Halloysite
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Halloysite
Jean-Baptiste-Julien d'Omalius d'Halloy (1783-1875)
Formula:
Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4
Colour:
White to tan, sometimes greenish or bluish, also chocolate brown to reddish.
Lustre:
Waxy, Earthy
Hardness:
1 - 2
Specific Gravity:
2 - 2.65
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Originally named halloysite by French geologist and mining engineer Pierre Berthier in 1826 after the Belgian geologist Jean-Baptiste Julien d'Omalius d'Halloy (16 February 1783, Liège, Belgium - 15 January 1875, Brussels, Belgium), who discovered the mineral. He was a nobleman, a statesman, and a pioneer of modern geology in Belgium. He was the geologist who first defined and named the Cretaceous period (after chalk strata in the Paris basin).
After the discovery that some of this material was a more hydrated species, with a greater interlayer spacing (later called halloysite-10A and currently hydrohalloysite), the name metahalloysite was sometimes used for this species (Alexander et al. 1943, Faust 1955). The name was changed by the IMA to halloysite-7Å in 1980 (Bailey, 1980), where the suffix refers to the 7-Ångström layer thickness that is identified in XRD patterns. The species name was reverted to halloysite, without the suffix, in 2022.
After the discovery that some of this material was a more hydrated species, with a greater interlayer spacing (later called halloysite-10A and currently hydrohalloysite), the name metahalloysite was sometimes used for this species (Alexander et al. 1943, Faust 1955). The name was changed by the IMA to halloysite-7Å in 1980 (Bailey, 1980), where the suffix refers to the 7-Ångström layer thickness that is identified in XRD patterns. The species name was reverted to halloysite, without the suffix, in 2022.
Typically found as earthy to somewhat waxy looking extremely fine-grained clayey masses, white to tan and also occasionally bluish or greenish.
Also known as halloysite-7A and Metahalloysite, it is dehydrated hydrohalloysite (halloysite-10A) and is characterised by a reduced interlayer spacing.
Originally reported from Angleur, Liège, Liège Province, Belgium.
Also reported as a biomineral formed by the action of lichen (e.g., Lasallia spp., Mucor spp., etc.) on cave deposits and waters (vide Burford et al., 2003).
Also known as halloysite-7A and Metahalloysite, it is dehydrated hydrohalloysite (halloysite-10A) and is characterised by a reduced interlayer spacing.
Originally reported from Angleur, Liège, Liège Province, Belgium.
Also reported as a biomineral formed by the action of lichen (e.g., Lasallia spp., Mucor spp., etc.) on cave deposits and waters (vide Burford et al., 2003).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1808
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1808:7
IMA Classification of Halloysite
Classification of Halloysite
9.ED.10
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
D : Phyllosilicates with kaolinite layers composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
D : Phyllosilicates with kaolinite layers composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
Dana 7th ed.:
71.1.1.4
71.1.1.4
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
1 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 1:1 layers
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
1 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 1:1 layers
15.10
15 : Silicates of Aluminum
15 : Silicates of Aluminum
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Hly-7Å | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Halloysite
Waxy, Earthy
Transparency:
Translucent, Opaque
Colour:
White to tan, sometimes greenish or bluish, also chocolate brown to reddish.
Streak:
Paler than the color, or white.
Hardness:
1 - 2 on Mohs scale
Fracture:
Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
2 - 2.65 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.14 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Halloysite
Type:
Biaxial
RI values:
nα = 1.553 - 1.565 nβ = 1.559 - 1.569 nγ = 1.56 - 1.57
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.005 - 0.007
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
r < v moderate
Chemistry of Halloysite
Mindat Formula:
Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Ti,Ca,Na,K,Fe,Cr,Mg,Ni,Cu
Crystallography of Halloysite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
m - Domatic
Space Group:
Bb
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.14 Å, b = 8.9 Å, c = 7.214 Å
β = 99.7°
β = 99.7°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.578 : 1 : 0.811
Unit Cell V:
325.29 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Typically found as extremely fine-grained clayey masses. The two "forms" Halloysite-7Å and Halloysite-10Å are the most common. It has a tubular morphology at the nanometer scale.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 7.5 Å | (90) |
| 4.42 Å | (100) |
| 3.63 Å | (90) |
| 2.56 Å | (80) |
| 1.68 Å | (80) |
| 1.48 Å | (90) |
| 1.28 Å | (70) |
| 1.23 Å | (70) |
Comments:
Data for Halloysite-7A
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] |
Geological Setting:
Halloysite is found in widely varied environments, including as an alteration of basaltic rocks, in hydrothermally altered fissure deposits in monzonites; it is also derived from feldspars, chlorites, micas, rhyolites, granites, volcanic ash, tuffs and pumices. More rarely found in granitic pegmatites, bauxites or laterites, and in some marine and glacial clays.
Synonyms of Halloysite
Other Language Names for Halloysite
Dutch:Halloysiet
Esperanto:Halojzito
Varieties of Halloysite
| Chrome-Halloysite | A pale blue chromian Halloysite |
| Copper-bearing Halloysite | A cupriferous variety of halloysite. Note formula is not balanced. |
| Ferrian Halloysite | An Fe-rich variety of halloysite. |
| Zirconium-bearing Halloysite | Halloysite with content 3-4 wt.% ZrO2, probably due to zircon impurities. |
Relationship of Halloysite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Kaolinite Subgroup:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 145 photos of Halloysite associated with Atacamite | Cu2(OH)3Cl |
| 82 photos of Halloysite associated with Libethenite | Cu2(PO4)(OH) |
| 64 photos of Halloysite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 50 photos of Halloysite associated with Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| 46 photos of Halloysite associated with Pseudomalachite | Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4 |
| 16 photos of Halloysite associated with Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| 14 photos of Halloysite associated with Olivenite | Cu2(AsO4)(OH) |
| 14 photos of Halloysite associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 12 photos of Halloysite associated with Conichalcite | CaCu(AsO4)(OH) |
| 12 photos of Halloysite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.ED. | Clinochrysotile | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.05 | Dickite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.05 | Nacrite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.05 | Kaolinite | Al2(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.05 | Odinite | (Fe,Mg,Al,Fe,Ti,Mn)2.4((Si,Al)2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.10 | Hisingerite | Fe3+2(Si2O5)(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| 9.ED.10 | Hydrohalloysite | Al2Si2O5(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| 9.ED.15 | Antigorite | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Brindleyite | (Ni,Al)3(Si,Al)2O5(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Fraipontite | (Zn,Al)3((Si,Al)2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Népouite | Ni3Si2O5(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Pecoraite | Ni3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Guidottiite | Mn2Fe3+(Fe3+SiO5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Lizardite | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Berthierine | (Fe2+,Fe3+,Al)3(Si,Al)2O5(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Kellyite | Mn2+2Al(AlSiO5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Cronstedtite | Fe2+2Fe3+((Si,Fe3+)2O5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Caryopilite | Mn2+3Si2O5(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 va | Chromoamesite | Mg2(Al,Cr)(AlSiO5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Amesite | Mg2Al(AlSiO5)(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Greenalite | (Fe2+,Fe3+)2-3Si2O5(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.15 | Manandonite | Li2Al4(Si2AlB)O10(OH)8 |
| 9.ED.20 | Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
| 9.ED.20 | Neotocite | (Mn,Fe)SiO3 · H2O (?) |
| 9.ED.20 | Allophane | (Al2O3)(SiO2)1.3-2 · 2.5-3H2O |
| 9.ED.20 | Imogolite | Al2SiO3(OH)4 |
| 9.ED.25 | Bismutoferrite | Fe3+2Bi(SiO4)2(OH) |
| 9.ED.25 | Chapmanite | Fe3+2Sb3+(Si2O5)O3(OH) |
| 9.ED.30 | Pianlinite | Al2Si2O6(OH)2 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
Used in applications similar to those of kaolinite, such as high-strength cements and high-quality ceramics.
Halloysite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Halloysite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1808.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
References for Halloysite
Reference List:
BURFORD, EUAN P., KIERANS, MARTIN, GADD, GEOFFREY M. (2003) Geomycology: fungi in mineral substrata. Mycologist, 17 (3). 98-107 doi:10.1017/s0269915x03003112
Kogure, T., Mori, K., Drits, V. A., Takai, Y. (2013) Structure of prismatic halloysite. American Mineralogist, 98 (5) 1008-1016 doi:10.2138/am.2013.4385
Localities for Halloysite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry´s collection |
| Econ Geol (1976) |
| Padrón de Minas de la Provincia de Chubut (2005) |
| Padrón de Minas de la Provincia de Chubut (2005) | |
| Padrón de Minas de la Provincia de Chubut (2005) | |
| Padrón de Minas de la Provincia de Chubut (2005) | |
| Padrón de Minas de la Provincia de Chubut (2005) | |
| Padrón de Minas de la Provincia de Chubut (2005) | |
| Padrón de Minas de la Provincia de Chubut (2005) | |
| Padrón de Minas de la Provincia de Chubut (2005) | |
| Padrón de Minas de la Provincia de Chubut (2005) |
| ROBL +1 other reference |
| Smith (2009) |
Australia | |
| Liversidge 1887 |
| Rattigan (1967) |
| |
| Lishmund (1982) |
| Worner et al. (et al) |
| King (n.d.) |
| Con Constantinides collection |
| |
| Francis et al. (self published) | |
| Keeling et al. (2005) |
| John L. Keeling (200) |
| Pring et al. (1994) |
| |
| |
| John L. Keeling (200) |
| Francis (2010) |
| Steve Sorrell Collection |
| John L. Keeling (200) |
| Noble et al. (1983) |
| Bottrill et al. (2020) |
| |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| R Bottrill |
| G.H.F.Ulrich 1870. Contributions to the ... |
| Steve Sorrell Collection |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Campbell (1906) |
| Campbell (1906) | |
| J M Bennett Collection |
| Bamforth et al. (2025) |
| On Gearkstite at Gingin |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Anand +8 other references |
| Graham (2003) |
| Simpson et al. (1948) |
Austria | |
| U. Kolitsch et al. (2009) |
| G.Blaß |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr (1996) |
| Neschen (n.d.) | |
| Niedermayr (1997) +2 other references | |
| Niedermayr (1985) +1 other reference | |
| Holzer et al. (1966) +1 other reference |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2000) |
| Hagenguth (1988) |
| Hollerer (1999) |
| Josef Taucher |
| Postl et al. (1996) |
| Taucher et al. (1998) |
| Arthofer et al. (2025) +1 other reference |
| Exel (1993) |
Belgium | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Gulinck et al. (1957) +3 other references |
| Malaise (1913) +1 other reference |
| Moressée (1910) +1 other reference | |
| Malaise (1913) +2 other references |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Stainier (1908) +1 other reference |
| Berthier (1826) +5 other references |
| Buurman et al. (1968) +1 other reference |
| Buurman et al. (1968) +1 other reference |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Dejonghe et al. (1993) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Dejonghe et al. (1993) +1 other reference | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Malaise (1913) +2 other references | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Malaise (1913) +1 other reference |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Dejonghe et al. (1993) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Van Goethem et al. (1983) +3 other references | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Bolivia | |
| アルセオスバルト (1989) +2 other references |
| Lindgren et al. (1928) |
Brazil | |
| Waber et al. (1992) +2 other references |
| Gomes et al. (2023) | |
| Dani et al. (2001) |
Burkina Faso | |
| Kříbek et al. (2016) |
Canada | |
| Febbo et al. (2019) |
| Slack et al. (1992) |
| Robinson et al. (1996) |
| Horváth et al. (2013) |
| 176-178. +2 other references |
Chile | |
| Chukanov et al. (2013) |
| Terry Szenics |
| Maksaev et al. (2010) |
| Maksaev et al. (2010) | |
China | |
| Pan et al. (1999) |
| Rensheng Huang (2008) |
| Rensheng Huang (2008) | |
| Wilson (2004) |
| Mao Xingli and Yan Yipeng (1987) +1 other reference |
| Liu et al. (2025) |
| Zhongcao Liang (1983) +1 other reference |
| Fu et al. (2024) |
| Wilson (2004) |
| Kehua Yin (2009) |
| Qiao et al. (2024) |
| Zhang et al. (2025) |
| Hanlie Hong and Liyun Tie (2005) +1 other reference |
| Fushan Wang (1991) |
| Fushan Wang (1991) | |
| Yansong Tan (1980) |
| Shu-Gen Zhang et al. (2006) |
| Jiewu Gao and Diling Deng (1982) |
| Hunan 230 Laboratory et al. (1976) | |
| Qingchang Meng (1981) |
| Jin Li et al. (1989) |
| Kecong Han and Shengyun Ma (1985) |
| Shi et al. (2024) |
| Xie et al. (2024) |
| Chen +6 other references |
| Shi et al. (2024) | |
| Wu et al. (1996) |
| Chen et al. (1997) |
| Rengui Wu and Dagan Yu (2000) |
| Shufang He and Jianping Lu (2001) |
| Minzhi Yang (2003) |
| Shihong Tian et al. (2009) |
| Shihong Tian et al. (2009) | |
| Vielreicher et al. (2003) |
| Zilin Tang et al. (1988) |
| Yuming Liu et al. (2011) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| Zufu Wang et al. (1987) |
| pubs.usgs.gov (2006) |
| Yingchao Liu et al. (2013) |
| Zhao et al. (2025) |
| Wang et al. (2025) | |
| Yang et al. (2005) |
| Yang et al. (2009) |
| Wang et al. (2024) |
| Xiao +5 other references |
| Dongmei Tang et al. (2006) |
| Wilson (2004) |
| Zong-Ting Liao et al. (2004) |
| Jambor et al. (1992) |
Colombia | |
| - (2002) |
| Ziga et al. (2019) |
Costa Rica | |
| Rodríguez et al. (2017) |
Czech Republic | |
| Kuttna +1 other reference |
| Fengl (2.) |
| Bouška |
| Strübel | |
| Natural History Museum London 2015 |
| Trnka M (1982) |
| Novák et al. (1999) |
Ecuador | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| - (2005) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Egypt | |
| El-Habaak et al. (2016) |
El Salvador | |
| Torio-Henríquez (2007) |
Faroe Islands | |
| Weisenberger et al. (2012) |
Finland | |
| Peuraniemi |
| Jyrki Autio Collection. Joy Desor ... |
France | |
| Nicolas et al. (1963) |
| Ch. Robert |
| Ch. Robert | |
| |
| Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ... |
| P.G. Pélisson (pelisson@inist.fr) |
| Coueille (1988) |
| |
| Lacroix (1893) +1 other reference | |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Engelhardt et al. (1954) |
| Belot (1978) |
| BRGM survey data |
| Boisson (1988) |
| Gilg et al. (1997) |
| Baret (1905) |
| Baret (1905) |
| Baret (1905) |
| van den Berg (1987) +1 other reference |
| CLAUDE Jean Marie collection et ... | |
Georgia | |
| Şafak Utku Sönmez et al. (2022) |
Germany | |
| Spürgin et al. (2019) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Habel (2006) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Breithaupt (1841) +1 other reference |
| Blaß et al. (1999) | |
| |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) +1 other reference |
| Blaß et al. (1999) |
| Blaß et al. (1999) | |
| Blaß et al. (1999) |
| Blaß et al. (1999) |
| Blaß et al. (2002) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
Greece | |
| Möckel (2000) |
| Möckel (2000) | |
| |
| Lang (1890) | |
| |
| Möckel (2000) |
| Pantó et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| |
Greenland | |
| Petersen et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya |
| Zajzon N et al. (20014) |
| Koch (1985) |
| www.geomania.hu (2013) |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
| Koch (1985) |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) | |
| Koch (1985) |
| |
| Szakáll & Jánosi. Minerals of Hungary |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Koch (1985) |
India | |
| S. G. Tenainkai et al. (1991) |
| Nayak et al. (2024) |
| Thomas et al. (1987) |
Indonesia | |
| Econ Geol (1990) |
| Bambang Nugroho et al. (2024) |
| Turner et al. (1994) |
| Prendergast (2003) |
| Prendergast (2003) | |
| Nur et al. (2012) |
| Nur et al. (2011) | |
| Dani Lukman Hakim (2016) |
| Milési et al. (1999) |
Iran | |
| Abedini |
Iraq | |
| Al-Bassam et al. (1998) |
Ireland | |
| de Haller +1 other reference |
Israel | |
| Shulamit Gross (1977) |
Italy | |
| Ghiara et al. (1973) |
| [Lapis 1994:5 p.13-23 |
| Stoppa et al. (1995) |
| Stoppa et al. (2019) |
| Stoppa et al. (2019) |
| Barrese et al. (1994) |
| Lombardi et al. (1979) +1 other reference |
| Lombardi et al. (1979) | |
| Barrese et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| Panei (2010) | |
| Lombardi et al. (1979) +1 other reference | |
| Stoppa et al. (2019) |
| Ciriotti et al. (2010) |
| Dott. Cristina Carbone-Dipteris-Genova: analysis June 2007 (paper in preparation) |
| Martini et al. (2012) |
| Martini et al. (2012) | |
| Bruno Marello et al. (2023) |
| Orlandi et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Stara et al. (1999) |
| Billows (1941) |
| Simeone et al. (1999) |
| Baldoni et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Stara P. (1996) |
| Torri et al. (2017) |
| Torri et al. (2017) | |
| Savelli F. (1935) +1 other reference | |
| De Michele (1974) |
| E. Manasse (Isola d'Elba) | |
| Bonifazi (2020) |
| Sammartino (2014) | |
| Orlandi et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Orlandi et al. (2009) |
| Orlandi et al. (1989) +1 other reference |
| Forti et al. (1989) |
| Bertoldi et al. (1984) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) | |
Japan | |
| Akira Kato (2011) |
| 皆川鉄雄 et al. (2001) |
| - (2002) |
| Sakae et al. (1975) +1 other reference |
| INOUE et al. (2017) |
| 米田哲朗. (1989) |
| Myint (1996) |
| Iichiro Takahashi (1957) |
| Yoshihiro SEKINE et al. (1961) |
| Ibaraki et al. (1991) |
| 奥村滋. (1986) |
| Noriyuki FUJII (1961) |
| 中川昌治 et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Display captions at local museum. |
| Ishibashi (1974) |
| Sudo (1991) +1 other reference |
| Bull. Kanagawa pref. Mus. (Nat. Sci.) |
| Sudô et al. (1949) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Evseev (1995) +2 other references |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Pekov (1998) |
Kosovo | |
| Mineral deposits and mining districts ... |
Madagascar | |
| Behier (1963) |
| Mücke et al. (1978) |
| Behier (1963) |
| Ren et al. (2025) |
Malaysia | |
| Ariffin et al. (2008) |
Mexico | |
| Moore (1998) |
| Ref.: Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas et al. (2000) |
| Dilley (1993) |
Middle East | |
| Gross (1977) | |
Myanmar | |
| Zhang et al. (2022) |
Netherlands | |
| T.G. Nijland |
| T.G. Nijland +1 other reference | |
New Zealand | |
| Muiruru F.G. (1985) |
| Jones (1972) |
| Hayward | |
| process origins of the Corbett and Ratarua ignimbrites and the Hikurangi Rhyolite (Thesis, Master of Science ) +1 other reference |
| Simpson et al. (2001) |
| Courtney et al. (1990) |
| P.R. Moore (1983) |
| Wezenburg (1988) |
Norway | |
| Kvamsdal (1998) |
| Jahren et al. (1998) |
| Husdal (2008) |
| Wilke (1976) |
| Wel (1973) | |
| Berge (1993) +1 other reference |
Oman | |
| |
Pakistan | |
| M. Qasim Jan et al. (1985) |
Panama | |
| Corral et al. (2011) |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Lindley (1998) |
Peru | |
| Imai et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
| www.portergeo.com.au (2007) |
| Dill et al. (1997) |
| Dill et al. (1997) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Boni et al. (2009) |
| Hewett (1910) |
Philippines | |
| Ignacio (2006) |
| de Sá et al. (2024) |
Poland | |
| Kucha et al. (1990) |
| Sakiewicz P. et al. (2011) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Chmura K. (1969) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Friedrich Raefier (1915) |
Portugal | |
| Gomes et al. (2010) |
| CEDOM |
Romania | |
| Edited by Szakáll-Kristály (2010) |
| Ed.:Szakáll S.-Kristály ... |
| Comptes Rendus Geosciences Volume 335 |
| Damian et al. (2024) |
| Clain et al. (2006) |
Russia | |
| Pekov I.V. et al. (2010) |
| Pekov et al. (2011) |
| Luzgin et al. (1977) |
| Bailey (1980) |
| Mikhailov (2000) |
| Mashkovtsev et al. (2010) |
| Berger et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| webmineral.ru (2016) |
| Gurbanov et al. (2008) |
| maurice.strahlen.org (2003) +1 other reference |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Pekin et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
| ... |
| |
| Zap. Vseross. Mineral. Obshch. (6) |
| Pekov (2003) |
| Semenov E.I. (1972) | |
| Semenov E.I. (1972) | |
| Gorbachev et al. (2004) |
| Talovina et al. (2003) |
| [World of Stones 12:49] | |
| Lazareva et al. (2015) |
| Volokhin et al. (2016) | |
| |
| Pekov (1998) | |
| Igor.V. Pekov (2008) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2021) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2014) |
Saint Lucia | |
| A Mars Analogue Site. Masters Thesis +1 other reference |
Serbia | |
| Zivanovic (2019) |
| Acta Geologica Hungarica 46:313-320 |
| Ministry of Mining and Energy (2002) |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Miškovic J. (1990) |
| Konečný et al. (2011) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Ďuďa (1993) |
| Uher et al. (2000) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Pauliš et al. (2002) |
| Pauliš et al. (2002) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Duda +1 other reference |
| Řídkoil et al. (2001) |
| Bačo | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Cílek V. +1 other reference |
| Pauliš et al. (2002) |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Bacsó |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra |
| Majzlan et al. (2025) |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Koděra (1986) +1 other reference | |
| Majzlan et al. (2025) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Ďuďa |
| Duda eut al. |
| Duda et all. | |
| Duda et. all. |
| Bačo |
| Duda et all. |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Ďuďa |
| Duda et all. | |
| Koděra (1986) |
South Africa | |
| Martini (1997) |
| Horiuchi et al. (2014) |
South Korea | |
| Jo et al. (2023) |
| "Exploration and utilization of the ... |
Spain | |
| Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ... |
| Castro et al. (2019) |
| A. Arribas et al. (2005) | |
| Mendoza et al. (2006) |
| García Guirado (2016) |
| Centro de interpretación de la ... |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
| Calvo Rebollar et al. (2024) |
| Bosch +6 other references |
| Díaz-Acha et al. (2022) | |
| Díaz-Acha et al. (2022) | |
| Bareche (2005) |
| Mata i Perelló (1990) |
| Mineralogistes de Catalunya (2/3) |
| Mineralogistes de Catalunya (1997) |
| Joan Rosell et al. (2022) |
| Joan Rosell |
Sweden | |
| Öhman et al. (2000) |
| Norin (1949) |
| Sandström (2008) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Cuchet et al. (2002) |
Taiwan | |
| L. P. Tan (1993) |
Tajikistan | |
| Гецева et al. (1956) +2 other references |
| Menchinskaya et al. (1973) +1 other reference | |
| Badalov et al. (1976) |
Tanzania | |
| Wilhelmij et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Schwaighofer et al. (1987) |
Thailand | |
| Patrice Queneau Collection visual identification. Confirmed. Analyzed by Nicolas Meisser (Naturéum) |
Tunisia | |
| Decrée et al. (2008) |
Turkey | |
| Rabayrol et al. (2023) |
| Rabayrol et al. (2023) | |
| Rabayrol et al. (2023) | |
| Yigit (2012) |
| Çoban (1999) |
| Ercan et al. (2022) |
| Ercan et al. (2022) | |
| Yigit (2012) |
| Erik Vercammen collection | |
| Yigit (2012) | |
| Yilmaz et al. (2007) |
| Aral (1989) |
| Aral (1989) | |
| Helvaci et al. (2013) |
| Hanilçi +5 other references |
Turkmenistan | |
| Evseev (1995) | |
| Pekov (1998) |
UK | |
| Day (1999) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
| Ford et al. (1993) | |
| Ford et al. (1993) | |
| Ford et al. (1993) | |
| Ford et al. (1993) | |
| Ford et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
| De Putter et al. (2000) |
| Hollingworth et al. (1950) |
| Livingstone et al. (1983) |
| |
USA | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Dean (1995) |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Thomas F.Bates (1950) |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| - (1917) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| USGS Bulletin 624 +1 other reference | |
| Nye (1968) +1 other reference |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| Schwartz et al. (1932) +1 other reference |
| Schwartz (1947) +1 other reference |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10046353 |
| Schwartz (1947) +2 other references |
| Robinson et al. (1966) +1 other reference |
| Schwartz (1947) +2 other references |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
| Jones et al. (1983) +1 other reference |
| Barnes et al. (1983) |
| Winant (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Howard (2007) |
| Howard (1987) +1 other reference | |
| V.C. Fryklund and D.F. Holbrook (1950) |
| Howard (2007) | |
| Smith (1988) |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:120. |
| Howard (1987) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| Carlson (1954) +2 other references |
| Allen (1929) | |
| Kelley (1936) +2 other references |
| Calif. Div. of Mines & Geology Bull. #189 et al. (1966) +1 other reference |
| with a section on the stratigraphy of ... +6 other references |
| Sharp (1959) +2 other references |
| Clarke (1884) +2 other references |
| USGS Bull 220 | |
| Jahns et al. (1951) |
| Barnes (1985) |
| USGS Bull 220 +1 other reference | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| Kucera (2021) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) | |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| Wesleyan University collection +1 other reference | |
| Cook (1978) |
| Rocks & Min.: 64:185. |
| Rocks & Min.:64:185 +1 other reference |
| - (1917) | |
| - (2005) |
| Cook (1978) |
| - (1917) | |
| - (1917) | |
| - (1917) | |
| - (1917) | |
| - (1917) | |
| Hurst et al. (1964) | |
| Schlanger (1964) | |
| Hathaway et al. (1965) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Ream (2004) +2 other references | |
| - (1956) |
| USGS +1 other reference | |
| ... | |
| Erd et al. (1960) | |
| Roland Schmidt Collection--Littleton | |
| Callaghan (1948) | |
| ... | |
| ... | |
| USGS Bull 445 |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Maryland Geologic Survey (1898) |
| Shaub et al. (1954) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| American Mineralogist (1940) | |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Gnanou (2018) |
| Gnanou (2018) | |
| Gnanou (2018) |
| Schubert (2017) |
| Guilbert and Zeihen +2 other references |
| Longwell et al. (1965) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Gibson (1987) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| LaPointe et al. (199) | |
| LaPointe et al. (199) | |
| USGS Bull 741 +1 other reference | |
| LaPointe et al. (199) | |
| LaPointe et al. (199) | |
| - (2005) | |
| USGS Open-File Report 76-56 | |
| - (2005) | |
| LaPointe et al. (199) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| Jensen et al. (1995) |
| - (2005) | |
| Economic Geology (1996) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Moore-Roth (2012) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) |
| Vikre et al. (1994) |
| - (2005) |
| Ross (1961) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| USGS Bull 723 +1 other reference |
| Kleinhampl et al. (1984) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (1976) |
| - (1976) | |
| - (1976) |
| - (2005) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| New Mexico Geology v. 25 |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Gillerman (1964) |
| USGS Prof Paper 973F +1 other reference | |
| Gillerman (1964) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Lasky et al. (1930) +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) +1 other reference | |
| Hanson (1994) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| - (2005) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Gibbs (1989) |
| GF Loughlin (1942) +1 other reference | |
| Gibbs (1989) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Genth (1891) +1 other reference |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Mineral Commodity Files |
| - (2005) |
| Genth (1891) +1 other reference |
| Charles E.Hunter and Lewis J.Hash | |
| Clarence S. Ross and Paul F Kerr (1934) | |
| Bates et al. (1950) | |
| Bates et al. (1950) | |
| Sand (1954) +1 other reference | |
| Charles E.Hunter and Lewis J.Hash | |
| Horton et al. (1981) | |
| Sand (1956) | |
| Genth et al. (1881) | |
| Genth (1891) +1 other reference | |
| Sand (1954) +1 other reference | |
| - (n.d.) | |
| - (n.d.) | |
| Bates et al. (1950) | |
| Genth (1891) +1 other reference | |
| Sand (1954) | |
| Clays and Clay Minerals |
| Genth (1891) | |
| Mineral Commodity Files | |
| Mineral Commodity Files | |
| Clarence S. Ross and Paul F Kerr (1934) | |
| Johnson et al. (1990) |
| Genth (1891) +1 other reference | |
| Sand (1954) | |
| Mineral Commodity Files | |
| Genth (1891) | |
| Sand (1954) +1 other reference |
| Mineral Commodity Files |
| Mineral Commodity Files | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Bargar et al. (1997) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| Andrew R.Thomas and Haydn H. Murray (1989) |
| R. Maxwell (1962) |
| Harvard Mineralogical Museum | |
| Smith (1991) |
| Thomas F.Bates (1950) |
| |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Min News 9:9 p6-8 |
| - (2005) | |
| USGS Bull 1142K +2 other references | |
| Williams (2017) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| - (2005) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| - (2005) |
| Thaden et al. (1964) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
| - (2005) |
| In the collection of Alex Earl |
| Bullock (1981) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| - (2005) |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| - (2005) |
| Lovering et al. (1960) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL ... | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Hawley (1934) |
| Klemic et al. (1972) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
Uzbekistan | |
| Mirzaev et al. (2004) |
| Eilu (2003) |
| Eilu (2003) | |
Vietnam | |
| Bac et al. (2018) |
| B. Fojt & I. Kusinir (2001) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Vetter et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
Mars | |
| Gurgurewicz J. (Valles Marineris, Mars) |
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