w-

See also: Appendix:Variations of "w"

Navajo

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /w-/

Prefix

w-

2. A peg element added before the vowel /o/ to fit syllable shape restraints

   ‎oh- + -cha + ‎w- → ‎wohcha (“You (plural) are crying”)

Usage notes

• The peg element yi- is used before consonants.
• This peg element frequently appears before the optative marker ó-, the second-person plural subject marker oh-, and ó- (“directed at”), a variation of yíní-.

See also

Navajo ∅-imperfective subject markers

			singular	duoplural	plural
1st person			(yi)sh-	(y)iid-	deii-
2nd person			ni-	(w)oh-	daah-
3rd person			yi-		daa-
4th person			ji-		daji-

Navajo optative mode subject markers

		singular	duoplural
1st person		wósh-	woo(d)-
2nd person		wóó-	wooh-
3rd person		wó-
4th person		jó-
areal/spatial		hó-

• Navajo terms prefixed with w- (peg element)

  wooh-

  wó-

  wósh-

  wóó-

  wójí

  wolyé

Ojibwe

Prefix

w-

1. alternative form of o-

Usage notes

w- appears before stems that begin with ii.

See also

Ojibwe personal prefixes

		stem begins with...	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
consonants		p t k h ch m n s sh w y	ni-	gi-	o-
		d g ' j z zh	nin-
		b	nim-
vowels		o	nindo-	gido-	odo-
		a aa e i	nind-	gid-	od-
		oo	n-	g-
		ii			w-

Old Polish

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₁énder.

Proto-Slavic *vъ(n)

Proto-Slavic *vъ-

Old Polish w-

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *vъ-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /v/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /v/

Prefix

w-

1. indicates motion inside or inward

   Antonym: wy-

   ‎w- + ‎rzucić → ‎wrzucić

2. indicates motion upward

   ‎w- + ‎stać → ‎wstać

Derived terms

Old Polish terms prefixed with w-

wdać

wkładać

wkłaść

Polish

Alternative forms

• we-

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₁énder.

Proto-Slavic *vъ(n)

Proto-Slavic *vъ-

Old Polish w-

Polish w-

Inherited from Old Polish w-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /v/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -v
• Syllabification: w-
• Homophone: w

Prefix

w-

1. indicates motion inside or inward

   Antonym: wy-

   ‎w- + ‎rzucić → ‎wrzucić

2. indicates motion upward

   Synonyms: pod-, wz-

   ‎w- + ‎stać → ‎wstać

Derived terms

Polish terms prefixed with w-

wbarcić

wbić

wbiec

wbiegać

wbudować

wchłonąć

wchodzić

wcielić

wciąć

wciągać

wcibić

wciskać

wcisnąć

wczepiać

wczepić

wczołgać

wczuć

wczytać

wdać

wdawać

wdech

wdrapać

wdrożyć

wdrylić

wdusić

wdychać

wdzięk

wdziać

wgiąć

wglądać

wgłębić

wgnieść

wgrać

wgrajdać

wgramolić

wejść

wjebać

wjechać

wjeżdżać

wkasać

wkinąć

wkleić

wklepać

wkluczyć

wkładać

wkłaść

wkomponować

wkopać

wkraść

wkręcić

wkroczyć

wkuć

wkupić

wkurwić

wkurzyć

wlać

wlatywać

wlecieć

wleźć

wliczyć

władować

włamać

włazić

włączyć

włożyć

wmawiać

wmieszać

wmieść

wmówić

wmurować

wmusić

wnerwić

wniewolić

wniebowzięty

wnieść

wniknąć

wnosić

worać

wpadać

wpakować

wpaść

wpatrzyć

wpełzać

wpełznąć

wpędzić

wpienić

wpiąć

wpieprzyć

wpierdolić

wpisać

wplątać

wpleść

wpłacić

wpłynąć

wpływać

wpoić

wprawić

wprowadzić

wprząść

przywdziać

przywdziewać

wpuszczać

wpuścić

wraić

wrazić

wrąbać

wręczyć

wrobić

wrodzić

wrodzony

wrosnąć

wrostek

wryć

wrzepić

wrzucić

wsadzić

wscapić

wsierdzie

wsiadać

wsiąkać

wsiąść

wskakiwać

wskoczyć

wskórać

wsławić

wsłuchać

współ-

wstać

wstawać

wstawiać

wstawić

wstąpić

wsunąć

wsuwać

wsypać

wszamać

wszczepić

wszyć

wtajemniczyć

wtarabanić

wtargnąć

wtaszczyć

wciry

wtłoczyć

wtoczyć

wtopić

wtrącić

wtroić

wtrynić

wtykać

wwiercić

wwieźć

wklęsać

wwozić

wstrzyknąć

wzorcować

wzrok

wezwać

wżenić

wtranżolić

Further reading

• “w-”, in Polish dictionaries at PWN‎^[1] (in Polish)

Potawatomi

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /w/

Etymology 1

Shortening of win.

Prefix

w- anim (intransitive)

1. third-person singular of

   Synonym: wde-

See also

• -k
• -et

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Algonquian *we-, from Proto-Algic *weʔ-. Cognate to Ojibwe w-, wi-

Prefix

w- anim or inan (informal)

1. third-person singular possession marker

   Synonym: wde-

Derived terms

• wdé'

See also

• w- -ëm
• w- -mëwa

Swahili

Alternative forms

• u-

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Sabaki *lw- and *w-.

Cognate with Ngazidja Comorian u-, which resulted from a similar merger. As a class-XI prefix, this is furthermore cognate with Giryama lw-, Rwanda-Rundi rw-. As a class-XIV prefix, this is cognate with Giryama w-, Rwanda-Rundi bw-, and Zulu tshw-.

Prefix

w- (plural ny-)

1. u class_(XI) noun prefix used before vowels

   wakati mwingine ― another time

Tooro

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /w-/

Prefix

w-

1. Form used before a verb affixed with -a- or subjunctive -e- of o-

   ‎w- + ‎efubike (“to cover oneself”) → ‎wefubike (“may you cover yourself”)

Ye'kwana

Etymology 1

Alternative forms

• ∅- (allomorph before a consonant)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [w-]

Prefix

w-

1. Obligatorily marks derivations of intransitive verbs adverbialized with -e or nominalized with any marker.

Usage notes

This prefix is unrealized (disappears) when the stem it is attached to begins with a consonant. When it is used in the third person, the third-person marker y- itself is unrealized, but it palatalizes this suffix w- to y- and lengthens the vowel after it if possible, so that w- appears to disappear (as it becomes indistinguishable from the pre-vocalic form of the third-person marker y- that palatalized it).

This prefix comes between the person marker and the verb stem.

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

• wi- (allomorph before a consonant)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [w-]

Prefix

w-

1. Marks a transitive verb as having a first-person agent/subject when the patient/object is of third person.
2. Marks an intransitive verb with agent-like argument or (with certain vowel-initial verbs) patient-like argument as having a first-person argument/subject with verb forms that take series I markers.

Usage notes

The form w- is used with stems that start with a vowel; wi- is used with those that start with a consonant, in which case the initial consonant is also palatalized. In practice, since all intransitive verbs to which this prefix can attach start with a vowel, wi- only appears on certain transitive verbs.

Inflection

Ye'kwana personal markers

pronoun noun possessor/ series II verb argument postposition object series I verb argument transitive patient intransitive patient-like intransitive agent-like transitive agent first person ewü y-, ∅-, ü-, u-1 w-, wi- first person dual inclusive küwü k-, kü-, ku-, ki- k-, kii-, ki-1 second person amödö ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- m-, mi- first person dual exclusive nña y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-1 chö- ∅- n-, ni- third person tüwü n-, ni- distant past third person — kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- coreferential/reflexive — t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- — reciprocal — — öö- With following vowel lengthened if in an unreduced open syllable. series I verb argument: transitive agent and transitive patient 1st person > 2nd person mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni- 1st person dual exclusive > 2nd person 2nd person > 1st person k-, kü-, ku-, ki- 2nd person > 1st person dual exclusive 3rd person > any person X …or… any person X > 3rd person see person X in the chart above

References

• Cáceres, Natalia (2011), “w-”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎^[2], Lyon, pages 152, 179–180, 200–202