Thorianite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Thorianite
Formula:
ThO2
Colour:
Black, brownish black, dark gray, dark reddish brown
Lustre:
Resinous, Sub-Metallic
Hardness:
6½ - 7
Specific Gravity:
9.7 - 9.8
Crystal System:
Isometric
Member of:
Name:
The name reflects its thorium content.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3944
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3944:0
IMA Classification of Thorianite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Type description reference:
Classification of Thorianite
4.DL.05
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
L : With large (+- medium-sized) cations; fluorite-type structures
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
L : With large (+- medium-sized) cations; fluorite-type structures
5.1.1.2
5 : OXIDES CONTAINING URANIUM OR THORIUM
1 : AXO2·xH2O
5 : OXIDES CONTAINING URANIUM OR THORIUM
1 : AXO2·xH2O
7.10.10
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
10 : Oxides of Zr and Th
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
10 : Oxides of Zr and Th
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Tho | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Tho | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Thorianite
Resinous, Sub-Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Black, brownish black, dark gray, dark reddish brown
Comment:
May have a bronzy tarnish
Streak:
Grey, grey-green to black
Hardness:
6½ - 7 on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=1132 - 1278 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Poor/Indistinct
{001} poor.
{001} poor.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
9.7 - 9.8 g/cm3 (Measured) 9.991 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Thorianite
Anisotropism:
may show weak anomalous anisotropism
Colour in reflected light:
gray
Internal Reflections:
red-brown
Chemistry of Thorianite
Mindat Formula:
ThO2
Elements listed:
CAS Registry number:
Common Impurities:
U,Ce,La,Pb,TR
Crystallography of Thorianite
Crystal System:
Isometric
Class (H-M):
m3m (4/m 3 2/m) - Hexoctahedral
Space Group:
Fm3m
Setting:
Fm3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.595 Å
Unit Cell V:
175.15 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Cubic crystals, usually rounded to some degree (water worn).
Twinning:
Penetration twins on {111} very common.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0011725 | Thorianite | Wyckoff R W G (1963) Second edition. Interscience Publishers, New York, New York Fluorite structure Crystal Structures 1 239-444 | 1963 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.234 Å | (100) |
| 1.689 Å | (64) |
| 1.980 Å | (58) |
| 2.800 Å | (35) |
| 1.284 Å | (26) |
| 1.1432 Å | (20) |
| 1.0779 Å | (19) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 26 : Hadean detrital minerals | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites | |
| 36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks |
Type Occurrence of Thorianite
Geological Setting of Type Material:
accessory mineral in granite pegmatites
Synonyms of Thorianite
Other Language Names for Thorianite
Varieties of Thorianite
| Aldanite | A Pb-bearing variety of Thorianite with up to 12 wt.% PbO. Originally reported from Aldan Shield, Saha Republic (Sakha Republic; Yakutia), Eastern-Siberian Region, Russia. |
| Cerium-bearing Thorianite | A thorianite containing cerium. |
| Uranothorianite | A name for a mineral intermediate between uraninite and thorianite, i.e. a member of the Thorianite-Uraninite Series. |
Relationship of Thorianite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Uraninite Group:
| Cerianite-(Ce) | (Ce4+,Th)O2 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m |
| Uraninite | UO2 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 15 photos of Thorianite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 5 photos of Thorianite associated with Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 5 photos of Thorianite associated with Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| 5 photos of Thorianite associated with Guarinite | (Na, Ca, Zr, Si, F, O) |
| 5 photos of Thorianite associated with Diopside | CaMgSi2O6 |
| 4 photos of Thorianite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 4 photos of Thorianite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 3 photos of Thorianite associated with Tremolite | ◻Ca2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 2 photos of Thorianite associated with Chlorite Group | |
| 2 photos of Thorianite associated with Pyroxene Group | ADSi2O6 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.DL. | Xianhuaite-(Ce) | K2CeNb5O15 |
| 4.DL.05 | Uraninite | UO2 |
| 4.DL.05 | Aeschynite Group | AD2O6 |
| 4.DL.05 | Zirkelite | (Ti,Ca,Zr)O2-x |
| 4.DL.05 | Cerianite-(Ce) | (Ce4+,Th)O2 |
| 4.DL.10 | Tazheranite | (Zr,Ti,Ca)(O,◻)2 |
| 4.DL.10 | Hiärneite | Ca2Zr4Mn3+SbTiO16 |
| 4.DL.10 | Calzirtite | Ca2Zr5Ti2O16 |
| 4.DL.15 | Vorlanite | Ca(U6+)O4 |
Radioactivity
Radioactivity:
| Element | % Content | Activity (Bq/kg) | Radiation Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uranium (U) | 0.0000% | 0 | α, β, γ |
| Thorium (Th) | 87.8809% | 3,515,236 | α, β, γ |
| Potassium (K) | 0.0000% | 0 | β, γ |
For comparison:
- Banana: ~15 Bq per fruit
- Granite: 1,000–3,000 Bq/kg
- EU exemption limit: 10,000 Bq/kg
Note: Risk is shown relative to daily recommended maximum exposure to non-background radiation of 1000 µSv/year. Note that natural background radiation averages around 2400 µSv/year so in reality these risks are probably extremely overstated! With infrequent handling and safe storage natural radioactive minerals do not usually pose much risk.
Interactive Simulator:
Note: The mass selector refers to the mass of radioactive mineral present, not the full specimen, also be aware that the matrix may also be radioactive, possibly more radioactive than this mineral!
Activity: –
| Distance | Dose rate | Risk |
|---|---|---|
| 1 cm | ||
| 10 cm | ||
| 1 m |
The external dose rate (D) from a radioactive mineral is estimated by summing the gamma radiation contributions from its Uranium, Thorium, and Potassium content, disregarding daughter-product which may have a significant effect in some cases (eg 'pitchblende'). This involves multiplying the activity (A, in Bq) of each element by its specific gamma ray constant (Γ), which accounts for its unique gamma emissions. The total unshielded dose at 1 cm is then scaled by the square of the distance (r, in cm) and multiplied by a shielding factor (μshield). This calculation provides a 'worst-case' or 'maximum risk' estimate because it assumes the sample is a point source and entirely neglects any self-shielding where radiation is absorbed within the mineral itself, meaning actual doses will typically be lower. The resulting dose rate (D) is expressed in microsieverts per hour (μSv/h).
D = ((AU × ΓU) + (ATh × ΓTh) + (AK × ΓK)) / r2 × μshield
Other Information
Magnetism:
Diamagnetic
Notes:
radioactive
Health Risks:
Contains thorium - always wash hands after handling. Avoid inhaling dust when handling or breaking. Never lick or ingest. Avoid prolonged exposure in proximity of the body. Store away from inhabited areas.
Internet Links for Thorianite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3944.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
References for Thorianite
Reference List:
Dunstan, Wyndham (1904) The Occurrence of Thorium in Ceylon. Nature, 69 (1796). 510-511 doi:10.1038/069510d0
rruff.info (1973) https://rruff.info/rruff_1.0/reference_search.php?ref_search_id=ptwcpCyCYvvgtTrDyuZtnDDTC#:~:text=Keramidas%20V%20G%2C%20White%20W%20B%20(1973)%20Raman%20spectra%20of%20oxides%20with%20the%20fluorite%20structure.%20The%20Journal%20of%20Chemical%20Physics%2059%2C%201561%2D1562
Bulakh, Andrei G.; Mazalou, and Aleksei A. (1974) Accessory thorianite from the massifs of alkaline rocks and carbonatites of the Turja Peninsula (Kola Peninsula). American Mineralogist, 59 (3-4). 378-380
Teterin, Yu. A.; Utkin, I. O.; Melnikov, I. V.; Lebedev, A. M.; Teterin, A. Yu.; Ivanov, K. E.; Nikitin, A. S.; Vukchevich, L. (2000) X-Ray Photoelectron Study of Thorium Silicate ThSiO4 · nH2O and Uranium Silicate USiO4·nH2O. Journal of Structural Chemistry, 41 (6). 965-971 doi:10.1023/a:1010302805492
Giebel, R. Johannes, Gauert, Christoph D.K., Marks, Michael A.W., Costin, Gelu, Markl, Gregor (2017) Multi-stage formation of REE minerals in the Palabora Carbonatite Complex, South Africa. American Mineralogist, 102 (6) 1218-1233 doi:10.2138/am-2017-6004
Chidester, Bethany A., Pardo, Olivia S., Fischer, Rebecca A., Thompson, Elizabeth C., Heinz, Dion L., Prescher, Clemens, Prakapenka, Vitali B., Campbell, Andrew J. (2018) High-pressure phase behavior and equations of state of ThO2 polymorphs. American Mineralogist, 103 (5) 749-756 doi:10.2138/am-2018-6212
Localities for Thorianite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Angola | |
| Amores-Casals et al. (2019) |
Argentina | |
| Colombo et al. (2011) |
| Bardelli et al. (2018) |
Australia | |
| Drake-Brockman (1995) |
| Louise Schoneveld (2014) +2 other references |
| Munro-Smith (2006) |
| Just (1990) | |
| Ehrig et al. (2012) |
| Bottrill +1 other reference |
| |
| Sun et al. (1986, September) +3 other references |
Austria | |
| Kolitsch (2017) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2011) |
Belgium | |
| Jedwab (1985) +2 other references |
Bolivia | |
| Torres et al. (2019) |
Botswana | |
| Melgarejo et al. (2011) |
Brazil | |
| Portella +3 other references |
| Baretto & Fujimori (1986) |
| Gomes et al. (2023) | |
| Monteiro et al. (2008) |
| Monteiro et al. (2008) | |
| Grainger et al. (2008) |
Canada | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Thompson (1954) | |
| Berger et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| www.gia.edu (2006) |
| Dr. Günter Grundmann collection |
| 162-165. +1 other reference | |
| SAGE (1981) |
| Mounce et al. (2020) |
| geological survey of canada economic ... +1 other reference |
| GSC misc report 39 +1 other reference | |
| Sabina (1986) | |
| Can Mineral December 1960 v. 6 no. 4 p. ... | |
| Can Mineral December 1960 v. 6 no. 4 p. ... |
| Ontario Mineral Deposits Inventory (MDI) |
| Ontario Ministry of Northern ... |
| Rose (1960) |
| GSC database |
| A specimen in the Royal Ontario Museum ... |
| Sabina (1971) +1 other reference | |
| Néron et al. (2018) |
China | |
| Qiang Wang et al. (2003) |
| Ruyi Zhao et al. (2013) |
| Zhang Peishan et al. (1996) | |
| Qingchang Meng (1981) +1 other reference |
| Miyawaki et al. (2011) | |
| Rengui Wu and Dagan Yu (2000) |
| Yanning Meng and Honghai Fan (2013) | |
| Rengui Wu and Dagan Yu (2000) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) +1 other reference | |
| [var: Aldanite] Orris et al. (2002) |
| Ding et al. (2022) |
| Ziying Gao et al. (1991) |
Czech Republic | |
| Naemura +7 other references |
| Pauliš P. et al. (Kutna Hora, issue 1) |
| Pauliš P. et al. (Kutna Hora, issue 1) |
DR Congo | |
| Jedwab et al. (1992) |
Egypt | |
| Küster (2009) |
| Emad et al. (2022) | |
| Shalaby et al. (2002) |
| Gaafar et al. (2022) | |
| Ali et al. (2021) | |
| Ibrahim (2014) |
Finland | |
| Kojonen et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Tuisku (2010) | |
| Sandström et al. (2009) |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
| Pérez del Villar et al. (386) |
Germany | |
| Habel (1995) |
| Blaß et al. (1993) |
| Blaß et al. (1993) | |
| Blaß et al. (1993) |
| Blaß et al. (1993) |
| Schmitt et al. (2017) |
| Junge et al. (2023) |
Greece | |
| Vasilatos et al. (2023) |
Greenland | |
| Bondam et al. (1958) +1 other reference |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll & Gatter |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
India | |
| Bhushan et al. (2019) |
| Bhushan et al. (2019) | |
| Bhushan et al. (2019) | |
| Bhushan et al. (2019) | |
Iran | |
| Khoshnoodi et al. (2023) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) | |
| Foerster et al. (1994) |
Iraq | |
| Al-Hermezi (1985) |
Italy | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Russo et al. (2004) |
| Luigi Chiappino data |
| ... | |
| luigi mattei |
| Russo et al. (2004) |
| Knuever et al. (2023) | |
| H.E. Belkin et al. (silicte/saline/sulfur-rich/CO2) |
| www.giovanigeologi.it (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Luigi Matei +2 other references | |
| www.gminromano.it (2005) |
| Guastoni et al. (2016) |
| www.socgeol.it (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Zaccarini et al. (2005) |
| Am Min 90:1177-1185 |
Japan | |
| Yukikaza Ogoshi and Tetsuo Minakawa (2009) |
| Nishio–Hamane et al. (2022) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| |
| Topper et al. (2013) |
Madagascar | |
| Rasoamalala et al. (2014) |
| Frank K. Mazdab collection |
| Behier (1963) |
| Behier (1963) | |
| Behier (1963) | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-1022 | |
| photo Id 315850 | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen (2023) | |
| M Arliguie collection (old label) | |
| Behier (1960) |
| Besaire (1966) | |
| M. Arligue specimen and photo +1 other reference | |
| Besaire (1966) | |
| Royal Museum for Central Africa | |
| Behier (1960) |
| Behier (1960) |
| Besaire (1966) | |
| Behier (1963) | |
| Behier (1960) | |
| Behier (1960) | |
| Behier (1960) | |
| Behier (1963) | |
| Behier (1960) | |
| Behier (1960) | |
| Behier (1960) | |
| Behier (1960) |
| Besaire (1966) | |
| Besaire (1966) | |
| Besaire (1966) | |
| Besaire (1966) | |
| Besaire (1966) | |
| Besaire (1966) | |
| Besaire (1966) | |
| Behier (1960) | |
| Behier (1963) | |
| Besaire (1966) |
| Alexander Ringel specimen and photo +2 other references | |
| Besaire (1966) | |
| Besaire (1966) | |
| Luc Vandenberghe collection +1 other reference |
| Manfred Kampf photo | |
| Behier (1960) |
| Behier (1960) | |
| Behier (1960) | |
| Delbos (1955) | |
| Behier (1960) | |
| Besaire (1966) | |
| Behier (1960) | |
| Besaire (1966) | |
| Behier (1960) | |
| Behier (1960) | |
| Behier (1963) | |
| Besaire (1966) | |
| Behier (1960) | |
| Besaire (1966) | |
| Behier (1960) | |
| Behier (1960) +1 other reference | |
| Besaire (1966) | |
| Besaire (1966) | |
| Behier (1963) |
| Hatzl (2010) |
| Besaire (1966) |
| M Arliguie M collection (old label) +1 other reference |
Mali | |
| Black et al. (1979) +2 other references |
Mauritania | |
| Marsh et al. (2015) |
Mexico | |
| Prol-Ledesma et al. (2012) |
Mongolia | |
| Kynický et al. (2005) |
| Berger et al. (2009) |
Mozambique | |
| Gajdošová et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
| Wilson et al. (2000) |
| Wilson et al. (2000) |
| Wilson et al. (2000) | |
| Wilson et al. (2000) | |
Myanmar | |
| Heo et al. (2020) |
Namibia | |
| Irene M. Abraham (2009) |
Nepal | |
| Aaron J. Martin et al. (2009) |
Niger | |
| Machens (1964) |
Norway | |
| Frigstad (1999) |
| Revheim (2007) |
| Raade et al. (1983) +2 other references |
| O'Nions et al. (1971) |
| Åmli (1974) |
| Jamtveit et al. (1997) |
Oman | |
| Nasir |
Paraguay | |
| Comin-Chiaramonti et al. (2016) |
Romania | |
| www.researchgate.net (n.d.) |
| Hirtopanu (2006) | |
| Pál Molnár (2000) |
| Szakáll et al. (2010) |
| Hirtopanu et al. (2013) |
Russia | |
| Doroshkevich et al. (2012) |
| Gordienko et al. (2016) |
| Doroshkevich et al. (2008) |
| Bailey (1980) |
| Spiridonov et al. (2018) |
| Murzin et al. (2018) |
| Murzin et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| webmineral.ru (2020) +1 other reference |
| Popov et al. (2001) +2 other references |
| Попова et al. (2019) |
| webmineral.ru (2016) | |
| Galuskina et al. (2013) |
| Sharygin +9 other references |
| Seltmann et al. (2010) |
| Yurichev et al. (2017) | |
| Gordienko et al. (2016) |
| Fersman Mineralogical Museum +2 other references |
| Sokol et al. (2023) |
| Barkov et al. (2021) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Sklyarov +3 other references | |
| Chakhmouradian et al. (1999) |
| Voloshin et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Sorokhtina et al. (2016) | |
| Mikhailova et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Krasnova (2001) | |
| [World of Stones 95:5-6 +1 other reference | |
| [var: Aldanite] Clark (1993) | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Okrugin et al. (2023) |
| Doroshkevich et al. (2016) |
| Kovalenker et al. (2018) |
Slovakia | |
| Kubiš M. (2006) |
| Koděra |
South Africa | |
| Lee |
| Du Plessis (2019) | |
| VERWOERD (1986) |
| VERWOERD (1993) |
| Journal of African Earth Sciences ... |
South Korea | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov's analytical data |
Spain | |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
| C. Canet et al. |
Sri Lanka | |
| [Circular of the USA National Bureau of Standards et al. (1953) +1 other reference |
| Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry |
| link.springer.com (n.d.) | |
Sweden | |
| Thulin (1996) |
| J.Langhof: REE-mineralogy in Mo-granite ... |
| J.Langhof: REE-mineralogy in Mo-granite ... | |
| Wilke (1997) | |
Tajikistan | |
| Sorokina et al. (2015) |
Tanzania | |
| Wilhelmij et al. (2016) |
Turkey | |
| Yigit (2012) |
| Nikiforov et al. (2014) |
| Schuiling (1961) +3 other references |
UK | |
| LeBoutillier et al. (2003) |
| LeBoutillier et al. (2003) | |
| Gallagher (1971) +1 other reference |
Ukraine | |
| Sharygin (2015) |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) |
| USGS Prof Paper 649 +1 other reference |
| USGS Prof Paper 649 +1 other reference | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Thompson et al. (1998) |
| Gibson et al. (1997) |
| Gobla (2012) |
| - (2005) |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Hoag et al. (1977) |
| Emproto et al. (2017) |
| Lapham et al. (1965) |
| Rocks & Min.: 11:90. Arthur Montgomery (1957) |
| Overstreet |
| Self-collected by Franklin Roberts. |
| Rocks & Minerals: 66 (3) |
| Audétat (2010) |
| Smith (1991) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Micro Probe Volume VI Number 8 |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) +1 other reference |
| Van Rythoven et al. (2020) |
Zambia | |
| MacIntyre (2019) |
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Amboasary Sud District, Anosy, Madagascar