record-continuity. The present paper asks a different question: if the self is only a present conscious configuration, how can records acquire world-individuating force? The central claim is that the denial of a substantial self does (...) not weaken the ontological role of records; it makes that role intelligible. The self does not persist as a metaphysical substance. Rather, a present subject arises within a physically inherited record-structure that constrains which histories, objects, possibilities, and outcomes are definite for that subject. Records are therefore not merely psychological traces or epistemic evidence. They are individuative constraints on the agent's world. Within BCT, the experienced world of an observer is not a single underlying global state, but an equivalence class of global states compatible with the observer's accessible and stable records. A stable record-update narrows or restructures that class. This paper argues that the present self is the locus through which such record-defined world-individuation becomes phenomenologically manifest. The result is a non-Cartesian, non-idealist account of subjectivity: the ego-substance is illusory, but the present subject is real as a record-constrained locus of definiteness. (shrink)

The quantum measurement problem, particularly the observer effect, has long resisted a complete explanation, often forcing a choice between paradoxical interpretations and a fundamental split between the quantum and classical worlds. This paper introduces Aethic reasoning, a novel framework that resolves the measurement problem by reformulating the logical and relational structure that underpins reality. We propose three foundational postulates that redefine realism, superposition, and state validity from a relational standpoint. The derivation begins with the Third Postulate, which posits that reality (...) is governed by a logical “checkmate” rule that invalidates any state where, in every possible future, a path to a contradiction persists. We demonstrate how this single constraint—a universe that tirelessly avoids paradox—logically necessitates the relational framework of the First Postulate, where realism is defined relative to an observer's informational state, or Aethus. Building on this, the Second Postulate, in conjunction with the Extrusion and Union Principles, provides a mechanism for defining superposition as a direct consequence of unknowable information. Together, these postulates form a cohesive system that yields a direct, step-by-step derivation of the double-slit experiment's outcomes. Aethic reasoning thus offers a robust and logically consistent solution to the quantum observer effect, unifying quantum and classical phenomena without introducing new physical entities or paradoxes. (shrink)

The quantum measurement problem is one of the most profound challenges in modern physics, questioning how and why the wavefunction collapses during measurement to produce a single observable outcome. In this paper, we propose a novel solution through a logical framework called Aethic reasoning, which reinterprets the ontology of time and information in quantum mechanics. Central to this approach is the Aethic principle of extrusion, which models wavefunction collapse as progression along a Markov chain of block universes, effectively decoupling the (...) Einsteinian flow of time from quantum collapse events. This principle introduces an additional degree of freedom to time, enabling the first Aethic postulate: that informational reality is reference-dependent, akin to the relativity of simultaneity in special relativity. This reference point, or Aethus, is rigorously defined within a mathematical structure. Building on this foundation, the second postulate resolves the distinction between quantum superpositions and logical contradictions by encoding superpositions in a “backend” Aethic framework before rendering observable states. The third postulate further distinguishes quantum coherence from decoherence using a two-generational model of state inheritance, potentially advancing beyond simpler interpretations of information leakage. Together, these postulates yield a direct theoretical derivation of the collapse postulate, fully consistent with empirical results such as the outcome of the double-slit experiment. By addressing foundational aspects of quantum mechanics through a logically robust and philosophically grounded lens, this framework sheds new light on the measurement problem and offers a solid foundation for future exploration. (shrink)

This paper develops the originary structural conditions presupposed by the Universal Recursive Dynamics framework. The argument operates at a level prior to physics, cosmology, neuroscience, and operationally specified empirical modeling. It does not compete with those disciplines. It asks what structural conditions must obtain for the objects, systems, environments, exchanges, and individuated participants those disciplines describe to be specifiable at all. -/- The paper advances four linked claims. First, temporal expressions of Being are operations of information exchange, not operations performed (...) upon a prior material substrate. Materiality is what structured information exchange produces and sustains. Second, the originary relation that makes such operation possible is the instantiation of concomitance: a co-constitutive relation in which ground and expression become available as co-aspects of one structural fact rather than as independently existing terms that later interact. Third, asymmetry is stratified. At the originary level it appears as exclusion-form or non-return; at the co-constitutive level as predominance and fragility; and at the temporal-field level as viscosity, or resistance through information exchange. Fourth, individuation requires position-uniqueness: no two participants in information exchange can occupy the same topological position as the same participant at the same event of exchange. -/- The paper engages Pauli exclusion, Gaztañaga et al.'s exclusion-driven bounce model, Friston's Free Energy Principle, and Lambda-CDM as physics-facing and formal interlocutors. These engagements are not offered as empirical confirmations of the framework's foundational claims. They are structural correspondences that illuminate how the framework's prior-topology question relates to descriptive levels that operate within already-conditioned topology. The paper closes by naming the unresolved frontiers opened by the argument, grouped as: formal grounding of the instantiation of concomitance and the three-level conditioning relation; operation as being-internal for co-constituted structures (the entanglement-as-mutual-responsiveness question); the encoding question; physics-facing homology relations including position-uniqueness/exclusion and the framework/FEP/Lambda-CDM relations; and the typology of organizational modes of exchange. (shrink)

Of the many and varied applications of quantum information theory, perhaps the most fascinating is the sub-field of quantum computation. In this sub-field, computational algorithms are designed which utilise the resources available in quantum systems in order to compute solutions to computational problems with, in some cases, exponentially fewer resources than any known classical algorithm. While the fact of quantum computational speedup is almost beyond doubt, the source of quantum speedup is still a matter of debate. In this paper I (...) argue that entanglement is a necessary component for any explanation of quantum speedup and I address some purported counter-examples that some claim show that the contrary is true. In particular, I address Cleve et al.'s solution to Deutsch's problem, Biham et al.'s mixed-state version of the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm, and Knill & Laflamme's deterministic quantum computation with one qubit model of quantum computation. I argue that these examples do not demonstrate that entanglement is unnecessary for the explanation of quantum speedup, but that they rather illuminate and clarify the role that entanglement does play. (shrink)

The notion of a partition on a set is mathematically dual to the notion of a subset of a set, so there is a logic of partitions dual to Boole's logic of subsets (Boolean logic is usually mis-specified as "propositional" logic). The notion of an element of a subset has as its dual the notion of a distinction of a partition (a pair of elements in different blocks). Boole developed finite logical probability as the normalized counting measure on elements of (...) subsets so there is a dual concept of logical entropy which is the normalized counting measure on distinctions of partitions. Thus the logical notion of information is a measure of distinctions. Classical logical entropy naturally extends to the notion of quantum logical entropy which provides a more natural and informative alternative to the usual Von Neumann entropy in quantum information theory. The quantum logical entropy of a post-measurement density matrix has the simple interpretation as the probability that two independent measurements of the same state using the same observable will have different results. The main result of the paper is that the increase in quantum logical entropy due to a projective measurement of a pure state is the sum of the absolute squares of the off-diagonal entries ("coherences") of the pure state density matrix that are zeroed ("decohered") by the measurement, i.e., the measure of the distinctions ("decoherences") created by the measurement. (shrink)

Quantum computers are hypothetical quantum information processing (QIP) devices that allow one to store, manipulate, and extract information while harnessing quantum physics to solve various computational problems and do so putatively more efficiently than any known classical counterpart. Despite many ‘proofs of concept’ (Aharonov and Ben–Or 1996; Knill and Laflamme 1996; Knill et al. 1996; Knill et al. 1998) the key obstacle in realizing these powerful machines remains their scalability and susceptibility to noise: almost three decades after their conceptions, experimentalists (...) still struggle to maintain useful quantum coherence in QIP devices with more than a pair of qubits (e.g., Blatt and Wineland 2008). This slow progress has prompted debates on the feasibility of quantum computers, yet the quantum information community has dismissed the skepticism as “ideology” (Aaronson 2004), claiming that the obstacles are merely technological (Kaye et al. 2007, 240). In a recent paper (Hagar 2009) I’ve argued that such a skepticism with respect to the feasibility of quantum computers need not be deemed ideological at all, and that the aforementioned ‘proofs of concept’ are physically suspect. Using analogies from the foundations of classical statistical mechanics (SM), I’ve also argued that instead of active error correction, the appropriate framework for debating the feasibility of large–scale, fault–tolerant and computationally superior quantum computers should be the project of error avoidance: rather than trying to constantly ‘cool down’ the QIP device and prevent its thermalization, one should try to locate those regions in the device’s state space which are thermodynamically ‘abnormal’, i.e., those regions in the device’s state space which resist thermalization regardless of external noise. This paper is intended as a further contribution to the debate on the feasibility of large–scale, fault–tolerant and computationally superior quantum computers. Relying again on analogies from the foundations of classical SM, it suggests a skeptical conjecture and frames it in the ‘passive’, error avoidance, context.. (shrink)

We use Bub's (2016) correlation arrays and Pitowksy's (1989b) correlation polytopes to analyze an experimental setup due to Mermin (1981) for measurements on the singlet state of a pair of spin-12 particles. The class of correlations allowed by quantum mechanics in this setup is represented by an elliptope inscribed in a non-signaling cube. The class of correlations allowed by local hidden-variable theories is represented by a tetrahedron inscribed in this elliptope. We extend this analysis to pairs of particles of arbitrary (...) spin. The class of correlations allowed by quantum mechanics is still represented by the elliptope; the subclass of those allowed by local hidden-variable theories by polyhedra with increasing numbers of vertices and facets that get closer and closer to the elliptope. We use these results to advocate for an interpretation of quantum mechanics like Bub's. Probabilities and expectation values are primary in this interpretation. They are determined by inner products of vectors in Hilbert space. Such vectors do not themselves represent what is real in the quantum world. They encode families of probability distributions over values of different sets of observables. As in classical theory, these values ultimately represent what is real in the quantum world. Hilbert space puts constraints on possible combinations of such values, just as Minkowski space-time puts constraints on possible spatio-temporal constellations of events. Illustrating how generic such constraints are, the equation for the elliptope derived in this paper is a general constraint on correlation coefficients that can be found in older literature on statistics and probability theory. Yule (1896) already stated the constraint. De Finetti (1937) already gave it a geometrical interpretation. (shrink)

Structured Abstract -/- Background -/- The von Neumann measurement chain — the regress of entanglement that arises when system, apparatus, environment, and observers interact unitarily — has lacked a formal, non-ad-hoc termination criterion for nearly a century. Copenhagen imports an undefined cut; objective-collapse models add stochastic parameters that modify linear dynamics; decoherence displaces, but does not terminate, the chain; relational and Everettian accounts deny that termination is needed but supply no criterion for when a definite relational fact obtains. We are (...) not aware of a prior account that states a structural criterion for which system terminates the chain and attaches a falsifiable laboratory signature to it; the nearest neighbour, Rovelli’s relational quantum mechanics, relationalises facts but provides no termination criterion, no algebraic structure for the terminating system, and no empirical discriminator (Table 1.2). -/- Gap -/- Missing: (a) a definition of the terminating system that does not import classical primitives; (b) an algebraic account of why the terminating system’s internal frame is inaccessible from outside; (c) a dynamical (not anthropocentric) derivation of the preferred pointer basis; (d) a laboratory discriminator separating the proposed termination from ordinary environmental decoherence. -/- Approach -/- The chain is analysed under Algebraic Quantum Mechanics: a Quantum Reference Frame (QRF) transformation into the internal frame of a candidate observer [D1, conditional]; a Type III₁ modular characterisation of the internal reference algebra with a CPTP instrument replacing prohibited projections [D2]; the Absolute Self-Origination (ASO) condition, stated for the first time as a consolidated three-part definition (§2.1); and driven-dissipative dynamics whose active feedback binds the Liouvillian to an Exceptional Point at g_C = γ/2 [D3]. The informational privacy of the internal frame rests on the IRM trace-norm bound, whose status — a programme-internal theorem awaiting independent re-derivation — is stated explicitly throughout [L1]. -/- Results -/- (1) The QRF transformation yields a separable internal relata with zero local von Neumann entropy, preserving global linearity [D1]. (2) The modular CPTP instrument gives the coherence decay ρ₊₋(t) = ρ₊₋(0)·e^{−2g²γt} (dimensional bookkeeping corrected in this revision) [D2]. (3) The Jordan block at g_C = γ/2 produces the secular envelope t·e^{−γt} — the cluster-shared Class A signature [D3, E1]. (4) ASO-distinctive flagship prediction [E2, PREDICTION]: for any system satisfying the ASO condition, the environmentally einselected pointer basis must coincide with the eigenbasis of the internal feedback Hamiltonian Ĥ_ctrl = gσ̂ₓ, independently of the environmental coupling — a coincidence ordinary decoherence theory gives no reason to expect; Revision 3.0 derives the coincidence at leading perturbative order via Zeno screening [D4, Appendix A], making the fidelity curve F(λ) a registered functional-form test. (5) Wigner’s Friend, the preferred-basis problem, and the PBR boundary are addressed with explicit identification of which assumption is denied in each [§7]. -/- Implications -/- If the two-branch laboratory programme of §9 confirms — the sigmoidal EP transition (shared Class A) and the pointer-basis coincidence (ASO-distinctive) — the chain terminates at thermodynamically self-stabilising systems as a matter of algebraic structure, not interpretation [D1–D3, E1–E2]. The Lawvere/terminal-coalgebra reading of the privacy bound is classified a structural conjecture [C2], and the framework makes no claim about consciousness: the SOO criterion is structural and thermodynamic [§11, L7]. Falsification is symmetric and immediate: both branches are pre-registered with decision rules, and a pointer-basis mismatch alone falsifies the ASO selection mechanism. -/- Keywords: von Neumann chain; measurement problem; quantum reference frames; IRM Impossibility Theorem; Absolute Self-Origination; Self-Originating Observer; Wigner’s Friend; Frauchiger–Renner; Exceptional Point; decoherence; einselection; preferred basis; CPTP instruments; Type III₁ factor; Tomita–Takesaki; Lawvere fixed point; terminal coalgebra; ¹⁷¹Yb⁺ Paul trap; ALGUILAS-AI. -/- -/- Method ALGUILAS–AI Dialectical Engine (Mattos, J. C. de, 2026) · v3.2. (shrink)

Gravity remains the most elusive field. Its relationship with the electromagnetic field is poorly understood. Relativity and quantum mechanics describe the aforementioned fields, respectively. Bosons and fermions are often credited with responsibility for the interactions of force and matter. It is shown here that fermions factually determine the gravitational structure of the universe, while bosons are responsible for the three established and described forces. Underlying the relationships of the gravitational and electromagnetic fields is a symmetrical probability distribution of fermions and (...) bosons. Werner Heisenberg's assertion that the Schr\'f6dinger wave function and Heisenberg matrices do not describe one thing is confirmed. It is asserted that the conscious observation of Schr\'f6dinger's wave function never causes its collapse, but invariably produces the classical space described by the Heisenberg picture. As a result, the Heisenberg picture can be explained and substantiated only in terms of conscious observation of the Schr\'f6dinger wave function. Schr\'f6dinger\'92s picture is defined as information space, while Heisenberg\'92s picture is defined as classical space. B-theory postulates that although the Schr\'f6dinger picture and the Heisenberg picture are mathematically connected, the former is eternal while the latter is discrete, existing only as the sequence of discrete conscious moments. Inferences related to information-based congruence between physical and mental phenomena have long been discussed in the literature. Moreover, John Wheeler suggested that information is fundamental to the physics of the universe. However, there is a great deal of uncertainty about how the physical and the mental complement each other. Bishop Berkeley and Ernst Mach, to name two who have addressed the subject, simply reject the concept of the material world altogether. Professor Hardy defined physical reality as 'dubious and elusive'. It is proposed in this paper that physical reality, or physical instantiation in the classical space as described by Heisenberg picture is one thing with the consciousness. (shrink)

We propose and formalize the **Third Law of Information**: -/- “Information has no intrinsic decay term.” -/- This law asserts that information admits no fundamental physical process by which it gradually degrades or ceases to exist in a closed system under unitary time development. This is distinct from practical inaccessibility (hiding via dispersal or entropy increase) and from dynamical redistribution (transformation). The law constrains any putative decay mechanism analogous to radioactive decay or damping terms, requiring that information persistence be indefinite (...) in the absence of non-unitary processes. -/- Building on the First Law (information cannot originate from no information) and the Second Law (information cannot be destroyed; only transformed or hidden), the Third Law completes a foundational triad. We present logical justification, theoretical foundations, and supporting experimental evidence from tests of unitarity, no-hiding, and long-term quantum coherence. The Third Law extends the conservation of information into indefinite temporal persistence under fundamental dynamics. (shrink)

We propose and formalize the **Second Law of Information**: “Information cannot be destroyed; only transformed, or hidden.” This law asserts that no physical process can annihilate information outright; apparent loss invariably corresponds to transformation (redistribution or correlation) or hiding (dispersal into practically inaccessible degrees of freedom). Unlike speculative postulates, the Second Law is a descriptive generalization of extensive experimental evidence from reversible computation, the thermodynamics of information, quantum decoherence, and observational constraints on black-hole evaporation. We detail this empirical grounding, situate (...) the law within contemporary physics and philosophy of science, and clarify its scope. The Second Law complements existing principles of information physics and imposes a strict conservation constraint analogous to, yet distinct from, energy conservation. (shrink)

Simultaneous observation of the wave-like and particle-like aspects of the photon in the double-slit experiment is unallowed. The underlying reason behind this limitation is not understood. In this paper, we explain this unique behavior by considering the communicational properties of the photons. Photons have three independently adjustable properties (energy, direction, and spin) that can be used to communicate messages. The double-slit experiment setup fixes two of these properties and confines the single photon’s capacity for conveying messages to no more than (...) one message. With such a low communication capacity, information theory dictates that measurements associated only with one proposition can obtain consistent results, and a second measurement associated with an independent proposition must necessarily lead to randomness. In the double-slit example, these are the wave or particle properties of the photon. The interpretation we offer is based on the formalism of information theory and does not make use of Heisenberg’s uncertainty relation in any form. (shrink)

Physical systems can store information and their informational properties are governed by the laws of information. In particular, the amount of information that a physical system can convey is limited by the number of its degrees of freedom and their distinguishable states. Here we explore the properties of the physical systems with absolutely one degree of freedom. The central point in these systems is the tight limitation on their information capacity. Discussing the implications of this limitation we demonstrate that such (...) systems exhibit a number of features, such as randomness, no-cloning, and non-commutativity, which are peculiarities attributed to quantum mechanics (QM). After demonstrating many astonishing parallels to quantum behavior, we postulate an interpretation of quantum physics as the physics of systems with a single degree of freedom. We then show how a number of other quantum conundrum can be understood by considering the informational properties of the systems and also resolve the EPR paradox. In the present work, we assume that the formalism of the QM is correct and well-supported by experimental verification and concentrate on the interpretational aspects of the theory. (shrink)

“You cannot step twice into the same river,” Heraclitus observed, raising a question that has remained unresolved for over two millennia: under what conditions can identity be maintained across change? If a system is continuously different at every moment, what makes it the same system at all? -/- This question has been addressed in multiple traditions without receiving a unified structural formulation. In early modern philosophy, it appears as Hume’s problem of uniformity and habit; in Kant, as the presupposition of (...) persistent substance; in control theory and engineering, as system stability; and in complex systems, as self-organisation and steady states. In each case, stability is treated either as a presupposition or as a dynamical outcome, but not as a structural condition for the possibility of observation itself. -/- This paper develops a minimal framework — subsystem epistemics — in which stable systems are taken as the prerequisite for observational closure. Within this framework, observation is not performed by arbitrary embedded subsystems; rather, it requires subsystems situated within systems that support stable structure, in which Law, Validation, and Manifestation can be consistently invoked and jointly realised. We show that observational closure is possible if and only if this triadic structural condition — the TECUM equivalence — is satisfied. -/- On this basis, we adopt two minimal conditions: (i) information consists in the registration of a difference between two events; and (ii) all observation is performed by subsystems embedded within the system they observe, subject to the same resource constraints. Together with the principle that logical operations are physical processes consuming system resources, these conditions imply that observation is possible only in stable systems that support consistent closure operations. -/- We then show that continuous spacetime models fail to sustain this structure. Three independent structural tensions arise: indeterminacy of closure completion, limits on invariance confirmation, and loss of informational uniqueness. These tensions jointly prevent the stable registration of identity across change. -/- The minimal resolution is the introduction of minimal temporal and configurational steps, giving rise to the existence event unit (xent) and to the Information-Spacetime Stepping Framework (ISSF) as the operational background within which observational closure can be consistently defined. Within this framework, we introduce the Informational Uniqueness Principle (IUP) and show that it arises as a structural consequence of closure conditions, rather than as an independent axiom. We further introduce an information field density, ρ_info ∈ [0,1], as a structural quantity emerging from the verification congestion mechanism, under which the holographic principle appears as a boundary condition rather than as an independent postulate. -/- The framework is structurally realist and does not presuppose any specific dynamics. It identifies the minimal structural conditions under which identity, information, and observation are possible for embedded subsystems. Two classes of testable predictions are proposed: lattice-level anisotropy detectable in cellular automaton simulations, and verification congestion effects providing a unified structural account of light propagation in media, slow-light phenomena, and horizon freezing. -/- Where Heraclitus articulated the instability of identity in continuous flux, the present framework offers a structural resolution: identity is maintainable only where observational closure is possible, and observational closure is possible only in systems that support stable structure and minimal discrete stepping. (shrink)

The concept of information is widely used across physics, computer science, biology, and philosophy, yet it lacks a shared minimal definition that is independent of semantics, intentionality, or symbolic representation. As a result, information is often reified and treated as an additional ontological ingredient, leading to persistent conceptual confusions—most notably in discussions of abiogenesis, biological organization, and the relation between information and the second law of thermodynamics. This paper proposes a minimal operational definition of information grounded in physical dynamics. Information (...) is defined as the existence of distinguishable states of a physical system whose differences lead to different causal consequences. In this sense, information exists only where physical dynamics is not indifferent to differences. The contribution of the paper is not to quantify information, but to specify the minimal condition under which it exists at all. On this basis, information is shown to be a relational property of non-trivial physical dynamics rather than an abstract entity or external addition to matter. The definition is developed formally and illustrated through simple physical and chemical examples, including selection processes and replication. This framework clarifies the apparent tension between information, physical law, and thermodynamics by distinguishing between the existence of physical states and the operational relevance of differences between them. Information does not violate physical constraints, nor does it require appeal to intention, meaning, or design. Instead, it arises naturally wherever differences lead to differences in outcomes. Later notions of information—quantitative, biological, or semantic—are understood as higher-level extensions built upon this foundational condition. (shrink)

Purpose of this Guide. This Guide is an intuitive entry map, not a replacement for the technical Parts. Its task is to make the organizing reading visible before the proofs are read. The observable world is not the primitive stage of physics. It is a protocol-licensed readout of deeper unread structure, and the laws of physics arise inside that readout when the right gate is open. Mass, gravity, quantum probability, gauge structure, horizon entropy, upper-gate thresholds, and the dark residual are (...) treated as different retained readouts of one comparison framework, not as unrelated insertions. The technical Parts give the precise gates and proofs. The Guide gives the reading. Master framing. VBRC is an interface theory between unread content and readable laws, formulated first on a VBRC state space rather than on a pre-given Lagrangian, Hilbert, metric, or field-theoretic stage. Its first structural object is a comparison language E: a scalar grammar for comparing admissible states, not a primitive material energy or a frozen conserved quantity. The Internal Invisibility Principle says that admissible observation is partial and that unread content cannot enter retained laws as raw data. Mathematically, such content may affect a retained law only through a licensed summary F = ΣH,P(II ). A first-order representative may realize this summary as F = DI II , F ∈ Ran(DI ), II ∼ II + k (k ∈ Ker(DI )), but this is a representative branch, not the universal definition of the summary principle. Range condition and kernel quotient structure become part of that branch when the representative is declared; they are not the primitive form of IIP. Terms that appear external in standard retained-sector laws—mass, source, stress, residuals, horizon loads, curvature responses, and dark-like components—are therefore studied as summary-footprints of unread content, subject to explicit state-space, operator, gate, and readout conditions. Concrete standard-theory packages are tested as compatibility representations rather than inferred as unique hidden completions from IIP alone. state space −→ comparison language E −→ IIP summary F = ΣH,P(II ) −→ gate −→ readout law. This is the official reading of the series: VBRC does not first insert external terms and then interpret them. It first declares a VBRC state space, fixes E as the comparison language on that space, and only then licenses the summary interface through which unread content can become readable. -/- . (shrink)

If one replaces the standard (Gödel) mathematics with Hilbert arithmetic/ mathematics thus able to merge ontomathematically reality and mathematics (in the former case, being prevented by the Gödel objection), "creatio ex nihilo " can be rigorously inferred only from the unlimited function successor, furthermore under the axiom of induction providing universal finiteness. It is caused in the final analysis by the closeness of the universe following from its definition to "be all" and thus single one, in particular excluding: the Big (...) Bang; other universes ("worlds", e.g. after Everett-Wheeler's interpretation); multiverse; etc. That deduction is called the "fundamental theorem of the universe". It is rather a new paradigm implying a class of theories belonging to "ontomathematical Postmodernity", rather than a new theory, belonging together with the Big Bang one (as causing the universe externally) to Modernity, thus needing energy conservation to be kept at any cost, and adding ad hoc external causes such as the Big Bing itself. On the contrary, the alternative paradigm, only in the framework of which the fundamental theorem of the universe can be proved, excludes any causes external to the universe by allowing violations of energy conservation, in turn equivalent to external causes in the former paradigm. Anyway, those violations obey a more general conservation of quantum information. Under the newly introduced "quantum invariance", a further conservative generalization of Einstein's principle of the physical law invariance to smooth transformations between noninertial reference frames in order to include discrete ones, all external causes are equivalent to internal ones. The metaphor of two "ship models", the one of which is built "within in a bottle" (as a figurative illustration of Modernity's restrictions) since both models are quite similar, but that within a bottle needs virtuous skills to be constructed: so both paradigms are formally equivalent, but the ontomathematical one generates much simpler explanations and implies the huge extension of human cognition in the future. (shrink)

We establish a precise mathematical dictionary linking three a priori independent structures on four-dimensional Minkowski spacetime: (i) the Savvidy chromomagnetic vacuum and its Hurwitz-zeta \beta-function, (ii) two-dimensional conformal field theory on the celestial sphere S^2 at null infinity, and (iii) the Shannon-Kempf sampling theory with the sinc reproducing kernel. The central object mediating all three is the Lorentz-invariant sinc propagator G = \sin (\sqrt{-\sigma^2 - \mathrm{i}\epsilon}). Its Rayleigh partial-wave expansion (valid in the timelike region) yields the angular-momentum spectrum \ell = (...) 0,1,2,\ldots; its null-cone identity G|_{\sigma^2 = 0} = 1 projects this spectrum onto a 2D CFT with conformal weights \Delta_{\ell} = \ell + 1; and its Schwinger proper-time representation (valid in the spacelike region) reproduces the Savvidy \beta-function coefficient b_{\ell} = (12\ell^2 - 1)C_2(G) / (12\pi) upon identifying the spin parameter s with \ell. The identification is mediated by the Hurwitz-zeta parameter q = \Delta_{\ell} - \frac{1}{2} = \ell + \frac{1}{2}, which simultaneously encodes the zero-point energy of the chromomagnetic Landau level and the conformal weight of the celestial primary. We present the complete dictionary with 14 entries and verify it against all known limiting cases. (shrink)

The Cosmic Wave Packet Theorem posits that for a closed dynamical system describing the physical universe, the prohibition of zero-solution instability necessitates a unique mathematical structure. We demonstrate that this stability axiom compels the system to be a reproducing kernel Hilbert space. Through the logical framework of Aronszajn and the equivalence circle of sampling theorems established by Whittaker and Butzer, we prove that the reproducing kernel is uniquely the Whittaker cardinal function, \sin \Omega (\eta - \eta^{\prime}) / \pi (\eta - (...) \eta^{\prime}) . Extending this result via the symmetry analysis of zero-mass fields (Penrose, Aldaya) and the constraints of supersymmetry (Candelas et al.), the total Hilbert space is shown to factorize into a four-dimensional spacetime and a six-dimensional internal Calabi-Yau manifold, leading to a ten-dimensional total structure. (shrink)

Starting at the logical level of the logic of partitions, dual to the usual Boolean logic of subsets, the notion of logical entropy, i.e., information as distinctions, is developed as the quantification of the distinctions of partitions—just as probability theory starts with the quantification of elements of subsets. Logical entropy is compared and contrasted with the usual notion of Shannon entropy. Then a semi-algorithmic procedure (from the mathematical folklore) is used to translate the notion of logical entropy at the set (...) level to the corresponding notion of quantum logical entropy at the (Hilbert) vector space level. Examples and some important propositions relate quantum logical entropy to projective measurement and to the Hilbert-Schmidt distance. Overall, the approach demonstrates the logical basis and naturality of this notion of entropy for quantum mechanics. (shrink)

Manifold learning and effective model building are generally viewed as fundamentally different types of procedure. After all, in one we build a simplified model of the data, in the other, we construct a simplified model of the another model. Nonetheless, I argue that certain kinds of high-dimensional effective model building, and effective field theory construction in quantum field theory, can be viewed as special cases of manifold learning. I argue that this helps to shed light on all of these techniques. (...) First, it suggests that the effective model building procedure depends upon a certain kind of algorithmic compressibility requirement. All three approaches assume that real-world systems exhibit certain redundancies, due to regularities. The use of these regularities to build simplified models is essential for scientific progress in many different domains. (shrink)

This paper introduces a foundational model for reinterpreting quantum mechanics and temporality through the lens of recursive coherence and fluid dynamics. Rejecting the traditional notion of time and measurement as artificial constructs, I posit both arise from structural perturbations within a coherence substrate, a dynamic field of recursively stable potential. Quantum superposition is reframed as a fluid coherence state, wherein measurement corresponds to a localized phase transition that temporarily crystallizes into an observable particle. Once the perturbation subsides, the system reverts (...) to fluidic superposition. Time is not a universal axis but a measure of persistence within this coherence field, manifesting as the rate at which structural gradients evolve or dissolve. This model subsumes the measurement problem, collapses the necessity of Many-Worlds branching, and redefines probability as a coherence-weighted metric rather than fundamental indeterminacy. Drawing from prior work in Adaptive Quantum Coherence and Temporal Impermanence, this framework presents a unified substrate from which both time and quantum states emerge, governed by a single recursive evolution principle. The result is a theory that aligns information, entropy, and observation under coherent dynamics of frozen fluidity. (shrink)

The Silent Architect of Reality This work introduces a groundbreaking conceptual and mathematical framework wherein the Universe is described as a simply connected, compact 3-sphere (S³). The central hypothesis proposes that the total wave function of the Universe comprises two interwoven components: the wave function of observable matter and the wave function of the vacuum—the "Wave Function of the Void". This dual structure restores completeness to the quantum formalism and resolves foundational cosmological paradoxes. -/- Unlike traditional approaches that treat entropy, (...) time, and expansion as separate or emergent from classical assumptions, this model shows that: Entropy arises from the probabilistic redistribution between matter and vacuum, eliminating the need for arbitrary low-entropy initial conditions. Time is not fundamental but a phase differential between the vacuum and matter wave functions. Geometry emerges from the evolving amplitude of the unified wave structure, linking curvature and gravitation directly to quantum dynamics. -/- Singularities are naturally excluded through the topological requirement of a closed manifold (S³), supporting global coherence and phase consistency. The model is deeply aligned with the continuous cyclic cosmology of the Fractal Bindu (S³) framework. However, as a foundational articulation, this work stands independently to present the vacuum’s active quantum role—a hidden parameter of reality often overlooked. It reframes the Schrödinger symmetry issue not as a breakdown of time, but as a result of neglecting the dynamic contribution of the void. -/- By restoring the vacuum as a co-evolving entity, the paper re-establishes the unity of quantum mechanics and cosmology without introducing extraneous fields or constants. It opens a path toward a truly complete wave-based description of the Universe and lays conceptual ground for further developments in quantum gravity, cosmological topology, and time-asymmetric dynamics. Namaste. (shrink)

Autonomous Intentional Masking (AIM) is the SUPRA-CONSCIOUS PROCESSOR (the super-chip) that explains (and controls) everything in Nature (the relationship between mind and matter) (nuclear energy).What it achieves: Frameless frame of reference. Extended superposition of I/O and memory. Infinite number of transistors, sensors, gates. XYX is XY is XX is X, reproducing the fundamental algorithm in Nature, if zero, then, one, completely integrated with, if one, then, zero. Contact to license.

Conservation of a Circle is the only dynamic (the Constant Variable) in Nature.

Combining physics, mathematics and computer science, quantum computing and its sister discipline of quantum information have developed in the past few decades from visionary ideas to two of the most fascinating areas of quantum theory. General interest and excitement in quantum computing was initially triggered by P. W. Shor (1994) who showed how a quantum algorithm apparently can factor large numbers into primes far more efficiently than any known classical algorithm. Shor’s algorithm was soon followed by several other algorithms for (...) solving combinatorial and algebraic problems, and in the years since the theoretical study of quantum computational systems has achieved tremendous progress. Although no proof exists yet for the general superiority of quantum computers over classical computers, the implementation of Shor’s algorithm on a large scale quantum computer would render ineffective currently widely used cryptosystems that rely on the premise that no efficient algorithm for factoring exists. Consequently, experimentalists around the world are engaged in attempts to tackle the technological difficulties that prevent the realisation of a large scale quantum computer. From a foundational point of view, reflecting on features of the design and implementation of efficient quantum algorithms may help us to better understand just what it is that makes quantum systems quantum, and it may illuminate fundamental concepts such as measurement and causality. Further, the idea that abstract mathematical concepts such as computability and complexity may not only be translated into physics, but also re-written by physics bears directly on the autonomous character of computer science and the status of its theoretical entities—the so-called “computational kinds”. As such it is also relevant to the long-standing philosophical debate on the relationship between mathematics and the physical world. (shrink)

The new logic of partitions is dual to the usual Boolean logic of subsets (usually presented only in the special case of the logic of propositions) in the sense that partitions and subsets are category-theoretic duals. The new information measure of logical entropy is the normalized quantitative version of partitions. The new approach to interpreting quantum mechanics (QM) is showing that the mathematics (not the physics) of QM is the linearized Hilbert space version of the mathematics of partitions. Or, putting (...) it the other way around, the math of partitions is a skeletal version of the math of QM. The key concepts throughout this progression from logic, to logical information, to quantum theory are distinctions versus indistinctions, definiteness versus indefiniteness, or distinguishability versus indistinguishability. The distinctions of a partition are the ordered pairs of elements from the underlying set that are in different blocks of the partition and logical entropy is defined (initially) as the normalized number of distinctions. The cognate notions of definiteness and distinguishability run throughout the math of QM, e.g., in the key non-classical notion of superposition (= ontic indefiniteness) and in the Feynman rules for adding amplitudes (indistinguishable alternatives) versus adding probabilities (distinguishable alternatives). (shrink)

How Nature Operates: A Motionless Computer and A Frameless Frame of Reference, Conservation of the Circle is the only dynamic in Nature.

I flesh out the sense in which the informational approach to interpreting quantum mechanics, as defended by Pitowsky and Bub and lately by a number of other authors, is (neo-)Bohrian. I argue that on this approach, quantum mechanics represents what Bohr called a “natural generalisation of the ordinary causal description” in the sense that the idea (which philosophers of science like Stein have argued for on the grounds of practical and epistemic necessity) that understanding a theory as a theory of (...) physics requires that one be able to “schematise the observer” within it is elevated in quantum mechanics to the level of a postulate in the sense that interpreting the outcome of a measurement interaction, as providing us with information about the world, requires as a matter of principle, the specification of a schematic representation of an observer in the form of a ‘Boolean frame’—the Boolean algebra representing the yes-or-no questions associated with a given observable representative of a given experimental context. I argue that the approach’s central concern is with the methodological question of how to assign physical properties to what one takes to be a system in a given experimental context, rather than the metaphysical question of what a given state vector represents independently of any context, and I show how the quantum generalisation of the concept of an open system may be used to assuage Einstein’s complaint that the orthodox approach to quantum mechanics runs afoul of the supposedly fundamental methodological requirement to the effect that one must always be able, according to Einstein, to treat spatially separated systems as isolated from one another. (shrink)

Hardy and Unruh constructed a family of non-maximally entangled states of pairs of particles giving rise to correlations that cannot be accounted for with a local hidden-variable theory. Rather than pointing to violations of some Bell inequality, however, they pointed to apparent clashes with the basic rules of logic. Specifically, they constructed these states and the associated measurement settings in such a way that the outcomes satisfy some conditionals but not an additional one entailed by them. Quantum mechanics avoids the (...) broken ‘if …then …’ arrows in such Hardy–Unruh chains, as we call them, because it cannot simultaneously assign truth values to all conditionals involved. Measurements to determine the truth value of some preclude measurements to determine the truth value of others. Hardy–Unruh chains thus nicely illustrate quantum contextuality: which variables do and do not obtain definite values depends on what measurements we decide to perform. Using a framework inspired by Bub and Pitowsky and developed in our book Understanding Quantum Raffles (co-authored with Michael E. Cuffaro), we construct and analyze Hardy–Unruh chains in terms of fictitious bananas mimicking the behavior of spin-1/2 particles. (shrink)

Understanding (physics, philosophy, and psychology as) a constant variable.

Why you don’t need quantum physics to understand the Universe (and everything in it).

From the philosopher’s perspective, the interest in quantum computation stems primarily from the way that it combines fundamental concepts from two distinct sciences: Physics, in particular Quantum Mechanics, and Computer Science, each long a subject of philosophical speculation and analysis in its own right. Quantum computing combines both of these more traditional areas of inquiry into one wholly new, if not quite independent, science. Over the course of this chapter we will be discussing some of the most important philosophical questions (...) that arise from this merger and philosophical lessons to be learned. (shrink)

Quantum entanglement is a key resource, which grants quantum systems the ability to accomplish tasks that are classically impossible. Here, we apply Feynman's sum-over-histories formalism to interacting bipartite quantum systems and introduce entanglement measures for bipartite quantum histories. Based on the Schmidt decomposition of the matrix comprised of the Feynman propagator complex coefficients, we prove that bipartite quantum histories are entangled if and only if the Schmidt rank of this matrix is larger than 1. The proposed approach highlights the utility (...) of using a separable basis for constructing the bipartite quantum histories and allows for quantification of their entanglement from the complete set of experimentally measured sequential weak values. We then illustrate the nonclassical nature of entangled histories with the use of Hardy's overlapping interferometers and explain why local hidden variable theories are unable to correctly reproduce all observable quantum outcomes. Our theoretical results elucidate how the composite tensor product structure of multipartite quantum systems is naturally extended across time and clarify the difference between quantum histories viewed as projection operators in the history Hilbert space and those viewed as chain operators and propagators in the standard Hilbert space. (shrink)

Entanglement measures quantify the amount of quantum entanglement that is contained in quantum states. Typically, different entanglement measures do not have to be partially ordered. The presence of a definite partial order between two entanglement measures for all quantum states, however, allows for meaningful conceptualization of sensitivity to entanglement, which will be greater for the entanglement measure that produces the larger numerical values. Here, we have investigated the partial order between the normalized versions of four entanglement measures based on Schmidt (...) decomposition of bipartite pure quantum states, namely, concurrence, tangle, entanglement robustness and Schmidt number. We have shown that among those four measures, the concurrence and the Schmidt number have the highest and the lowest sensitivity to quantum entanglement, respectively. Further, we have demonstrated how these measures could be used to track the dynamics of quantum entanglement in a simple quantum toy model composed of two qutrits. Lastly, we have employed state-dependent entanglement statistics to compute measurable correlations between the outcomes of quantum observables in agreement with the uncertainty principle. The presented results could be helpful in quantum applications that require monitoring of the available quantum resources for sharp identification of temporal points of maximal entanglement or system separability. (shrink)

In this article I raise a new problem for quantum mechanics, which I call the control problem. Like the measurement problem, the control problem places a fundamental constraint on quantum theories. The characteristic feature of the problem is its focus on state preparation. In particular, whereas the measurement problem turns on a premise about the completeness of the quantum state (‘no hidden variables’), the control problem turns on a premise about our ability to prepare or control quantum states. After raising (...) the problem, I discuss some applications. I suggest that it provides a useful new lens through which to view existing theories or interpretations, in part because it draws attention to aspects of those theories that the measurement problem does not (such as the role of conditional and relative states). I suggest that it also helps clarify the physical significance of the well-known no-go result—the no-cloning theorem—on which it is based. (shrink)

The article summarizes the software tool on astrophysical analysis with multi-wavelength space telescope data. It recaps the evidence analysis conducted on the Kerr-Newman black hole (KNBH). It was written prior to the article Research on the Kerr-Newman Black Hole in M82 Confirms Black Hole and White Hole Juxtapose not soon after the experiment. The conducted analysis suggested Hawking radiation is caused by the movement of ergosurfaces of the BH and serves as the primal evidence for black hole and white hole (...) juxtapose. A later data exploration was conducted with the radiation trails in the multi-wavelength data. The evidences produced corroborates with Yale professor Priyamvada Natarajan's black hole seeds theory. It implies that the electromagnetic dynamic of fusion and fission temperature determines the pressure of surface tension on the macro particles, and the mass density of the BH is determined by the electromagnetic tension between the outer ergosurface and inner ergosurface. The ring singularity of the BH and the Penrose-Hawking singularity of the BH determine the spin and gravitational singularity of the BH. Inside the ergosurfaces, the BH singularities' backward inflow causes the vicinity's rate on feeding the BH. It makes the active galactic nuclei (AGN) a semi-closed system. The density pressure is released on threshold. During the mass exchange observed by energy momentum upon the AGN's open, the macroparticle composition of the BH changes with the galactic event. This causes the expansion rate of the galaxy and contraction rate of the BH. AGN types and their relative motions determine the expansion rate of the cosmic universe in a generalized quantitative thinking. The article concludes that BH spin is caused by the asymmetric motions of AGN in the BH system. A set of the nuclear resonance caused by BH and white hole (WH) oscillation is processed with the same set of data. (shrink)

Quantum Counterfactual Communication is the recently-proposed idea of using quantum physics to send messages between two parties, without any matter/energy transfer associated with the bits sent. While this has excited massive interest, both for potential ‘unhackable’ communication, and insight into the foundations of quantum mechanics, it has been asked whether this process is essentially quantum, or could be performed classically. We examine counterfactual communication, both classical and quantum, and show that the protocols proposed so far for sending signals that don’t (...) involve matter/energy transfer associated with the bits sent must be quantum, insofar as they require wave-particle duality. (shrink)

This book offers a thorough technical elaboration and philosophical defense of an objectivist informational interpretation of quantum mechanics according to which its novel content is located in its kinematical framework, that is, in how the theory describes systems independently of the specifics of their dynamics. -/- It will be of interest to researchers and students in the philosophy of physics and in theoretical physics with an interest in the foundations of quantum mechanics. Additionally, parts of the book may be used (...) as the basis for courses introducing non-physics majors to quantum mechanics, or for self-study by those outside of the university with an interest in quantum mechanics. (shrink)

Within the field of quantum gravity, there is an influential research program developing the connection between quantum entanglement and spatiotemporal distance. Quantum information theory gives us highly refined tools for quantifying quantum entanglement such as the entanglement entropy. Through a series of well-confirmed results, it has been shown how these facts about the entanglement entropy of component systems may be connected to facts about spatiotemporal distance. Physicists are seeing these results as yielding promising methods for better understanding the emergence of (...) (the dynamical) spacetime (of general relativity) from more fundamental quantum theories, and moreover, as promising for the development of a nonperturbative theory of quantum gravity. However, to what extent does the case for the entanglement entropy-distance link provide evidence that spacetime structure is nonfundamental and emergent from nongravitational degrees of freedom? I will show that a closer look at the results lends support only to a weaker conclusion, that the facts about quantum entanglement are constrained by facts about spatiotemporal distance, and not that they are the basis from which facts about spatiotemporal distance emerge. (shrink)

The paper considers the symmetries of a bit of information corresponding to one, two or three qubits of quantum information and identifiable as the three basic symmetries of the Standard model, U(1), SU(2), and SU(3) accordingly. They refer to “empty qubits” (or the free variable of quantum information), i.e. those in which no point is chosen (recorded). The choice of a certain point violates those symmetries. It can be represented furthermore as the choice of a privileged reference frame (e.g. that (...) of the Big Bang), which can be described exhaustively by means of 16 numbers (4 for position, 4 for velocity, and 8 for acceleration) independently of time, but in space-time continuum, and still one, 17th number is necessary for the mass of rest of the observer in it. The same 17 numbers describing exhaustively a privileged reference frame thus granted to be “zero”, respectively a certain violation of all the three symmetries of the Standard model or the “record” in a qubit in general, can be represented as 17 elementary wave functions (or classes of wave functions) after the bijection of natural and transfinite natural (ordinal) numbers in Hilbert arithmetic and further identified as those corresponding to the 17 elementary of particles of the Standard model. Two generalizations of the relevant concepts of general relativity are introduced: (1) “discrete reference frame” to the class of all arbitrarily accelerated reference frame constituting a smooth manifold; (2) a still more general principle of relativity to the general principle of relativity, and meaning the conservation of quantum information as to all discrete reference frames as to the smooth manifold of all reference frames of general relativity. Then, the bijective transition from an accelerated reference frame to the 17 elementary wave functions of the Standard model can be interpreted by the still more general principle of relativity as the equivalent redescription of a privileged reference frame: smooth into a discrete one. The conservation of quantum information related to the generalization of the concept of reference frame can be interpreted as restoring the concept of the ether, an absolutely immovable medium and reference frame in Newtonian mechanics, to which the relative motion can be interpreted as an absolute one, or logically: the relations, as properties. The new ether is to consist of qubits (or quantum information). One can track the conceptual pathway of the “ether” from Newtonian mechanics via special relativity, via general relativity, via quantum mechanics to the theory of quantum information (or “quantum mechanics and information”). The identification of entanglement and gravity can be considered also as a ‘byproduct” implied by the transition from the smooth “ether of special and general relativity’ to the “flat” ether of quantum mechanics and information. The qubit ether is out of the “temporal screen” in general and is depicted on it as both matter and energy, both dark and visible. (shrink)

The paper interprets the concept “operator in the separable complex Hilbert space” (particalry, “Hermitian operator” as “quantity” is defined in the “classical” quantum mechanics) by that of “quantum information”. As far as wave function is the characteristic function of the probability (density) distribution for all possible values of a certain quantity to be measured, the definition of quantity in quantum mechanics means any unitary change of the probability (density) distribution. It can be represented as a particular case of “unitary” qubits. (...) The converse interpretation of any qubits as referring to a certain physical quantity implies its generalization to non-Hermitian operators, thus neither unitary, nor conserving energy. Their physical sense, speaking loosely, consists in exchanging temporal moments therefore being implemented out of the space-time “screen”. “Dark matter” and “dark energy” can be explained by the same generalization of “quantity” to non-Hermitian operators only secondarily projected on the pseudo-Riemannian space-time “screen” of general relativity according to Einstein's “Mach’s principle” and his field equation. (shrink)

The paper investigates the understanding of quantum indistinguishability after quantum information in comparison with the “classical” quantum mechanics based on the separable complex Hilbert space. The two oppositions, correspondingly “distinguishability / indistinguishability” and “classical / quantum”, available implicitly in the concept of quantum indistinguishability can be interpreted as two “missing” bits of classical information, which are to be added after teleportation of quantum information to be restored the initial state unambiguously. That new understanding of quantum indistinguishability is linked to the (...) distinction of classical (Maxwell-Boltzmann) versus quantum (either Fermi-Dirac or Bose-Einstein) statistics. The latter can be generalized to classes of wave functions (“empty” qubits) and represented exhaustively in Hilbert arithmetic therefore connectible to the foundations of mathematics, more precisely, to the interrelations of propositional logic and set theory sharing the structure of Boolean algebra and two anti-isometric copies of Peano arithmetic. (shrink)

The paper is concentrated on the special changes of the conception of causality from quantum mechanics to quantum information meaning as a background the revolution implemented by the former to classical physics and science after Max Born’s probabilistic reinterpretation of wave function. Those changes can be enumerated so: (1) quantum information describes the general case of the relation of two wave functions, and particularly, the causal amendment of a single one; (2) it keeps the physical description to be causal by (...) the conservation of quantum information and in accordance with Born’s interpretation; (3) it introduces inverse causality, “backwards in time”, observable “forwards in time” as the fundamentally random probability density distribution of all possible measurements of any physical quantity in quantum mechanics; (4) it involves a kind of “bidirectional causality” unifying (4.1) the classical determinism of cause and effect, (4.2) the probabilistic causality of quantum mechanics, and (4.3) the reversibility of any coherent state; (5) it identifies determinism with the function successor in Peano arithmetic, and its proper generalized causality with the information function successor in Hilbert arithmetic. (shrink)