Zoisite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Zoisite
Formula:
(CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Colour:
Colourless, purple, greyish-white, grey, yellowish-brown, yellow, pink, green, blue, violet
Lustre:
Vitreous, Pearly
Hardness:
6 - 7
Specific Gravity:
3.15 - 3.36
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Name:
Originally named saualpite for the locality Saualpe in Carinthia, Austria, where it occurs in eclogites. The name zoisite was introduced by A.G. Werner in 1805 to honour Sigmund Zois, Baron von Edelstein (1747-1819), an Austrian scholar who financed mineral-collecting expeditions. It was from Baron Zois that Werner obtained the holotype specimen from Saualpe (found by mineral dealer Simon Prešern in 1804).
Dimorph of:
Formerly assigned to the Epidote Group. Since Zoisite is the orthorhombic polymorph of Clinozoisite, zoisite is no longer considered a member of this group, according to the new nomenclature of the Epidote Supergroup (Armbruster et al., 2006; Mills et al., 2009).
The fully calcian (or Ca2) analogue of zoisite-(Pb).
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Zoisite.
The fully calcian (or Ca2) analogue of zoisite-(Pb).
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Zoisite.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
4430
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:4430:7
IMA Classification of Zoisite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Ca2Al3[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)
Classification of Zoisite
9.BG.10
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
B : Sorosilicates
G : Sorosilicates with mixed SiO4 and Si2O7 groups; cations in octahedral [6] and greater coordination
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
B : Sorosilicates
G : Sorosilicates with mixed SiO4 and Si2O7 groups; cations in octahedral [6] and greater coordination
58.2.1b.1
58 : SOROSILICATES Insular, Mixed, Single, and Larger Tetrahedral Groups
2 : Insular, Mixed, Single, and Larger Tetrahedral Groups with cations in [6] and higher coordination; single and double groups (n = 1, 2)
58 : SOROSILICATES Insular, Mixed, Single, and Larger Tetrahedral Groups
2 : Insular, Mixed, Single, and Larger Tetrahedral Groups with cations in [6] and higher coordination; single and double groups (n = 1, 2)
16.9.8
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
9 : Aluminosilicates of Ca
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
9 : Aluminosilicates of Ca
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Zo | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Zo | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
| Zo | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Zo | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Zo | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Pronunciation of Zoisite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom | |
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Zoisite
Vitreous, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
Pearly on cleavage {010}
Colour:
Colourless, purple, greyish-white, grey, yellowish-brown, yellow, pink, green, blue, violet
Streak:
White
Hardness:
6 - 7 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {010}
Imperfect on {100}
Perfect on {010}
Imperfect on {100}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal
Density:
3.15 - 3.36 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.35 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Zoisite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.696 - 1.700 nβ = 1.696 - 1.702 nγ = 1.702 - 1.718
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.006 - 0.018
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
relatively strong
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X= pale pink to red violet
Y= nearly colourless to bright pink or deep blue
Z= pale yellow to yellow-green
Y= nearly colourless to bright pink or deep blue
Z= pale yellow to yellow-green
Chemistry of Zoisite
Mindat Formula:
(CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH)
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
Fe,Mn,Mg,Cr,Ti,Ca,Na,V,Sr,H2O
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SiO2 | 40.1 % | 39.74 % | 39.00 % | 39.43 % |
| Al2O3 | 31.9 % | 33.33 % | 31.96 % | 31.89 % |
| Mn2O3 | 0.1 % | |||
| Fe2O3 | 2.7 % | |||
| CaO | 23.3 % | 25.21 % | 24.88 % | 24.36 % |
| H2O | 1.9 % | |||
| TiO2 | 0.02 % | 0.08 % | ||
| Cr2O3 | 0.08 % | 0.19 % | ||
| FeO | 0.76 % | 1.65 % | ||
| MnO | 0.05 % | 0.05 % | 0.06 % | |
| MgO | 0.09 % | 0.15 % | 0.03 % | |
| Na2O | 0.02 % | 0.02 % | ||
| K2O | 0.01 % | 0.05 % | ||
| FeOt | 2.30 % | |||
| Total: | 100 % | 99.31 % | 98.03 % | 98.07 % |
Empirical formulas:
| Sample ID | Empirical Formula |
|---|---|
| 2 | Ca2.01(Al2.94Mg0.02Mn0.01Fe3+0.05 Cr0.01)Σ3.03Si2.99O12(OH) |
| 3 | Ca2.04 (Al2.88Mg0.02Fe0.10Cr0.01)Σ3.01Si2.98) O22OH |
| 4 | Ca1.99Al2.86Si2.98O22OH |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mjønes Tunnel, Åstfjorden, Snillfjord, Orkland, Trøndelag, Norway | Pink zoisite, PXRD + SEM/EDS | |
| 2 | Eissee eclogite, Timmelbach valley, Prägraten am Großvenediger, Lienz District, Tyrol, Austria | Zoisite from the matrix of a kyanite-eclogite. | |
| 3 | Steinsteg eclogite, Frosnitz valley, Matrei in Osttirol, Lienz District, Tyrol, Austria | EMPA analysis of zoisite laths of up to 3 mm in length from the matrix in a kyanite eclogite. | |
| 4 | Obidim eclogite, Bansko Municipality, Blagoevgrad Province, Bulgaria | EMPA analysis ( State Geological Institute of Dionyz Stur in Bratislava).of a zoisite inclusion in garnet from a kyanite-eclogite. |
Crystallography of Zoisite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Pnma
Cell Parameters:
a = 16.19 Å, b = 5.54 Å, c = 10.03 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 2.922 : 1 : 1.81
Unit Cell V:
899.62 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Prismatic crystals, columnar to compact, massive
Crystallographic forms of Zoisite
Crystal Atlas:
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000184 | Zoisite | Dollase W A (1968) Refinement and comparison of the structures of zoisite and clinozoisite American Mineralogist 53 1882-1898 | ![]() | 1968 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001859 | Zoisite | Comodi P, Zanazzi P F (1997) The pressure behavior of clinozoisite and zoisite: An X-ray diffraction study American Mineralogist 82 61-68 | ![]() | 1997 | 0.0001 | 293 | |
| 0002855 | Zoisite | Liebscher A, Gottschalk M, Franz G (2002) The substitution Fe-Al and the isosymmetric displacive phase transition in synthetic zoisite: A powder X-ray and infrared spectroscopic study American Mineralogist 87 909-921 | ![]() | 2002 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002856 | Zoisite | Liebscher A, Gottschalk M, Franz G (2002) The substitution Fe-Al and the isosymmetric displacive phase transition in synthetic zoisite: A powder X-ray and infrared spectroscopic study American Mineralogist 87 909-921 | ![]() | 2002 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002857 | Zoisite | Liebscher A, Gottschalk M, Franz G (2002) The substitution Fe-Al and the isosymmetric displacive phase transition in synthetic zoisite: A powder X-ray and infrared spectroscopic study American Mineralogist 87 909-921 | ![]() | 2002 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002858 | Zoisite | Liebscher A, Gottschalk M, Franz G (2002) The substitution Fe-Al and the isosymmetric displacive phase transition in synthetic zoisite: A powder X-ray and infrared spectroscopic study American Mineralogist 87 909-921 | ![]() | 2002 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002859 | Zoisite | Liebscher A, Gottschalk M, Franz G (2002) The substitution Fe-Al and the isosymmetric displacive phase transition in synthetic zoisite: A powder X-ray and infrared spectroscopic study American Mineralogist 87 909-921 | ![]() | 2002 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0004382 | Zoisite | Dorsam G, Liebscher A, Franz G, Gottschalk M (2007) Crystal chemistry of synthetic Ca2Al3Si3O12OH - Sr2Al3Si3O12OH solid solution series of zoisite and clinozoisite American Mineralogist 92 1133-1147 | ![]() | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004383 | Zoisite | Dorsam G, Liebscher A, Franz G, Gottschalk M (2007) Crystal chemistry of synthetic Ca2Al3Si3O12OH - Sr2Al3Si3O12OH solid solution series of zoisite and clinozoisite American Mineralogist 92 1133-1147 | ![]() | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004384 | Zoisite | Dorsam G, Liebscher A, Franz G, Gottschalk M (2007) Crystal chemistry of synthetic Ca2Al3Si3O12OH - Sr2Al3Si3O12OH solid solution series of zoisite and clinozoisite American Mineralogist 92 1133-1147 | ![]() | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004385 | Zoisite | Dorsam G, Liebscher A, Franz G, Gottschalk M (2007) Crystal chemistry of synthetic Ca2Al3Si3O12OH - Sr2Al3Si3O12OH solid solution series of zoisite and clinozoisite American Mineralogist 92 1133-1147 | ![]() | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004386 | Zoisite | Dorsam G, Liebscher A, Franz G, Gottschalk M (2007) Crystal chemistry of synthetic Ca2Al3Si3O12OH - Sr2Al3Si3O12OH solid solution series of zoisite and clinozoisite American Mineralogist 92 1133-1147 | ![]() | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004387 | Zoisite | Dorsam G, Liebscher A, Franz G, Gottschalk M (2007) Crystal chemistry of synthetic Ca2Al3Si3O12OH - Sr2Al3Si3O12OH solid solution series of zoisite and clinozoisite American Mineralogist 92 1133-1147 | ![]() | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004388 | Zoisite | Dorsam G, Liebscher A, Franz G, Gottschalk M (2007) Crystal chemistry of synthetic Ca2Al3Si3O12OH - Sr2Al3Si3O12OH solid solution series of zoisite and clinozoisite American Mineralogist 92 1133-1147 | ![]() | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004389 | Zoisite | Dorsam G, Liebscher A, Franz G, Gottschalk M (2007) Crystal chemistry of synthetic Ca2Al3Si3O12OH - Sr2Al3Si3O12OH solid solution series of zoisite and clinozoisite American Mineralogist 92 1133-1147 | ![]() | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004390 | Zoisite | Dorsam G, Liebscher A, Franz G, Gottschalk M (2007) Crystal chemistry of synthetic Ca2Al3Si3O12OH - Sr2Al3Si3O12OH solid solution series of zoisite and clinozoisite American Mineralogist 92 1133-1147 | ![]() | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004391 | Zoisite | Dorsam G, Liebscher A, Franz G, Gottschalk M (2007) Crystal chemistry of synthetic Ca2Al3Si3O12OH - Sr2Al3Si3O12OH solid solution series of zoisite and clinozoisite American Mineralogist 92 1133-1147 | ![]() | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004392 | Zoisite | Dorsam G, Liebscher A, Franz G, Gottschalk M (2007) Crystal chemistry of synthetic Ca2Al3Si3O12OH - Sr2Al3Si3O12OH solid solution series of zoisite and clinozoisite American Mineralogist 92 1133-1147 | ![]() | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004393 | Zoisite | Dorsam G, Liebscher A, Franz G, Gottschalk M (2007) Crystal chemistry of synthetic Ca2Al3Si3O12OH - Sr2Al3Si3O12OH solid solution series of zoisite and clinozoisite American Mineralogist 92 1133-1147 | ![]() | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004394 | Zoisite | Dorsam G, Liebscher A, Franz G, Gottschalk M (2007) Crystal chemistry of synthetic Ca2Al3Si3O12OH - Sr2Al3Si3O12OH solid solution series of zoisite and clinozoisite American Mineralogist 92 1133-1147 | ![]() | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004395 | Zoisite | Dorsam G, Liebscher A, Franz G, Gottschalk M (2007) Crystal chemistry of synthetic Ca2Al3Si3O12OH - Sr2Al3Si3O12OH solid solution series of zoisite and clinozoisite American Mineralogist 92 1133-1147 | ![]() | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004396 | Zoisite | Dorsam G, Liebscher A, Franz G, Gottschalk M (2007) Crystal chemistry of synthetic Ca2Al3Si3O12OH - Sr2Al3Si3O12OH solid solution series of zoisite and clinozoisite American Mineralogist 92 1133-1147 | ![]() | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004397 | Zoisite | Dorsam G, Liebscher A, Franz G, Gottschalk M (2007) Crystal chemistry of synthetic Ca2Al3Si3O12OH - Sr2Al3Si3O12OH solid solution series of zoisite and clinozoisite American Mineralogist 92 1133-1147 | ![]() | 2007 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0019070 | Zoisite | Alvaro M, Angel R J, Camara F (2012) High-pressure behavior of zoisite American Mineralogist 97 1165-1176 | 2012 | Merelani Hills, Tanzania | 0.0001 | 293 | |
| 0019071 | Zoisite | Alvaro M, Angel R J, Camara F (2012) High-pressure behavior of zoisite American Mineralogist 97 1165-1176 | 2012 | Merelani Hills, Tanzania | 7.766 | 293 | |
| 0019072 | Zoisite | Alvaro M, Angel R J, Camara F (2012) High-pressure behavior of zoisite American Mineralogist 97 1165-1176 | 2012 | Merelani Hills, Tanzania | 5.145 | 293 | |
| 0019073 | Zoisite | Alvaro M, Angel R J, Camara F (2012) High-pressure behavior of zoisite American Mineralogist 97 1165-1176 | 2012 | Merelani Hills, Tanzania | 1.144 | 293 | |
| 0019074 | Zoisite | Alvaro M, Angel R J, Camara F (2012) High-pressure behavior of zoisite American Mineralogist 97 1165-1176 | 2012 | Merelani Hills, Tanzania | 2.945 | 293 | |
| 0019075 | Zoisite | Alvaro M, Angel R J, Camara F (2012) High-pressure behavior of zoisite American Mineralogist 97 1165-1176 | 2012 | Merelani Hills, Tanzania | 4.025 | 293 | |
| 0019076 | Zoisite | Alvaro M, Angel R J, Camara F (2012) High-pressure behavior of zoisite American Mineralogist 97 1165-1176 | 2012 | Merelani Hills, Tanzania | 5.533 | 293 | |
| 0019077 | Zoisite | Alvaro M, Angel R J, Camara F (2012) High-pressure behavior of zoisite American Mineralogist 97 1165-1176 | 2012 | Merelani Hills, Tanzania | 6.511 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.693 Å | (100) |
| 2.874 Å | (65) |
| 4.03 Å | (50) |
| 8.09 Å | (40) |
| 2.019 Å | (35) |
| 1.601 Å | (35) |
| 5.01 Å | (30) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
| 16 : Low-? aqueous alteration of Hadean subaerial lithologies (see also #23) | |
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 39 : High-? metamorphism (blueschist, eclogite, ultrahigh ? facies) | |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) | |
| 41 : Mantle metasomatism |
Geological Setting:
Medium grade regionally metamorphosed rocks, eclogites, blueschist facies metamorphic rocks.
Type Occurrence of Zoisite
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Pegmatite in eclogite
Synonyms of Zoisite
Other Language Names for Zoisite
Varieties of Zoisite
| Chrome-Zoisite | A Cr-bearing variety of Zoisite. |
| Pseudozoisite | A zoisite with anomalous optical properties. |
| Tanzanite | A gem variety of zoisite with a blue to blue-violet colour. The colour is due to the incorporation of trace amounts of vanadium cations (V4+ absorption band increased at 380 nm, V3+ absorption band at 350 nm decreased with heating). Note that a signifi... |
| Thulite | A pink variety of zoisite, frequently manganian, i.e. containing trivalent Mn (not manganoan, which refers to divalent Mn). Originally described from Kleppan, Sauland, Hjartdal, Telemark, Norway. Note: "Thulite" from granite pegmatites and some metamorp... |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 89 photos of Zoisite associated with Ruby | Al2O3 |
| 58 photos of Zoisite associated with Pargasite | NaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| 26 photos of Zoisite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 16 photos of Zoisite associated with Graphite | C |
| 16 photos of Zoisite associated with Actinolite | ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 15 photos of Zoisite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 14 photos of Zoisite associated with Corundum | Al2O3 |
| 8 photos of Zoisite associated with Diopside | CaMgSi2O6 |
| 7 photos of Zoisite associated with Prehnite | Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 |
| 6 photos of Zoisite associated with Margarite | CaAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.BG. | Alumovesuvianite | Ca19AlAl4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
| 9.BG. | Alnaperbøeite-(Ce) | Ca(Ce2.5Na0.5)(AlAl2Al)[Si2O7][SiO4]3O(OH)2 |
| 9.BG. | Zilbermintsite-(La) | (CaLa5)(Fe3+Al3Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]5O(OH)3 |
| 9.BG. | Heflikite | (CaCa)(AlAlSc)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG. | Magnesiovesuvianite | Ca19MgAl4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10](OH)(OH)9 |
| 9.BG. | Zoisite-(Pb) | (CaPb)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG. | Shuiskite-(Cr) | Ca2Cr3+Cr3+2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2O |
| 9.BG. | Radekškodaite Group | |
| 9.BG.05 | Dissakisite-(La) | (CaLa)(AlAlMg)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05 | Manganiandrosite-(Ce) | (Mn2+Ce)(Mn3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | Dissakisite-(Ce) | (CaCe)(AlAlMg)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | Allanite-(Sm) | (CaSm)(AlAlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05a | Hancockite | (CaPb)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05 | Dollaseite-(Ce) | (CaCe)(MgAlMg)F[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05a v | Unnamed (Ga-analogue of Epidote) | (CaCa)(AlAlGa3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05a | Clinozoisite | (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05a | Epidote-(Sr) | (CaSr)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05 | Vanadoandrosite-(Ce) | (Mn2+Ce)(V3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | Vanadoallanite-(La) | (CaLa)(V3+AlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | Unnamed (Mg-analogue of Ferriallanite-(Ce)) | (CaCe)(Fe3+AlMg)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | Ferriallanite-(La) | (CaLa)(Fe3+AlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05 | Uedaite-(Ce) | (Mn2+Ce)(AlAlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05a | Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05 | Tweddillite | (CaSr)(Mn3+AlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | Åskagenite-(Nd) | (Mn2+Nd)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4]O |
| 9.BG.05 | Piemontite-(Pb) | (CaPb)(AlAlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | Allanite-(Ce) | (CaCe)(AlAlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | Allanite-(La) | (CaLa)(AlAlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | Allanite-(Y) | (CaY)(AlAlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05a | Piemontite | (CaCa)(AlAlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | Akasakaite-(Ce) | (CaCe)(AlAlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | Manganiandrosite-(La) | (Mn2+La)(Mn3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | Akasakaite-(La) | (CaLa)(AlAlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | Vanadoakasakaite-(La) | (CaLa)(V3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05 | Khristovite-(Ce) | (CaCe)(MgAlMn2+)F[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | Ferriakasakaite-(La) | (CaLa)(Fe3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05 | Ferriandrosite-(La) | (Mn2+La)(Fe3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05 | Androsite-(Ce) | (Mn2+Ce)(AlAlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05 | Vielleaureite-(Ce) | (Mn2+Ce)(MgAlMn2+)F[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05 | Ferriandrosite-(Ce) | (Mn2+Ce)(Fe3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | Ferriallanite-(Ce) | (CaCe)(Fe3+AlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | Unnamed (Mn3+-analogue of Ferriakasakaite-(Ce)) | (CaCe)(Mn3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | Vanadoakasakaite-(Ce) | (CaCe)(V3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05 | Piemontite-(Sr) | (CaSr)(AlAlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05 | Niigataite | (CaSr)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | Ferriakasakaite-(Ce) | (CaCe)(Fe3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | Allanite-(Nd) | (CaNd)(AlAlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | UM1989-32-SiO:AlCaFeHREE | (Ca0.5◻0.5REE)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05a | Mukhinite | (CaCa)(AlAlV3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.05b | Manganiakasakaite-(La) | (CaLa)(Mn3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
| 9.BG.15 | Macfallite | Ca2Mn3+3(SiO4)(Si2O7)(OH)3 |
| 9.BG.15 | Sursassite | Mn2+2Al3(SiO4)(Si2O7)(OH)3 |
| 9.BG.20 | Pumpellyite-(Al) | Ca2AlAl2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2O |
| 9.BG.20 | Shuiskite-(Mg) | Ca2MgCr3+2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2(OH) |
| 9.BG.20 | Julgoldite-(Fe2+) | Ca2Fe2+Fe3+2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2(OH) |
| 9.BG.20 | Okhotskite | Ca2Mn2+Mn3+2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2(OH) |
| 9.BG.20 | Julgoldite-(Mg) | Ca2MgFe3+2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2(OH) |
| 9.BG.20 | Poppiite | Ca2V3+V3+2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2O |
| 9.BG.20 | Julgoldite-(Fe3+) | Ca2Fe3+Fe3+2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2O |
| 9.BG.20 | Pumpellyite-(Fe2+) | Ca2Fe2+Al2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2(OH) |
| 9.BG.20 | Pumpellyite-(Fe3+) | Ca2Fe3+Al2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2O |
| 9.BG.20 | Pumpellyite-(Mg) | Ca2MgAl2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2(OH) |
| 9.BG.20 | Pumpellyite-(Mn2+) | Ca2Mn2+Al2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2(OH) |
| 9.BG.25 | Ganomalite | Pb9Ca5Mn(Si2O7)4(SiO4)O |
| 9.BG.25 | Wayneburnhamite | Pb9Ca6(Si2O7)3(SiO4)3 |
| 9.BG.30 | Rustumite | Ca10(Si2O7)2(SiO4)(OH)2Cl2 |
| 9.BG.35 | Modraite | Ca19Fe2+Al4(Al6Fe2+2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10](OH)(OH)9 |
| 9.BG.35 | Fluorvesuvianite | Ca19Fe3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(F,OH)9 |
| 9.BG.35 | Vesuvianite | Ca19Fe3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
| 9.BG.35 | Milanriederite | (Ca18[REE])Fe3+Al4(Mg4Al4)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10](OH)(OH)9 |
| 9.BG.35 | Manaevite-(Ce) | (Ca13Ce4[H2O]2)Mg(Al3Mg)(Mg3Ti3Fe3+2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)8(H4O4)2]O(OH)9 |
| 9.BG.35 | Hongheite | Ca19Fe2+Al4(Fe3+,Mg)8(◻4)B[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH,O)9 |
| 9.BG.35 | Wiluite | Ca19MgAl4(Al,Mg)8(B,◻)4◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(O,OH)9 |
| 9.BG.35 | Cyprine | Ca19Cu2+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10](OH)(OH)9 |
| 9.BG.35 | Manganvesuvianite | Ca19Mn3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
| 9.BG.40 | Vyuntspakhkite-(Y) | (Y,Yb)4Al2.5-1.5(Si,Al)1.5-2.5(SiO4)4O(OH)7 |
| 9.BG.45 | Dellaite | Ca6Si3O11(OH)2 |
| 9.BG.50 | Ferriperbøeite-(Ce) | CaCe3(Fe3+Al2Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]3O(OH)2 |
| 9.BG.50 | Perbøeite-(La) | CaLa3(AlAl2Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]3O(OH)2 |
| 9.BG.50 | Perbøeite-(Ce) | CaCe3(AlAl2Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]3O(OH)2 |
| 9.BG.50 | Gatelite-(Ce) | CaCe3(AlAl2Mg)[Si2O7][SiO4]3O(OH)2 |
| 9.BG.50 | Ferriperbøeite-(La) | CaLa3(Fe3+Al2Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]3O(OH)2 |
| 9.BG.55 | Västmanlandite-(Ce) | CaCe3(MgAl2Mg)[Si2O7][SiO4]3F(OH)2 |
| 9.BG.60 | Radekškodaite-(La) | (CaLa5)(Al4Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]5O(OH)3 |
| 9.BG.60 | Radekškodaite-(Ce) | (CaCe5)(Al4Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]5O(OH)3 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Zoisite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Zoisite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-4430.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
References for Zoisite
Reference List:
Pistorius, Carl W. F. T. (1961) Synthesis and Lattice Constants of Pure Zoisite and Clinozoisite. The Journal of Geology, 69 (5) 604-609 doi:10.1086/626774
Dollase, W. A. (1968) Refinement and comparison of the structures of zoisite and clinozoisite. American Mineralogist, 53 (11-12) 1882-1898
Abrecht, J. (1981) Pink zoisite from the Aar Massif, Switzerland. Mineralogical Magazine, 44 (333) 45-49 doi:10.1180/minmag.1981.44.333.05
Maaskant, P. (1985) The iron content and optic axial angle in zoisites from Galicia, NW Spain. Mineralogical Magazine, 49 (350) 97-100 doi:10.1180/minmag.1985.049.350.14
Jenkins, David M., Newton, Robert C., Goldsmith, Julian R. (1985) Relative Stability of Fe-Free Zoisite and Clinozoisite. The Journal of Geology, 93 (6) 663-672 doi:10.1086/628994
Smith, J. V., Pluth, J. J., Richardson, J. W., Kvick, Å. (1987) Neutron diffraction study of zoisite at 15 K and X-ray study at room temperature. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 179 (1). 305-321 doi:10.1524/zkri.1987.179.1-4.305
Franz, Gerhard, Selverstone, Jane (1992) An empirical phase diagram for the clinozoisite-zoisite transformation in the system Ca2Al3Si3O12(OH)-Ca2Al2Fe3+Si3O12(OH). American Mineralogist, 77 (5-6). 631-642
Schmidt, Max W., Poli, Stefano (1994) The stability of lawsonite and zoisite at high pressures: Experiments in CASH to 92 kbar and implications for the presence of hydrous phases in subducted lithosphere. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 124 (1) 105-118 doi:10.1016/0012-821x(94)00080-8
Pawley, A. R., Redfern, Simon A. T., Holland, T. J. B. (1996) Volume behavior of hydrous minerals at high pressure and temperature: I. Thermal expansion of lawsonite, zoisite, clinozoisite, and diaspore. American Mineralogist, 81 (3). 335-340 doi:10.2138/am-1996-3-407
Holland, T. J. B., Redfern, Simon A. T., Pawley, A. R. (1996) Volume behavior of hydrous minerals at high pressure and temperature: II. Compressibilities of lawsonite, zoisite, clinozoisite, and epidote. American Mineralogist, 81 (3). 341-348 doi:10.2138/am-1996-3-408
Grevel, Klaus-D., Nowlan, Elke Ursula, Fasshauer, Detlef W., Burchard, Michael (2000) In situ X-ray diffraction investigation of lawsonite and zoisite at high pressures and temperatures. American Mineralogist, 85 (1) 206-216 doi:10.2138/am-2000-0120
Armbruster, Thomas, Bonazzi, Paola, Akasaka, Masahide, Bermanec, Vladimir, Chopin, Christian, Gieré, Reto, Heuss-Assbichler, Soraya, Liebscher, Axel, Menchetti, Silvio, Pan, Yuanming, Pasero, Marco (2006) Recommended nomenclature of epidote-group minerals. European Journal of Mineralogy, 18 (5) 551-567 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2006/0018-0551
Localities for Zoisite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Herb Obodda +1 other reference | |
Antarctica | |
| Elvevold et al. (2010) |
| Ferrero et al. (2018) |
| American Mineralogist |
| Schlüter et al. (2011) | |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Bortnikov et al. (2006, July) |
Australia | |
| Various (1965) |
| Gilligan et al. (1993) |
| [var: Thulite] Dr A.R. McKinnon |
| Fitzherbert et al. (2017) | |
| Birch BH Book |
| Mason (1987) | |
| Ryan (1961) |
| Ahmad et al. (compilers) |
| Sielecki (1988) |
| Wang et al. (2024) |
| Brugger et al. (2006) |
| |
| Calver (2007) |
| Lawrence (1958) |
| Råheim et al. (3) +1 other reference |
| Threader (1965) | |
| [var: Thulite] Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| [var: Thulite] Mason (1976) | |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Western Australia Department of Mines (1930) |
| McCuaig (1997) |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Simpson (1948) | |
| Kalgoorlie Western Argus newspaper (1912) | |
| Simpson (1948) | |
| Simpson (1951) |
| Duuring et al. (2000) |
| Ben Grguric |
| Brotherton et al. (1990) |
| Simpson (1948) | |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Western Mail newspaper (Perth) |
| www.ore.com.au (2015) |
| Clarke et al |
| Clarke et al | |
| Clarke et al | |
| Clarke et al | |
| Fetherston (2004) |
| Simpson et al. (1948) |
| Blatchford et al. (1917) |
| Ore Petrology Chemistry and Timing of ... +2 other references |
Austria | |
| Analysis H. Pristacz 2009 |
| National History Museum Vienna ... +2 other references |
| Ucik (1998) |
| www.indra-g.at (2016) |
| Mottana et al. (1968) +2 other references |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Meixner (1952) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Puttner (1994) | |
| Blaß et al. (1999) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Canaval (1913) |
| Niedermayr (2009) |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Heritsch (1933) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Keyser et al. (2024) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Carinthia II (2013) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Slugitsch (1994) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| DOPPLER (2010) |
| Huber et al. (1977) |
| Database „Minerale NÖ“ (A. Thinschmidt and co-workers) |
| Sedlacek (1949) |
| Exel (1993) | |
| BECKE (1881) | |
| Sedlacek (1949) |
| Beran et al. (1985) |
| Löffler et al. (2011) |
| Niedermayr (1969) |
| [var: Thulite] Knobloch (2004) |
| Erwin Löffler & Martin Rich collection |
| [var: Thulite] Exel (1993) | |
| [var: Thulite] Löffler et al. (2011) |
| [var: Thulite] Löffler et al. (2011) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Neschen (n.d.) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Collection of NHM |
| Neschen (n.d.) | |
| - (n.d.) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Thalhammer et al. (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Münchener Mineralienfreunde +1 other reference |
| Preite (2012) | |
| [var: Thulite] Exel (1993) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Miller et al. (2005) |
| Aufschluss 1972 (SB) | |
| Weissensteiner (1970) +1 other reference |
| Aus: Alker (1960) |
| Exel (1993) | |
| Exel (1993) |
| Alker (1956) |
| Exel (1993) | |
| Dörler (1899) |
| Heritsch (1963) | |
| A.Alker (1958) |
| Miller et al. (2005) | |
| Bernhard et al. (2006) |
| Postl et al. (2002) |
| Postl |
| Hüttenmännische Monatshefte der ... +8 other references |
| [var: Thulite] Mason (1976) | |
| Miller (1970) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Vavtar (1986) |
| Amann et al. (1984) |
| Hoschek (2001) +1 other reference |
| Exel (1993) |
| Schäfer (1980) | |
| Hoschek (2004) |
| Weinschenk (1896) | |
| Exel (1993) |
| Cathrein (1887) +2 other references |
Belgium | |
| A. Darimont et al. |
| de Béthune (1977) +1 other reference | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Ustalić et al. (2024) |
Botswana | |
| Kelepile (2017) |
Brazil | |
| Mesquita et al. (2017) |
| Thomson & Fife (1995) |
| Kuyumjian +2 other references | |
| Sirqueira et al. (2018) |
| João Adauto Souza Neto (2001) +1 other reference |
Bulgaria | |
| JANÁK et al. (2011) |
| Petrusenko et al. (1996) | |
| Arnaudov et al. (1998) |
Canada | |
| Webster et al. (1992) |
| albite alunite andalusite andesine ... |
| Locock (1994) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| personal correspondence with Giles Peatfield (see comments) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) +4 other references |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Sabina (1972) |
| [var: Thulite] www.em.gov.bc.ca (n.d.) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Wilton et al. (1988) | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| personal correspondence with Giles Peatfield (see comments in description) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Febbo et al. (2019) |
| - (n.d.) |
| correspondance with Giles Peatfied |
| DeLury et al. (1931) |
| Bannatyne (1985) |
| Chen +2 other references |
| Parrish (1977) |
| Lemanski (n.d.) |
| Grant (2009) |
| Slack et al. (1989) |
| Sabina (1986) |
| Laarman |
| T. Tagai et al. |
| Sabina (1971) |
| |
| Franklin et al. (1991) | |
| D. H. Watkinson and G. Dunning v (1979) |
| N.T. Pettigrew and K.H. Hattori | |
| Ontario Bureau of Mines +1 other reference |
| [var: Thulite] - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| László Horváth (p.c., 2003) +1 other reference |
| GSC collection specimen |
| Sabina (1967) |
| Peter Tarassoff Collection. ... | |
| Horváth collection specimens |
| Trzcienski et al. (1987) |
| 179-181. +2 other references |
| Trottier et al. (1991) |
| Girard (1971) |
| Allard |
| Vollo (1959) |
| Sabina (1972) |
| Miller (2021) | |
| Gleeson ( 1970) |
| Sabina (1972) |
| Sabina (1972) | |
| [var: Thulite] Héon (2004) | |
| [var: Thulite] Héon (2004) | |
| [var: Thulite] Tenney et al. (1967-1980) +1 other reference | |
Chile | |
| Cook (1978) |
| Schira et al. (1990) |
| Maskaev et al. (2007) |
| Maskaev et al. (2007) |
China | |
| Zhou et al. (2007) |
| Zhou et al. (2007) | |
| Am. Min. |
| Castelli et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Li Yiliang et al. (2000) | |
| Yilin Xiao et al. (2000) |
| Aral (1993) |
| Aral (1993) | |
| Zhao et al. (1999) |
| Zhao et al. (1999) | |
| Li Li et al. (2010) |
| Zhizu He and Qinwei Dong (2012) | |
| Laigeng Yang (1989) | |
| Meng et al. (2023) |
| Bin Yang et al. (2007) |
| Wenjin Xiao (2009) |
| Qian-Jie Wang et al. (2007) |
| Hequn Yang et al. (2000) |
| Donghong Zhao et al. (2004) | |
| Donghong Liu (2009) |
| Zhang et al. (2024) |
| Zhaochong Zhang et al. (1994) |
| Xie et al. (2022) | |
| Guoxiang Chi (1992) |
| Golden Tiger Mining NL Prospectus |
| Zhaochong Zhang et al. (1994) |
| Tan et al. (2024) |
| Xiangji Liao et al. (2008) |
| Jing Sun et al. (2009) |
| Baode Wang et al. (2008) |
| North China Geological Exploration Bureau (2010) |
| Guanxiang Song (1991) +2 other references |
| Shuneng Liang et al. (2009) |
| Gao et al. (2021) |
| Zeng et al. (2023) |
| Chunbo Huang et al. (2002) |
| Chunbo Huang et al. (2002) | |
| Qiyun Xiao et al. (2009) |
| Nenggao Hu et al. (1995) |
| www.ngu.no (n.d.) |
| Luanling Liu and Junhua Ding (1987) |
| Fangshi Zhen et al. (2008) |
| Dai et al. (2024) |
| Jiang et al. (2018) |
| Xingyu Liao (2001) |
| Guojun Liu and Jianping Wang (2004) |
| Shanli Liu et al. (2011) |
| Shuyin Niu et al. (2008) |
| Zhong Wang (2004) |
| Li et al. (2024) |
| Hongli Liu et al. (2011) |
| Liangsheng Ge et al. (2012) |
| Yilin Xiao et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Jinjie Yu et al. (2006) | |
| Zhang et al. (2004) |
| Jinhai Yu et al. (2001) |
| Mineralogical Magazine |
| Jinjie Yu et al. (2006) |
| Jinjie Yu et al. (2006) | |
| Jili Shen (1988) |
| Zongyao et al. (2005) |
| Kuanglin Yan (1978) |
| Xiao'e Huang and Zhihua Xu (2005) |
| [var: Tanzanite] Yang et al. (2023) |
| Shi et al. (2018) |
| Matsuda (1969) |
| Liaoning Province Metallurgical and Geological Exploration Company Geophysical Team and Joint Study Group No. 102 (1980) |
| Dazhao Guo et al. (2005) | |
| Wenwei Lin (1987) |
| Yang et al. (2023) |
| Yang Jingsui et al. (2001) |
| Chen et al. (2024) | |
| Miao Yu et al. (2013) |
| Chunyan Dong et al. (2005) +2 other references | |
| Yunhua Liu et al. (2005) | |
| Yiming Zhao et al. (2013) |
| Huiwen Liu et al. (2014) |
| Che et al. (2024) |
| Guoxing Wu (1990) |
| Xiudao Jiang et al. (2010) |
| Zhaowei Zhang et al. (2008) |
| Haishan Wang et al. (2002) |
| Yan et al. (2018) |
| Hongrui Fan et al. (2005) |
| Jinhai Yu et al. (2001) |
| Haidong Zhang et al. (2010) |
| Iwao (1969) |
| Hongbing Hao and Wei Zhang (2001) |
| Quan Liu (2003) +2 other references |
| Jianbin Zheng et al. (2004) |
| Chenghua Zhang and Guodong Ji (1983) |
| Zhibin Gao (1982) |
| Congde Chen and Guangping Pu (1991) |
| Huiwen Wang (2004) |
| Yan Liu et al. (2010) |
| Wenyu Fan et al. (2007) |
| Xiangang Meng et al. (2004) | |
| Xiong Zhou et al. (2010) |
| Hanxiao Huang et al. (2012) |
| Li et al. (2024) +1 other reference |
| Li et al. (2023) |
| Yang et al. (2009) |
| Wenyi Xu et al. (2009) |
| Li et al. (2022) |
| Liu et al. (2024) |
| Daxin Li et al. (2013) |
| Wang et al. (2021) | |
| Zhang Anda et al. (2004) |
| Chunji Xue et al. (2011) |
| Xing-Wang Xu et al. (2014) |
| Shuying Qin (1983) +1 other reference |
| Yujian Wang et al. (2013) |
| Jiaxin Zhang (2003) | |
| Yanling Tang (2005) | |
| Chunming Han et al. (2006) |
| Dayu Zhang et al. (2010) | |
| Zhang et al. (2022) |
| Gao Jun et al. (2000) |
| [var: Thulite] Yanling Tang (2005) |
| Han et al. (2007) |
| Sun et al. (2022) |
| Jinyuan Cao et al. (2012) | |
| Jinggang Gao et al. (2014) |
| Zhao et al. (2018) | |
| Yong Cheng and Rui Zhang (2006) +2 other references |
| Yanling Tang (2005) |
| Gu et al. (2022) |
| Lifei Zhang et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Jinggang Gao et al. (2007) |
| Feng Yuan et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Liu et al. (2022) |
| Peng et al. (1998) |
| Wenchang Li et al. (2010) |
| Jiang et al. (2024) | |
| Kaiji Yu (1981) |
| Guang Tian et al. (2014) | |
| Xinpei Jiang (1994) +2 other references |
| Li et al. (2019) |
| Li et al. (2025) |
| Jinwen Li et al. (2013) |
| Yongfu Kang (1984) +2 other references |
Colombia | |
| Castellanos-Alarcón et al. (2016) |
Cuba | |
| Pujol-Solà et al. (2020) |
Czech Republic | |
| Litochleb +4 other references |
| Pauliš +3 other references |
| Gramblička (n.d.) |
| Gramblička (n.d.) |
| [var: Thulite] Kruťa |
| [var: Thulite] Kruťa (Frýdberka) |
| Nováček |
| [var: Thulite] Černý |
| Welser +5 other references |
| Černý |
| www.mineralos.cz (2003) |
| Houzar +1 other reference |
| Waldmann (1931) |
| Gramblička (n.d.) |
| Pauliš |
| Pauliš |
| Velebil +5 other references |
Czech Republic/Poland | |
| [var: Thulite] Lis et al. (1986) | |
DR Congo | |
| - (2005) |
Ecuador | |
| Aspden et al. (1995) |
| I. Vikentyev et al. (2005) |
Egypt | |
| Abdelfadil et al. (2024) |
| El-Desoky et al. (2023) | |
| Zoheir et al. (2024) |
| Taalab et al. (2023) | |
| El-Desoky et al. (2022) | |
| Hussein et al. (1988) | |
| El-Desoky et al. (2025) | |
| Fahmy et al. (2023) |
Finland | |
| [var: Thulite] Kinnunen et al. (2013) |
| Sipilä |
| Gustafsson et al. (2019) | |
| Kuikka (2018) |
| Peltonen et al. (2008) | |
| Sandström (2012) |
France | |
| F.H. Forestier : "Les Péridotites ... |
| FORESTIER F. H. (1969) |
| B +1 other reference |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Lacroix (1893) |
| Favreau (n.d.) |
| Favreau (n.d.) | |
| Jean-Vincent Coureau collection |
| Coureau et al. (2024) | |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| A.ABREAL (2015) |
| A. Lacroix (1962) |
| Inventaire Minéralogique de la France ... |
| Laurent Gayraud collection |
| Gonzalez et al. (2025) |
| Lips (2006) |
| Guitard (2010) |
| Dubru. M (1986) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Guitard (2010) | |
| Fortuné (1966) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Guitard (2010) | |
| Guitard (2010) | |
| Berbain et al. (2005) | |
| Castro et al. (2011) |
| Baret (1905) |
| Baret (1905) |
| INVENTAIRE DU PATRIMOINE GEOLOGIQUE DE ... |
| LACROIX A: Mineralogie de la France et ... +1 other reference | |
| G.Godard 2001 The Les Essarts eclogite-bearing metamorphic Complex (Vendée, southern Armorican Massif, France) |
| Périnet F. (2018) |
| Pusztaszeri (1969) +1 other reference |
Georgia | |
| M. et al. (2019) |
Germany | |
| |
| Weiß (1990) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof) |
| F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof) | |
| |
| Pohlner et al. (2021) |
| F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof) |
| F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof) |
| Rost (1949) |
| F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof) |
| Klemd (1989) |
| G. Franz and E.A. Smelik | |
| F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof) |
| F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof) |
| F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof) |
| F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof) |
| F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke" et al. (Hof) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Dill (2008) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Phillip Blümner collection |
| Weiß (1990) |
| [var: Thulite] Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| |
| Baumgärtl (2014) |
| van Wambeke (1961) |
| Brauns (1922) |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| ... |
| Schlegel (1991) |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
Greece | |
| Mposkos et al. (2011) |
| Melfos et al. (2002) |
| Melfos et al. (2025) | |
| [var: Thulite] Voudouris et al. (2019) |
| Voudouris et al. (2019) |
| Liati et al. (1994) | |
| [var: Thulite] Reinecke (1982) +1 other reference |
Greenland | |
| Harry et al. (1964) |
| Bell et al. (2014) |
| Sharpe (1980) |
| Williams (1984) |
Guatemala | |
| Mikhail Ostrooumov and Alfredo Victoria Morales (2010) |
Hungary | |
| Sztrókay |
| K. Török |
| Török |
| Szakáll & Gatter: Hun. Min. Spec. |
| Szakáll & Gatter: Hun. Min. Spec. |
India | |
| Sivaprakash (1980) |
| Sivaprakash (1982) | |
| Sahoo et al. (2025) |
| Devaraju et al. (1999) |
| Narayanan Kutty et al. (1977) +1 other reference |
| Prichard et al. (2018) |
| NIYOGI (1966) |
| Basu et al. (1982) +1 other reference |
| Deb (1980) |
| Baidya (1981) |
| Baidya | |
| Baidya (2014) | |
| Baidya | |
| Baidya | |
| Baidya | |
Indonesia | |
| Angeles et al. (2002) |
| Suhendra et al. (2024) |
| Suhendra et al. (2024) | |
Iran | |
| Gansser (1992) |
| Iranmanesh et al. (2018) |
Ireland | |
| O'Reilly et al. (1997) |
Italy | |
| · Seveke (1986/1987) |
| Castello et al. (2016) |
| Lecacheur et al. (2024) | |
| Dal Piaz et al. (2008) | |
| Goffé et al. (1997) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Martin et al. (1989) |
| Martin et al. (1989) | |
| Bonardi et al. (1984) |
| Bonardi et al. (1984) |
| Antofilli et al. (1983) |
| Marchesini et al. (2025) |
| Crettaz (1955) |
| SEM-EDS (AMI UK Service) |
| [var: Thulite] Antofilli et al. (1983) |
| [var: Thulite] Antofilli et al. (1983) | |
| Passarino (2020) | |
| Del Moro et al. (1981) | |
| Antofilli et al. (1983) |
| Tumiati et al. (2018) |
| Marchesini et al. (2025) |
| [var: Thulite] | |
| Klausner et al. (2009) |
| Barisone et al. (1979) |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) +1 other reference | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Abdel-Karim et al. (1989) |
| Lombardo et al. (1978) | |
| Compagnoni et al. (1976) |
| Roccati (1903) |
| Sandrone et al. (1988) |
| Sandrone et al. (1988) | |
| Sandrone et al. (1988) |
| Sandrone et al. (1988) |
| Barisone et al. (1979) |
| Zuccali et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Andreoli et al. (1978) |
| Sulla clinozoisite di Chiampernotto in ... |
| Piolti (1896) |
| Lincio (1928) +1 other reference | |
| Bussy et al. (1996) |
| Eur. J. Mineral. | |
| Ravagnani (1974) |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Viterbo (1959) |
| Barisone et al. (1979) |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) +1 other reference | |
| Eur. J. Mineral (1989) |
| Corno et al. (2022) |
| Pognante (1983) | |
| Eur. J. Mineral. | |
| Monte Soglio-Rocca Canavese +2 other references | |
| Sandrone et al. (1988) |
| Bussy et al. (1996) |
| Bussy et al. (1996) |
| Bussy et al. (1996) |
| Sandrone et al. (2004) |
| Corno et al. (2022) |
| Corno et al. (2022) | |
| G. Castaldo (editors) |
| Micro-Raman spectrum and SEM-EDS ... |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Eur. J. Mineral (1989) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Compagnoni et al. (2014) |
| Barisone et al. (1979) |
| Gruppo Mineralogico Lombardo (10) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Novarese (1896) |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Barisone et al. (1979) | |
| Sandrone et al. (1988) | |
| Bassani U. et al. (Ossola, Novara) |
| Albertini (1991) |
| De Michele (1974) |
| Matteo Chinellato collection | |
| Mattioli V. (1976) +3 other references |
| Sessa et al. (2017) |
| Stara et al. (1999) |
| Meloni et al. (2017) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Morgante (1956) |
| Folie et al. (2004) |
| Rocchetti (1989) |
| Hossfeld (1977) |
| Exel (1987) |
| [var: Thulite] De Michele (1974) |
| Bonifazi (2020) |
| Bonifazi (2020) |
| Bonifazi (2020) | |
| Manasse E. (Alpi Apuane) |
| Tucci (1988) |
| Tucci (1988) |
| Pedroni (1995) +1 other reference |
| Betti et al. (2017) |
| Brizzi G. et al. (FI) | |
| [var: Thulite] Brizzi G. (1996) | |
| Betti et al. (2017) |
| [var: Thulite] Orlandi (2005) |
| Brizzi et al. (3) |
| [var: Thulite] Orlandi (2005) |
| Nannoni |
| Orlandi (2005) +1 other reference |
| [var: Thulite] Brizzi G. et al. (1996) |
| [var: Thulite] C. Betti (2000) |
Jamaica | |
| Scott et al. (1999) |
Japan | |
| Introduction to Japanese Minerals (Geological Survey of Japan, 1970) |
| - (n.d.) | |
| Kato (2009) | |
| - (n.d.) |
| Hori +1 other reference |
| [var: Thulite] Nakamura +1 other reference | |
| [var: Thulite] Petrov (n.d.) |
| [var: Thulite] Okamoto & Tanaka (1958) | |
| [var: Thulite] Masutomi Museum specimen (Kyoto) |
| [var: Thulite] Okuno (1964) |
| Hariya +1 other reference |
| Nishiyama et al. (2017) |
| www.city.itoigawa.niigata.jp/fmm/detail-menu2/min109-corundum/corundum.html (in matrix of corundum-bearing river cobbles) |
| [var: Thulite] Nunes (n.d.) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Kovalev et al. (2018) |
| Bespaev et al. (n.d.) |
| Ogasawara et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Dobrzhinetskaya et al. (2003) |
| Yegorov et al. (1970) |
| Dobrzhinetskaya et al. (2003) |
| Duczmal-Czernikiewicz et al. (2023) | |
| Togizov et al. (2023) |
Kenya | |
| Pohl et al. (1979) |
| Schäfer (1993) |
Madagascar | |
| [var: Thulite] Collection Collection Musée National ... |
| Lefevre et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
Mexico | |
| Dana 6:A2:114 +1 other reference |
| Panzcer (1987) | |
| Mikhail Ostrooumov and Alfredo Victoria Morales (2010) |
| Querol +1 other reference |
| Anisimov et al. (2001) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| American Mineralogist 28:257-271 |
Myanmar | |
| Shi et al. (2012) |
Namibia | |
| Wilde (2023) |
Nazca Plate | |
| Zawadzki et al. (2022) | |
New Zealand | |
| Black |
| [var: Thulite] Service (1937) |
| Turner (1938) |
| Watters |
| [var: Thulite] Stott (pers. notes) |
| [var: Thulite] Thornton |
| Museum Victoria Mineralogy Collection |
| Jury (1981) |
North Korea | |
| Takeo Kato: "Two Types of Nickeliferous Pyrrhotite Deposits Found in Korea." (9 pp) |
North Macedonia | |
| Jersek et al. (1999) |
Norway | |
| [var: Thulite] Mason (1976) |
| [var: Thulite] Berlin (1850) |
| [var: Thulite] www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) |
| Van Autenboer et al. (1957) |
| Ljøstad (2016) |
| Wilke (1976) |
| [var: Thulite] Garmo et al. (2017) | |
| [var: Thulite] Garmo (1974) |
| [var: Thulite] Garmo (1974) | |
| Wilke (1976) | |
| [var: Thulite] Wilke (1976) | |
| [var: Thulite] - (n.d.) | |
| [var: Thulite] Rui (1992) |
| [var: Thulite] Rui (1991) | |
| Terry et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
| Bryhni (1964) |
| [var: Thulite] Ålesund Geologiforening collection (seen by Knut Edvard Larsen 24-05-2016) |
| Lappin (1960) |
| [var: Thulite] Larsen (2019) | |
| |
| Schetelig (1913) |
| Stuart Mills nov 2002 entry |
| Furuhaug et al. (1977) |
| Berg (1989) |
| Frigstad et al. (1970) +1 other reference |
| Saager (1967) | |
| [var: Thulite] Wiik (1989) | |
| Nissen. August L. (1972) |
| Nordrum (2003) |
| Nordrum (2003) +1 other reference |
| Manby (1983) |
| [var: Thulite] Brøgger (1879) +1 other reference |
| Vokes (1960) |
| [var: Thulite] Larsen (2016) |
| [var: Thulite] Garmo et al. (2017) |
| Barth (1953) |
| Bøe (1976) |
| Lindah et al. (1985) |
| Ash (1967) |
| Kullerud et al. (2012) |
| Janák et al. (2015) | |
| Ravna et al. (2017) | |
| Landmark (1951) |
| Nordrum (2009) |
| [var: Thulite] Gautneb (1990) |
| [var: Thulite] Garmo et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
| [var: Thulite] Witsø (1995) |
| [var: Thulite] Witsø (1995) | |
| Witsø (1995) | |
| Jørgensen et al. (2001) |
| [var: Thulite] Størseth (2019) |
| [var: Thulite] Mason (1976) | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... |
| Bryhni (1964) |
| Putnis et al. (2017) |
| Alver et al. (1990) |
| Bryhni (1964) |
| Atle Michaelsen photo & collection | |
| Bryhni (1964) |
| Green et al. (1972) |
| Smith et al. (1989) | |
| BRYHNI +2 other references |
| Carswell et al. (2003) | |
| Bryhni (1964) |
| Lappin (1960) |
| Oberti et al. (2007) |
| Cotkin (1997) |
| Carswell et al. (2003) | |
| Lappin (1960) | |
| Carswell et al. (2003) | |
| Nordrum (1999) |
| Garmo (2013) |
| [var: Thulite] Nordrum (2005) |
Oman | |
| Stanger et al. (1984) |
| |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Skowronek et al. (2021) |
| [var: Thulite] Fryer et al. (1992) |
| Yan et al. (2024) | |
Pakistan | |
| AKHTER et al. (2014) |
| Blauwet et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Hussain et al. (2025) | |
| - (n.d.) |
| Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences 43 (2010) |
| Wilson (2006) +2 other references | |
| Blauwet (2006) | |
| Blauwet (2004) +1 other reference |
| Hassam (2007) | |
| imported from Shigar District +2 other references | |
Paraguay | |
| Geological Survey Professional Paper 327 (U.S. Department of the Interior, 1959) |
Peru | |
| Tassinari et al. (2011) |
| Antoine de Haller (2000) |
Poland | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| SZUSZKIEWICZ et al. (2013) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| [var: Thulite] Harańczyk C. (1970) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| [var: Thulite] DUBIŃSKA E. et al. (Nasławice, Lower Silesia, Poland) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Ilnicki et al. (2019) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Traube (1888) +1 other reference |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Sachanbiński et al. (2000) | |
Portugal | |
| Pedro Alves collection. Characterized ... |
| LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia ... | |
| Gaspar et al. (2022) |
| Ramos et al. (2024) |
Romania | |
| Udubaşa G. et al. (2004) |
| Pál Molnár (2000) |
Russia | |
| Kovalev et al. (2006) |
| Leech et al. (2000) | |
| Gottman et al. (2018) |
| Khudyakova +3 other references |
| Cherkasova et al. (2015) | |
| Safina et al. (2015) |
| Local geolofist S.V.Kolesnichenko data |
| Kisters et al. (2000) |
| S. Kolesnichenko (visual ID) | |
| Vikentyev et al. (2004) |
| Rudashevskiy et al. (1983) |
| Gurbanov et al. (2008) |
| Burlakov (1995) |
| Burlakov (1999) | |
| Afanas'eva et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Radomskaya et al. (2017) | |
| Barkov et al. (2018) |
| |
| Volkov et al. (2016) |
| Pekin et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Mikhail Uchitel' analytical data |
| Grokhovskaya et al. (2014) |
| Bazai et al. (2009) |
| Negrutsa et al. (2000) |
| Kalinin +2 other references |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
| Rogulina et al. (2008) | |
| Kazachenko et al. (2013) |
| - (2014) |
| Sharkov et al. (2015) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
| Grishaenko et al. (2007) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| webmineral.ru (2020) | |
| [World of Stones 12:49] | |
| Antonov A.A. [Антонов А.А.] (2003) |
| Hyršl (1992) |
| Soloviev et al. (2013) |
| Svetlitskaya et al. (2022) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2014) |
| Yurgenson et al. (2023) |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Rojkovičová |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Pauliš |
| Ďuďa (1993) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Pauliš et al. (2002) |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Bacsó |
| Duda et. all. |
| Ďuďa R. et al. (1981) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
Slovenia | |
| Žorž et al. (2002) |
| Janák et al. (2015) | |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Gan et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross (1991) |
| Cairncross (1991) +1 other reference | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Montinaro et al. (2015) |
| |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Gevers +2 other references |
| Clifford et al. (2012) | |
South Korea | |
| Kinosaki (1941) |
| Fletcher (1977) |
Spain | |
| [var: Thulite] ANGEL ORTIZ MAELLAS AOM |
| Piña et al. (2012) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| J.I. Gil Ibarguchi |
| Arias et al. (2021) |
| Martin-Izard et al. (1995) |
Sudan | |
| Ahmed Khidir Yagoub () |
Sweden | |
| |
| Grensman et al. (2001) |
| Jansson et al. (2013) | |
| Jansson et al. (2013) |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Hamberg (1910) | |
| |
| |
| Henriques (1964) |
| |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
| |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
| Torstensson (2004) |
| Langhof et al. (1998) |
| Jonsson (1992) +1 other reference |
| |
| Quensel (1913) +3 other references |
| Jongejan et al. (1949) |
| |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
| Gatedal (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
| Sandström et al. (2009) |
| Östra Värmlands Mineral Society | |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
| Simán et al. (2025) |
| Axelsson et al. (2006) |
| Denis Martin Schlatter (2007) |
| |
| Aleva +1 other reference |
| Mulder +1 other reference |
| Bukała +5 other references |
| |
| |
| [var: Thulite] Jansson (1991) |
| [var: Thulite] Lyckberg (1990) |
Switzerland | |
| Krähenbühl H. (1985) |
| Mittelholzer (1936) |
| Trommsdorf (1968) +3 other references |
| [var: Thulite] Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Graeser et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| |
| Bearth (1963) +1 other reference |
| Keller L.M. (2001) | |
| Weinschenk (1896) |
| Bracke (n.d.) | |
| Bracke (n.d.) | |
Taiwan | |
| Wan et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| HENLEY et al. (2012) |
| Ichimura (1944) |
Tanzania | |
| [var: Tanzanite] | |
| www.excaliburmineral.com/mina-c.htm +2 other references | |
| Le Goff et al. (2010) | |
| Locality description +3 other references | |
| Yang +4 other references |
| [var: Tanzanite] Bindi +2 other references |
| [var: Tanzanite] Wilson et al. (2009) | |
| [var: Tanzanite] Wilson et al. (2009) | |
| [var: Tanzanite] Wilson et al. (2009) | |
| [var: Tanzanite] Olivier (2008) +1 other reference | |
| [var: Tanzanite] Andy Seibel | |
| [var: Tanzanite] Natural HistoryMuseum of Los Angeles ... | |
| Maaskant et al. (1980) |
| [var: Tanzanite] Mason (1976) |
Thailand | |
| Suthakorn (1992, November) |
Turkey | |
| Sarp et al. (1976) |
| Okay et al. (1985) |
Uganda | |
| Mbonimpa (2005) |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Hall (1979) |
| |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| www.mineralman.f9.co.uk (2001) |
| Taylor (1934) |
| Livingstone |
| Day (1999) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Bloxam et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Sargent et al. (Part II) |
Ukraine | |
| Liventseva (n.d.) |
| Lyckberg et al. (2009) |
USA | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Dean (1995) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| [var: Thulite] Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| USGS OFR 2004-1200 (Hawley,2004) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| Nye (1968) +1 other reference |
| Gilluly (1956) |
| Cooper (1957) +1 other reference |
| [var: Thulite] Cooper (1957) +2 other references | |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10039391 | |
| Gilluly (1956) |
| Gilluly (1956) |
| Dale et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Butler et al. (1938b) +1 other reference | |
| Schwartz (1956) +1 other reference | |
| [var: Thulite] Perry (1969) +1 other reference |
| [var: Thulite] Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Reber et al. (1916) +1 other reference |
| Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference |
| Haxel et al. (2023) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Thomas (1949) +1 other reference |
| Dale (1960) +1 other reference |
| Dale (1960) +1 other reference | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Schwartz (1947) +3 other references |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Lindgren (1926) |
| www.admmr.state.az.us/circ9titanium.htm. | |
| Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
| [var: Thulite] McAllister (1955) +2 other references |
| [var: Thulite] Murdoch et al. (1936) +3 other references |
| [var: Thulite] - (n.d.) |
| Hulin (1925) +2 other references |
| Troxel et al. (1962) +1 other reference |
| Wiese (1946) +2 other references |
| AmMin 51:1028 | |
| Neuerberg (1951) +2 other references | |
| Neuerberg (1951) +2 other references | |
| Temple (1966) +2 other references |
| Neuerberg (1951) +1 other reference |
| Neuerberg (1951) +2 other references | |
| Bailey (1941a) +2 other references |
| Pelletier | |
| Switzer (1951) +2 other references | |
| Switzer (1951) +2 other references |
| [var: Thulite] Kerr (1946) +1 other reference |
| Turner (1896) +1 other reference |
| [var: Thulite] Woodford et al. (1941) |
| [var: Thulite] Cooney (1956) +3 other references |
| [var: Thulite] Alfredo Petrov specimens (PXRD pattern = zoisite) |
| Cooney (1956) +2 other references |
| Econ Geol (1988) |
| its nature and origin: University of ... +3 other references | |
| Switzer (1951) +2 other references |
| Dunning et al. (2003) |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| Murdoch (1966) +2 other references |
| Knopf (1929) +2 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| [var: Thulite] Eckel et al. (1997) |
| [var: Thulite] - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Am Min 35:173-184 |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| [var: Thulite] Foord et al. (1989) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| [var: Thulite] Eckel et al. (1997) |
| [var: Thulite] - (2005) | |
| [var: Thulite] Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Januzzi (1994) +1 other reference |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) | |
| Lapham (1957) +1 other reference |
| Januzzi (1994) |
| [var: Thulite] Januzzi et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Schooner (1958) |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| [var: Thulite] Yedlin (1964) |
| Former Ed Force collection. +1 other reference | |
| [var: Thulite] Weber et al. (1995) |
| [var: Thulite] Foye (1926) | |
| Schooner (1955) |
| Schooner (circa 1985) | |
| Schairer (1931) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Rocks & Min.:64:189. |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) |
| [var: Thulite] Ransom (1974) | |
| [var: Thulite] Schaller et al. (1942) |
| 34-37 +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 64:194. |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Rocks & Min.:64:204. |
| Rocks & Min. 70:244 |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Econ Geol (1984) |
| Hietanen |
| - (2005) |
| Bookstrom et al. (2007) |
| Ream (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| Fisher (1934) +1 other reference |
| gsa.confex.com (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| King et al. (1994) |
| [var: Thulite] Ostrander et al. (1940) |
| Ostrander et al. (1940) |
| Rocks & Min.:11:111. |
| Stuart Herring field observation (2011) | |
| Ostrander et al. (1940) |
| Ostrander et al. (1940) |
| Nagy (2013) |
| [var: Thulite] Jack Nelson et al. (See descriptive notes for quarry for reference citations) |
| Dana et al. (1868) |
| Cahoon (1985) |
| |
| Harvard Museum of Natural History |
| Gleba (2008) | |
| Dana et al. (1868) | |
| Dana et al. (1868) | |
| Dana et al. (1868) | |
| Dana et al. (1868) | |
| Emerson (1917) | |
| Dana 6:1059. |
| Shaub (1954) |
| Dana (1854) | |
| Emerson (1917) +1 other reference |
| Dale (1910) |
| Gleba (2008) |
| Morris (1983) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Kisvarsanyi et al. (1981) |
| Rocks & Min. | |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| [var: Thulite] Am Min 49:430-435 |
| [var: Thulite] Gibson (2018) |
| Winchell (1914) |
| Guilbert and Zeihen +1 other reference |
| Winchell (1914) | |
| McCallum (1996) | |
| Corkery (2002) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| [var: Thulite] Castor et al. (2004) | |
| [var: Thulite] Castor et al. (2004) |
| USGS Bull 1162B |
| - (2005) |
| [var: Thulite] - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Mankins (2022) |
| Ken Coleman Collection |
| [var: Thulite] Castor et al. (2004) |
| [var: Thulite] Castor et al. (2004) |
| [var: Thulite] Castor et al. (2004) |
| American Mineralogist 27:462-463 |
| [var: Thulite] Castor et al. (2004) |
| USGS Bull 1046I |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. | |
| USGS Bull 940-A |
| Ken Coleman Collection | |
| [var: Thulite] - (2005) |
| [var: Thulite] - (1976) |
| [var: Thulite] Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Meyers et al. (1956) |
| Nashua Min Soc. Disp. Cat. 1995 | |
| |
| Smith (2005) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 17:136-139. +1 other reference |
| Warren | |
| Smith (2005) | |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Dana 6:1066. | |
| "Eighteenth Annual Field Conference of ... +3 other references |
| "Eighteenth Annual Field Conference of ... +3 other references | |
| King | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Lindgren et al. (1910) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| NMGS 21st Field Conference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| [var: Thulite] USGS Bull 945C +1 other reference |
| [var: Thulite] Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| [var: Thulite] Northrop et al. (1996) |
| [var: Thulite] Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| [var: Thulite] Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| [var: Thulite] Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Clarke (1921, September) |
| Clarke (1921, September) +1 other reference |
| Manchester (1931) |
| New York State Museum Bulletin No. 199 et al. (July, 1917) |
| Genth (1891) +1 other reference |
| Arthur R.Kinkel. |
| [var: Thulite] Wilson et al. (1978) |
| [var: Thulite] Lesure (1968) | |
| [var: Thulite] Lesure (1968) | |
| [var: Thulite] Lesure (1968) | |
| American Mineralogist 27:233 |
| Dana 6:515 | |
| Hadley et al. (1945) | |
| Hadley et al. (1945) | |
| Hadley et al. (1945) | |
| Hadley et al. (1945) | |
| GEORGIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Volume 56 ... | |
| Genth (1891) +1 other reference | |
| - (n.d.) |
| [var: Thulite] Schaller et al. (1942) |
| [var: Thulite] Schaller et al. (1942) | |
| Hoy et al. (1939) |
| [var: Thulite] Mason (1976) | |
| [var: Thulite] Schaller et al. (1942) |
| [var: Thulite] - (2005) |
| [var: Thulite] - (2005) | |
| [var: Thulite] - (2005) | |
| [var: Thulite] - (2005) | |
| [var: Thulite] Lesure (1968) | |
| [var: Thulite] - (2005) | |
| [var: Thulite] - (2005) | |
| [var: Thulite] Schaller et al. (1942) | |
| - (n.d.) | |
| [var: Thulite] Dana 6:515 +1 other reference | |
| [var: Thulite] Roger Howell Collection | |
| [var: Thulite] Lesure (1968) | |
| [var: Thulite] Dana 6:1077 +1 other reference |
| [var: Thulite] Lesure (1968) | |
| [var: Thulite] American Mineralogist 27 (7) +1 other reference | |
| [var: Thulite] Streeter (2003) |
| [var: Thulite] Richard C. Erd | |
| [var: Thulite] American Mineralogist 24 (7) +1 other reference | |
| [var: Thulite] Lesure (1968) | |
| [var: Thulite] Schaller et al. (1942) | |
| [var: Thulite] - (n.d.) | |
| [var: Thulite] Schaller et al. (1942) | |
| [var: Thulite] American Mineralogist 27 (7) +1 other reference | |
| Hall (1934) |
| Tappen et al. (2006) | |
| The Adams Collection |
| [var: Thulite] - (2005) | |
| [var: Thulite] Schaller et al. (1942) | |
| [var: Thulite] - (2005) |
| White et al. (3,4) |
| Conrad |
| [var: Thulite] Richard James Jacquot |
| [var: Thulite] Richard James Jacquot et al. (1968) | |
| Corundum and the peridotites of western ... |
| [var: Thulite] - (2005) |
| [var: Thulite] Lesure (1968) | |
| [var: Thulite] Lesure (1968) | |
| [var: Thulite] - (2005) | |
| [var: Thulite] Richard C. Erd |
| [var: Thulite] Rocks & Min.: 60:99. | |
| [var: Thulite] - (2005) | |
| [var: Thulite] Schaller et al. (1942) | |
| [var: Thulite] - (2005) | |
| [var: Thulite] - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| [var: Thulite] - (2005) | |
| [var: Thulite] |
| [var: Thulite] Lesure (1968) | |
| [var: Thulite] Lesure (1968) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (1943) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (1943) |
| - (1952) |
| - (2005) |
| Sloto et al. (1994) |
| Samuel S. Gordon +1 other reference |
| [var: Thulite] Rocks & Min.:59:109-120. |
| Rocks & Min.: 59:109-120 & 62:176-178. |
| [var: Thulite] Gordon (1922) |
| Gordon (1922) | |
| The Mineral Collector et al. (January 1897) | |
| Gordon (1922) |
| American Mineralogist (1927) |
| Miller | |
| [var: Thulite] Miller |
| [var: Thulite] |
| Miller (1972) |
| AmMin 11:334-340 | |
| Michael W. Kieron collection +2 other references |
| American Mineralogist (1930) +1 other reference |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) | |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| www.gamineral.org +1 other reference |
| USGS PP 179 | |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1979 43 : ... |
| Marvin J. Droddy and John C. Butler (1979) |
| Smith (1991) |
| Smith (1991) | |
| Smith (1991) | |
| [var: Thulite] Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| [[1]]US Geological Survey (1909) +1 other reference |
| [[1]]US Geological Survey (1909) | |
| Chidester et al. (1978) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996) | |
| Dale (1923) +1 other reference |
| Morrill & Chaffee | |
| Harvard Mineralogical Museum | |
| Morrill & Chaffee | |
| Nicolay & Stone (1967) |
| Clements et al. (1996) |
| Morrill & Chaffee | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Rocks & Min.:60:165. |
| [var: Thulite] Rocks & Min.: 60:165. |
| [var: Thulite] Dietrich (1990) | |
| [var: Thulite] Dietrich (1990) |
| [var: Thulite] Rocks & Min.: 60: 165. | |
| Rocks & Min.: 60:65. | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| - (2005) |
| [var: Thulite] Dietrich (1990) |
| Rocks & Minerals:60:167. |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Glass et al. (1958) |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +2 other references |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) +1 other reference | |
| [var: Thulite] - (2005) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Econ Geol (1992) |
| [var: Thulite] Cannon (1975) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
| [var: Thulite] Schaller et al. (1942) |
| Cannon (1975) | |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| [var: Thulite] William S. Cordua collection |
| Cordua (1998) |
| Rocks & Minerals (2001) |
| - (2005) | |
Zambia | |
| MacIntyre (2019) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Keep (1928) |
| Klemm et al. (2000) |
| South African Journal of Geology +1 other reference |
| Vetter et al. (1999) |
| Eales (1964) |
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The
Merelani Hills, Lelatema Mountains, Simanjiro District, Manyara Region, Tanzania