Kornerupine
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by Paul Verger
About Kornerupine
Andreas N. Kornerup
Formula:
Mg3Al6(Si,Al,B)5O21(OH)
Colour:
Colorless, white, blue, green, yellow-brown, black
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
6 - 7
Specific Gravity:
3.29 - 3.35
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Name:
Named in honor of Andreas Nikolaus Kornerup (7 February 1857, Copenhagen, Denmark - 3 September 1881, Copenhagen, Denmark) explorer, geologist, and artist who made multiple research trips to Greenland.
Visit gemdat.org for Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2254
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2254:1
IMA Classification of Kornerupine
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
(Mg,Fe2+,Al,◻)10(Si,Al,B)5O21(OH,F)2
First published:
1884
Type description reference:
Classification of Kornerupine
9.BJ.50
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
B : Sorosilicates
J : Sorosilicates with Si3O10, Si4O11, etc. anions; cations in octahedral [6] and greater coordination
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
B : Sorosilicates
J : Sorosilicates with Si3O10, Si4O11, etc. anions; cations in octahedral [6] and greater coordination
58.1.1.1
58 : SOROSILICATES Insular, Mixed, Single, and Larger Tetrahedral Groups
1 : Insular, Mixed, Single, and Larger Tetrahedral Groups with cations in [4] and higher coordination; single and double groups (n=1, 2)
58 : SOROSILICATES Insular, Mixed, Single, and Larger Tetrahedral Groups
1 : Insular, Mixed, Single, and Larger Tetrahedral Groups with cations in [4] and higher coordination; single and double groups (n=1, 2)
17.5.15
17 : Silicates Containing other Anions
5 : Borosilicates
17 : Silicates Containing other Anions
5 : Borosilicates
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Krn | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Krn | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
| Krn | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Krn | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Krn | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Kornerupine
Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent, Opaque
Colour:
Colorless, white, blue, green, yellow-brown, black
Hardness:
6 - 7 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Good on {110}
Good on {110}
Density:
3.29 - 3.35 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.288 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Kornerupine
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.660 - 1.671 nβ = 1.673 - 1.683 nγ = 1.674 - 1.684
2V:
Measured: 3° to 48°, Calculated: 30° to 32°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.013 - 0.014
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
r > v or r < v
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
X = colorless to green; Y = colorless, pale brownish yellow, pale yellowish green; Z = pale brownish green, green, light amber.
Comments:
may be pseudouniaxial (-).
Chemistry of Kornerupine
Mindat Formula:
Mg3Al6(Si,Al,B)5O21(OH)
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
Ti,Mn,Ca,Li,Na,F
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | 2 | |
|---|---|---|
| SiO2 | 30.90 % | 31.06 % |
| B2O3 | 3.45 % | 2.10 % |
| Al2O3 | 41.45 % | 40.52 % |
| Fe2O3 | 1.72 % | 5.04 % |
| FeO | 2.65 % | 0.29 % |
| MnO | 0.06 % | 0.03 % |
| MgO | 18.62 % | 19.96 % |
| TiO2 | 0.07 % | 0.25 % |
| Na2O | 0.12 % | |
| H2O | 1.08 % | 0.38 % |
| CaO | 0.08 % | |
| Total: | 100.12 % | 99.71 % |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ianakafy, Ianakafy, Betroka District, Anosy, Madagascar | ||
| 2 | Hullvann, Bjordammen, Bamble, Telemark, Norway | Analysis performed by B. Bruun. |
Crystallography of Kornerupine
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Cmcm
Setting:
Cmcm
Cell Parameters:
a = 16.041(3) Å, b = 13.746(2) Å, c = 6.715(2) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.167 : 1 : 0.489
Unit Cell V:
1,480.65 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Prismatic crystals showing {110}, {100}, {010}
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0001247 | Kornerupine | Moore P B, Sen Gupta P K, Schlemper E O (1989) Kornerupine: Chemical crystallography, comparative crystallography, and its cation relation to olivine and to Ni2In intermetallic American Mineralogist 74 642-655 |  | 1989 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001414 | Kornerupine | Klaska R, Grew E S (1991) The crystal structure of B-free kornerupine: Conditions favoring the incorporation of variable amounts of B through B = Si substitution in kornerupine American Mineralogist 76 1824-1835 | | 1991 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.37 Å | (60) |
| 3.03 Å | (80) |
| 2.639 Å | (100) |
| 2.118 Å | (60) |
| 2.096 Å | (30) |
| 1.685 Å | (30) |
| 1.503 Å | (40) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Type Occurrence of Kornerupine
General Appearance of Type Material:
White radiating masses.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Synonyms of Kornerupine
Other Language Names for Kornerupine
Varieties of Kornerupine
| Star Kornerupine | A very rare variety of kornerupine exhibiting a star pattern when viewed along a specific axis. |
Relationship of Kornerupine to other Species
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 8 photos of Kornerupine associated with Ruby | Al2O3 |
| 8 photos of Kornerupine associated with Pargasite | NaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| 6 photos of Kornerupine associated with Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 6 photos of Kornerupine associated with Halloysite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 2 photos of Kornerupine associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 1 photo of Kornerupine associated with Grandidierite | (Mg,Fe2+)(Al,Fe3+)3(SiO4)(BO3)O2 |
| 1 photo of Kornerupine associated with Cordierite | Mg2Al4Si5O18 |
| 1 photo of Kornerupine associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| 1 photo of Kornerupine associated with Biotite | K(Fe2+/Mg)2(Al/Fe3+/Mg/Ti)([Si/Al/Fe]2Si2O10)(OH/F)2 |
| 1 photo of Kornerupine associated with Schreyerite | V3+2Ti4+3O9 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.BJ. | Arsenmedaite | Mn2+6 As5+Si5O18(OH) |
| 9.BJ.05 | Orientite | Ca8Mn3+10(SiO4)3(Si3O10)3(OH)10 · 4H2O |
| 9.BJ.10 | Rosenhahnite | HCa3[Si3O9(OH)] |
| 9.BJ.15 | Trabzonite | Ca4(Si3O9)(OH)2 |
| 9.BJ.20 | Thalénite-(Y) | Y3Si3O10F |
| 9.BJ.25 | Tiragalloite | Mn2+4As5+Si3O12(OH) |
| 9.BJ.30 | Medaite | Mn2+6V5+Si5O18(OH) |
| 9.BJ.35 | Strontioruizite | Sr2Mn3+2Si4O11(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| 9.BJ.35 | Ruizite | Ca2Mn3+2[Si4O11(OH)2](OH)2 · 2H2O |
| 9.BJ.35 | Taniajacoite | SrCaMn3+2Si4O11(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| 9.BJ.40 | Ardennite-(As) | Mn2+4Al4(AlMg)(AsO4)(SiO4)2(Si3O10)(OH)6 |
| 9.BJ.40 | Kannanite | Ca4Al4(AlMg)(VO4)(SiO4)2(Si3O10)(OH)6 |
| 9.BJ.40 | Alpeite | Ca4Mn3+2Al2(Mn3+Mg)(SiO4)2(Si3O10)(V5+O4)(OH)6 |
| 9.BJ.40 | Ardennite-(V) | Mn2+4Al4(AlMg)(VO4)(SiO4)2(Si3O10)(OH)6 |
| 9.BJ.45 | Kilchoanite | Ca6(SiO4)(Si3O10) |
| 9.BJ.50 | Prismatine | (◻,Fe,Mg)(Mg,Al,Fe)5Al4Si2(Si,Al)2(B,Si,Al)(O,OH,F)22 |
| 9.BJ.55 | Zunyite | Al13Si5O20(OH,F)18Cl |
| 9.BJ.60 | Hubeite | Ca2Mn2+Fe3+Si4O12(OH) · 2H2O |
| 9.BJ.65 | Cassagnaite | (Ca,Mn2+)4(Fe3+,Mn3+,Al)4(V3+,Mg,Al)2(Si3O10)(SiO4)2(OH,O)8 |
| 9.BJ.70 | Pavlovskyite | Ca8(SiO4)2(Si3O10) |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Kornerupine in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Kornerupine
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2254.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
References for Kornerupine
Reference List:
Lacroix, Alfred, Gramont, Arnaud de (1921) Sur la recherche spectrale du bore et sur sa présence dans quelques silico˗aluminates naturels. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 44 (4) 67-77 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1921.3758
Lacroix, Alfred (1922) Minéralogie de Madagascar, Tome I. Géologie-Minéralogie descriptive. Augustin Challamel. 624 pp. pp.396-396
de Villiers, J. E. (1940) Iron-rich kornerupine from Port Shepstone, Natal. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 25 (169) 550-556 doi:10.1180/minmag.1940.025.169.05
Hey, Max H., Anderson, B. W., Payne, C. J. (1941) Some new data concerning kornerupine and its chemistry. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 26 (175) 119-130 doi:10.1180/minmag.1941.026.175.03
Girault, J. P. (1952) Kornerupine from Lac Ste-Marie, Quebec, Canada. American Mineralogist, 37 (5-6) 531-541
Murthy, M. V. N. (1954) Kornerupine from Rannu, Uttar Pradesh, India. Nature, 174 (4440). 1065 doi:10.1038/1741065a0
McKie, Duncan (1965) The magnesium aluminium borosilicates: kornerupine and grandidierite. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 34 (268). 346-357 doi:10.1180/minmag.1965.034.268.29
Balasubrahmanyan, M. N. (1965) Note on kornerupine from Ellammankovilpatti, Madras, India. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 35 (272) 662-664 doi:10.1180/minmag.1965.035.272.12
Moore, P. B., Bennett, J. M. (1968) Kornerupine: Its Crystal Structure. Science, 159 (3814). 524-526 doi:10.1126/science.159.3814.524
v. Knorring, O., Sahama, Th.G., Lehtinen, M. (1969) Kornerupine-bearing gneiss from Inanakafy near Betroka, Madagascar. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 41. 79-84 doi:10.17741/bgsf/41.008
Grew, Edward S. (1983) A grandidierite-sapphirine association from India. Mineralogical Magazine, 47 (344) 401-403 doi:10.1180/minmag.1983.047.344.20
Nixon, P. H., Grew, E. S., Condliffe, E. (1984) Kornerupine in a sapphirine-spinel granulite from Labwor Hills, Uganda. Mineralogical Magazine, 48 (349) 550-552 doi:10.1180/minmag.1984.048.349.12
Grew, Edward S., Herd, Richard K., Marquez, Nicholas (1987) Boron-bearing kornerupine from Fiskemesset, West Greenland: a re-examination of specimens from the type locality. Mineralogical Magazine, 51 (363) 695-708 doi:10.1180/minmag.1987.051.363.10
Moore, Paul Brian, Gupta, Pradip K. Sen, Schlemper, Elmer O. (1989) Kornerupine: Chemical crystallography, comparative crystallography, and its cation relation to olivine and to Ni2In intermetallic. American Mineralogist, 74 (5-6) 642-655
Grew, E. S., Chernosky, J. V., Werding, G., ABRAHAM, K., MARQUEZ, N., HINTHORNE, J. R. (1990) Chemistry of Kornerupine and Associated Minerals, a Wet Chemical, Ion Microprobe, and X-Ray Study Emphasizing Li, Be, B and F Contents. Journal of Petrology, 31 (5) 1025-1070 doi:10.1093/petrology/31.5.1025
Ackermand, Dietrich, Windley, Brian F., Razafiniparany, Andriantefison H. (1991) Kornerupine breakdown reactions in paragneisses from southern Madagascar. Mineralogical Magazine, 55 (378) 71-80 doi:10.1180/minmag.1991.055.378.06
Carson, C. J., Hand, M., Dirks, P. H. G. M. (1995) Stable coexistence of grandidierite and kornerupine during medium pressure granulite facies metamorphism. Mineralogical Magazine, 59 (395) 327-339 doi:10.1180/minmag.1995.059.395.16
Friend, C. R. L. (1995) Occurrences of boron-free and boron-poor kornerupine. Mineralogical Magazine, 59 (394) 163-166 doi:10.1180/minmag.1995.59.394.17
Grew, Edward S., Cooper, Mark A., Hawthorne, Frank C. (1996) Prismatine: revalidation for boron-rich compositions in the kornerupine group. Mineralogical Magazine, 60 (400) 483-491 doi:10.1180/minmag.1996.060.400.09
Grew, Edward S.; Pertsev, Nikolai N.; Vrána, Stanislav; Yates, Martin G.; Shearer, Charles K.; Wiedenbeck, Michael (1998) Kornerupine parageneses in whiteschists and other magnesian rocks: is kornerupine + talc a high-pressure assemblage equivalent to tourmaline + orthoamphibole? Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 131 (1). 22-38 doi:10.1007/s004100050376
Grew, Edward S., Redhammer, Guenther J., Amthauer, Georg, Cooper, Mark A., Hawthorne, Frank C., Schmetzer, Karl (1999) Iron in kornerupine: a 57Fe Moessbauer spectroscopic study and comparison with single-crystal structure refinement. American Mineralogist, 84 (4). 536-549 doi:10.2138/am-1999-0407
Wopenka, Brigitte, Freeman, John J., Grew, Edward S. (1999) Raman spectroscopic identification of B-free and B-rich kornerupine (prismatine) American Mineralogist, 84 (4) 550-554 doi:10.2138/am-1999-0408
Ottolini, Luisa, Hawthorne, Frank C. (2001) SIMS ionization of hydrogen in silicates: a case study of kornerupine. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 16 (11). 1266-1270 doi:10.1039/b105674n
Cooper, M. A., Hawthorne, F. C., Grew, E. S. (2009) The Crystal Chemistry of the Kornerupine-Prismatine Series. I. Crystal Structure and Site Populations. The Canadian Mineralogist, 47 (2) 233-262 doi:10.3749/canmin.47.2.233
Cooper, M. A., Hawthorne, F. C., Grew, E. S., Rossman, G. R. (2009) The Crystal Chemistry of the Kornerupine-Prismatine Series. II. The Role of Hydrogen. The Canadian Mineralogist, 47 (2) 263-274 doi:10.3749/canmin.47.2.263
Hawthorne, F. C., Cooper, M. A., Grew, E. S. (2009) The Crystal Chemistry of the Kornerupine-Prismatine Series. III. Chemical Relations. The Canadian Mineralogist, 47 (2) 275-296 doi:10.3749/canmin.47.2.275
Cooper, M. A., Hawthorne, F. C. (2009) The crystal chemistry of the kornerupine-prismatine series. IV. Complete chemical formulae from electron-microprobe data and X-ray powder diffraction. The Canadian Mineralogist, 47 (2). 297-302 doi:10.3749/canmin.47.2.297
Localities for Kornerupine
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Journal of Petrology et al. (7) |
| Carson et al. (1995) +2 other references |
| Carson et al. (1995) | |
| Carson et al. (1995) | |
| Tetsuo Kawakami (2005) +1 other reference |
Australia | |
| Warren et al. (1983) |
| Warren et al. (1983) |
| Dobos | |
| Warren et al. (1983) | |
| Warren et al. (1983) |
| Cooper et al. (2009) | |
| Neues Jahrb Mineral Monatsh1:15-35. (1976) | |
Canada | |
| Lonker (1980) +1 other reference |
| Peck et al. (2022) |
| Hull-Maniwaki +3 other references |
China | |
| Jisheng Jiang et al. (1992) |
Colombia | |
| Sutherland et al. (2008) |
Finland | |
| Hytönen (1999) |
| Haapala +2 other references | |
| Grew et al. (1998) |
France | |
| Claude Laforêt |
Germany | |
| Grew et al. (1996) |
Greenland | |
| Petersen et al. (1993) |
| Petersen et al. (1980) |
| Grew et al. (1987) |
| Friend (1995) | |
India | |
| Leelanandam |
| Grew (1983) |
| Lal |
| . Sajeev |
| Balasubrahmanyan (1965) |
| Sharma et al. (2006) |
| Murthy |
Kenya | |
| Lapis 8 (4) |
| Collection of NHM |
Madagascar | |
| Christophe-Michel-Lévy et al. (1959) |
| Ackermand et al. (1991) |
| California Institute of Technology photo |
| Behier (1960) |
| v. Knorring et al. (1969) |
| American Mineralogist 9:22 +3 other references |
| Lacroix (1939) | |
| Behier (1964) |
| De Ascenção Guedes et al. (2024) |
| Fritsch et al. (2016) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection ( # M-484, MM-2140) | |
Myanmar | |
| Themelis (2008) |
| |
| Themelis (2008) |
Norway | |
| Nijland et al. (1998) |
| Hulzebosch-Sijen et al. (1990) | |
| Nijland et al. (1998) |
| Hulzebosch-Sijen et al. (1990) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Grew et al. (1990) |
| Wel (1973) |
| Jan Kihle photos & identification. |
Russia | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Cooper et al. (2009) | |
Slovakia | |
| Háber et al. (Dankova, SGR Mnts) |
South Africa | |
| de Villiers (1940) +2 other references |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Moore et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Contrib Mineral Petrol (1985) |
| Contrib Mineral Petrol (1985) | |
| Hokada et al. (2001) | |
Sri Lanka | |
| Dissanayake et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
| Zwaan (1996) |
| Dissanayake et al. (2000) | |
| - (n.d.) |
| Grew et al. (1995) |
Tajikistan | |
| Levitskii V.I. e.a. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Malsy et al. (2010) | |
| Grew et al. (1998) | |
Tanzania | |
| McKie (1965) +2 other references |
Uganda | |
| www.min.uni-kiel.de (n.d.) |
USA | |
| Young |
| Volkert et al. (1) |
| NY State Museum spec. no. 18734 |
| NY State Museum spec. no. 15770 |
| Robinson et al. (2007) +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) |
Zambia | |
| Grew et al. (1998) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Grew et al. (1997) |
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Qeqertarsuatsiaat area, Nuuk, Sermersooq, Greenland