Metatorbernite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Metatorbernite
Torbern Olof Bergman
Formula:
Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 8H2O
Colour:
Pale green to dark green
Lustre:
Sub-Adamantine, Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Waxy, Pearly
Hardness:
2½
Specific Gravity:
3.52 - 3.70
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1916 by Arthur Francis Hallimond in honor of Torbern Olof Bergman [March 20, 1735, Katrineberg, Sweden, – July 8, 1784, Medevi, Sweden] and "meta" for its lower hydration level and its relationship to torbernite.
Co-Type Localities:
Meta-autunite Group.
A secondary mineral resulting from the weathering/dehydration of Torbernite. Forms also directly above 75° C.
Crystals can be either cloudy and dull or translucent and glassy.
A secondary mineral resulting from the weathering/dehydration of Torbernite. Forms also directly above 75° C.
Crystals can be either cloudy and dull or translucent and glassy.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2689
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2689:1
IMA Classification of Metatorbernite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Metatorbernite
8.EB.10
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
E : Uranyl phosphates and arsenates
B : UO2:RO4 = 1:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
E : Uranyl phosphates and arsenates
B : UO2:RO4 = 1:1
40.2a.13.2
40 : HYDRATED NORMAL PHOSPHATES,ARSENATES AND VANADATES
2a : AB2(XO4)2·xH2O, containing (UO2)2+
40 : HYDRATED NORMAL PHOSPHATES,ARSENATES AND VANADATES
2a : AB2(XO4)2·xH2O, containing (UO2)2+
19.11.11
19 : Phosphates
11 : Phosphates of U
19 : Phosphates
11 : Phosphates of U
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Mtor | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Metatorbernite
Sub-Adamantine, Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Waxy, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
Lustre pearly on {010}
Colour:
Pale green to dark green
Comment:
May exhibit anomalous interference colours.
Streak:
Pale green
Hardness:
2½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {001}
indistict on {010}
Perfect on {001}
indistict on {010}
Density:
3.52 - 3.70 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.71(5) g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Metatorbernite
Type:
Uniaxial (+/-)
RI values:
nω = 1.618 - 1.631 nε = 1.622 - 1.628
Birefringence:
0.004
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.003 - 0.004
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
r > v extreme
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
O = Green
E = Pale green to blue
E = Pale green to blue
Comments:
Anomalously biaxial in sectors.
Chemistry of Metatorbernite
Mindat Formula:
Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 8H2O
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
Ca,Ba,Mg
Crystallography of Metatorbernite
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Class (H-M):
4/m - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
P4/n
Setting:
P4/n
Cell Parameters:
a = 6.9756(5) Å, c = 17.349(2) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 2.487
Unit Cell V:
844.2 ų
Z:
2
Morphology:
Commonly as paramorphs after torbernite, square tabular crystals, flattened on {001} and modified by {011}, in lamellar or subparallel to sheaflike aggregates, rosettes.
Twinning:
Merohedral twinning.
Comment:
Data for synthetic crystal.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000133 | Metatorbernite | Ross M, Evans H T, Appleman D E (1964) Studies of the torbernite minerals (II): The crystal structure of meta-torbernite American Mineralogist 49 1603-1621 |  | 1964 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0016811 | Metatorbernite | Stubbs J E, Post J E, Elbert D C, Heaney P J, Veblen D R (2010) Uranyl phosphate sheet reconstruction during dehydration of metatorbernite [Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2*8H2O] American Mineralogist 95 1132-1140 | 2010 | Bois Noirs, France | 0 | 293 | |
| 0016812 | Metatorbernite | Stubbs J E, Post J E, Elbert D C, Heaney P J, Veblen D R (2010) Uranyl phosphate sheet reconstruction during dehydration of metatorbernite [Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2*8H2O] American Mineralogist 95 1132-1140 | 2010 | Bois Noirs, France | 0 | 293 | |
| 0016813 | Metatorbernite | Stubbs J E, Post J E, Elbert D C, Heaney P J, Veblen D R (2010) Uranyl phosphate sheet reconstruction during dehydration of metatorbernite [Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2*8H2O] American Mineralogist 95 1132-1140 | 2010 | Bois Noirs, France | 0 | 293 | |
| 0005832 | Metatorbernite | Locock A J, Burns P C (2003) Crystal structures and synthesis of the copper-dominant members of the autunite and meta-autunite groups: Torbernite, zeunerite, metatorbernite and metazeunerite The Canadian Mineralogist 41 489-502 | | 2003 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0011066 | Metatorbernite | Calos N J, Kennard C H L (1996) Crystal structure of copper bis(uranyl phosphate) octahydrate (metatobernite), Cu(UO2PO4)2*8(H2O) Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 211 701-702 | | 1996 | Sonora, Mexico | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 8.71 Å | (100) |
| 5.44 Å | (75) |
| 4.93 Å | (75) |
| 3.678 Å | (100) |
| 3.480 Å | (80) |
| 3.232 Å | (80) |
| 2.931 Å | (70) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] | |
| 47f : [Uranyl (U⁶⁺) minerals] |
Geological Setting:
Secondary mineral in weathering uranium-bearing deposits.
Type Occurrence of Metatorbernite
Co-Type Localities:
General Appearance of Type Material:
Deep green blocky tetragonal crystals
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Found at two polymetallic deposits containing uranium mineralization: Redruth, Cornwall, England, United Kingdom and at Schneeberg, Saxony, Germany.
Synonyms of Metatorbernite
Other Language Names for Metatorbernite
Relationship of Metatorbernite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Meta-autunite Group:
| Abernathyite | K(UO2)(AsO4) · 3H2O | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/ncc |
| Chernikovite | (H3O)2(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 6H2O | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/nmm |
| Lehnerite | Mn2+(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 8H2O | Mon. 2/m |
| Meta-ankoleite | K2(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 6H2O | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/nmm |
| Meta-autunite | Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 6H2O | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) |
| Metaheinrichite | Ba(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O | Mon. 2 : P21 |
| Metakahlerite | Fe2+(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Metakirchheimerite | Co(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Metalodèvite | Zn(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O | Tet. 4/m : P42/m |
| Metanatroautunite | Na(UO2)(PO4)(H2O)3 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/ncc |
| Metanováčekite | Mg(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O | Tet. 4/m : P4/n |
| Metarauchite | Ni(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Metasaléeite | Mg(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 8H2O | |
| Metauranocircite | Ba(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 7H2O | Mon. 2 : P21 |
| Metauranospinite | Ca(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O | Tet. 4/m : P42/n |
| Metazeunerite | Cu(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O | Tet. 4/m : P42/n |
| Natrouranospinite | Na2(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 5H2O | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/nmm |
| Trögerite | (H3O)(UO2)(AsO4) · 3H2O | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/nmm |
| Uramarsite | (NH4)(UO2)(AsO4) · 3H2O | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/mmm |
| Uramphite | (NH4)2(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 6H2O | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/nmm |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 103 photos of Metatorbernite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 93 photos of Metatorbernite associated with Meta-autunite | Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 73 photos of Metatorbernite associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| 59 photos of Metatorbernite associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 39 photos of Metatorbernite associated with Curite | Pb3(H2O)2[(UO2)4O4(OH)3]2 |
| 38 photos of Metatorbernite associated with Torbernite | Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 12H2O |
| 38 photos of Metatorbernite associated with Kasolite | Pb(UO2)(SiO4) · H2O |
| 28 photos of Metatorbernite associated with Phosphuranylite | KCa(H3O)3(UO2)7(PO4)4O4 · 8H2O |
| 22 photos of Metatorbernite associated with Heterogenite | Co3+O(OH) |
| 21 photos of Metatorbernite associated with Parsonsite | Pb2(UO2)(PO4)2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.EB. | Meta-autunite Group | A1-2(UO2)2(TO4)2 · 5-10H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Rauchite | Ni(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Uranocircite | Ba(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Uranospinite | Ca(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Zeunerite | Cu(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 12H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Metarauchite | Ni(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Heinrichite | Ba(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Kahlerite | Fe(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 12H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Hydronováčekite | Mg(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 12H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Torbernite | Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 12H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Nováčekite | Mg(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Autunite | Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10-12H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Saléeite | Mg(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Xiangjiangite | (Fe3+,Al)(UO2)4(PO4)2(SO4)2(OH) · 22H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Bassetite | Fe2+(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Lehnerite | Mn2+(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Meta-autunite | Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metasaléeite | Mg(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metauranocircite | Ba(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 7H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metauranospinite | Ca(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metaheinrichite | Ba(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metakahlerite | Fe2+(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metakirchheimerite | Co(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metanováčekite | Mg(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metanatroautunite | Na(UO2)(PO4)(H2O)3 |
| 8.EB.10 | Metazeunerite | Cu(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Przhevalskite | Pb2(UO2)3(PO4)2(OH)4 · 3H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Pseudo-autunite | (H3O)4Ca2(UO2)2(PO4)4 · 5H2O |
| 8.EB.15 | Abernathyite | K(UO2)(AsO4) · 3H2O |
| 8.EB.15 | Uramphite | (NH4)2(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 8.EB.15 | Meta-ankoleite | K2(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 8.EB.15 | Natrouranospinite | Na2(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 5H2O |
| 8.EB.15 | Trögerite | (H3O)(UO2)(AsO4) · 3H2O |
| 8.EB.15 | Chernikovite | (H3O)2(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 8.EB.15 | Uramarsite | (NH4)(UO2)(AsO4) · 3H2O |
| 8.EB.20 | Chistyakovaite | Al(UO2)2(AsO4)2(F,OH) · 6.5H2O |
| 8.EB.20 | Threadgoldite | Al(UO2)2(PO4)2(OH) · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.25 | Uranospathite | (Al,◻)(UO2)2(PO4)2F · 20(H2O,F) |
| 8.EB.25 | Arsenuranospathite | Al(UO2)2(AsO4)2F · 20H2O |
| 8.EB.30 | Vochtenite | (Fe2+,Mg)Fe3+(UO2)4(PO4)4(OH) · 12-13H2O |
| 8.EB.35 | Coconinoite | Fe3+2Al2(UO2)2(PO4)4(SO4)(OH)2 · 20H2O |
| 8.EB.40 | Ranunculite | HAl(UO2)(PO4)(OH)3 · 4H2O |
| 8.EB.45 | Triangulite | Al3(UO2)4(PO4)4(OH)5 · 5H2O |
| 8.EB.50 | Furongite | Al13(UO2)7(PO4)13(OH)14 · 58H2O |
| 8.EB.55 | Sabugalite | HAl(UO2)4(PO4)4 · 16H2O |
| 8.EB.60 | Horákite | (Bi7O7OH)[(UO2)4(PO4)2(AsO4)2(OH)2] · 3.5H2O |
Radioactivity
Radioactivity:
| Element | % Content | Activity (Bq/kg) | Radiation Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uranium (U) | 50.7705% | 12,692,625 | α, β, γ |
| Thorium (Th) | 0.0000% | 0 | α, β, γ |
| Potassium (K) | 0.0000% | 0 | β, γ |
For comparison:
- Banana: ~15 Bq per fruit
- Granite: 1,000–3,000 Bq/kg
- EU exemption limit: 10,000 Bq/kg
Note: Risk is shown relative to daily recommended maximum exposure to non-background radiation of 1000 µSv/year. Note that natural background radiation averages around 2400 µSv/year so in reality these risks are probably extremely overstated! With infrequent handling and safe storage natural radioactive minerals do not usually pose much risk.
Interactive Simulator:
Note: The mass selector refers to the mass of radioactive mineral present, not the full specimen, also be aware that the matrix may also be radioactive, possibly more radioactive than this mineral!
Activity: –
| Distance | Dose rate | Risk |
|---|---|---|
| 1 cm | ||
| 10 cm | ||
| 1 m |
The external dose rate (D) from a radioactive mineral is estimated by summing the gamma radiation contributions from its Uranium, Thorium, and Potassium content, disregarding daughter-product which may have a significant effect in some cases (eg 'pitchblende'). This involves multiplying the activity (A, in Bq) of each element by its specific gamma ray constant (Γ), which accounts for its unique gamma emissions. The total unshielded dose at 1 cm is then scaled by the square of the distance (r, in cm) and multiplied by a shielding factor (μshield). This calculation provides a 'worst-case' or 'maximum risk' estimate because it assumes the sample is a point source and entirely neglects any self-shielding where radiation is absorbed within the mineral itself, meaning actual doses will typically be lower. The resulting dose rate (D) is expressed in microsieverts per hour (μSv/h).
D = ((AU × ΓU) + (ATh × ΓTh) + (AK × ΓK)) / r2 × μshield
Fluorescence of Metatorbernite
Not fluorescent. (Epitaxial intergrowths with other uranyl "micas" may fluoresce, however.)
Other Information
Notes:
Radioactive. Soluble in acids.
Health Risks:
Contains uranium - always wash hands after handling. Avoid inhaling dust when handling or breaking. Never lick or ingest. Avoid prolonged exposure in proximity of the body. Store away from inhabited areas.
Internet Links for Metatorbernite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2689.html
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References for Metatorbernite
Reference List:
Hallimond, A. F. (1916) The crystallography and dehydration of Torbernite. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 17 (82) 326-339 doi:10.1180/minmag.1916.017.82.08
Hallimond, A. F. (1920) Meta-torbernite I, its physical properties and relation to Torbernite. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 19 (89) 43-47 doi:10.1180/minmag.1920.019.89.04
Frondel, Clifford (1958) Systematic mineralogy of uranium and thorium. Bulletin 1064. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b1064 pp.208-211
Ross, Malcolm, Evans, H. T., Appleman, D. E. (1964) Studies of the torbernite minerals (II): The crystal structure of meta- torbernite. American Mineralogist, 49 (11-12) 1603-1621
Stergiou, A. C., Rentzeperis, P. J., Sklavounos, S. (1993) Refinement of the crystal structure of metatorbernite. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 205 (1) 1-7 doi:10.1524/zkri.1993.205.part-1.1
Locock, A. J., Burns, P. C. (2003) Crystal Structures and Synthesis of the Copper-Dominant Members of the Autunite and Meta-Autunite Groups: Torbernite, Zeunerite, Metatorbernite and Metazeunerite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 41 (2) 489-502 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.41.2.489
Burns, Peter C. (2005) U6+ minerals and inorganic compounds: insights into an expanded structural hierarchy of crystal structures. The Canadian Mineralogist, 43 (6) 1839-1894 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.43.6.1839
Suzuki, Y., Sato, T., Isobe, H., Kogure, T., Murakami, T. (2005) Dehydration processes in the meta-autunite group minerals meta-autunite, metasaléeite, and metatorbernite. American Mineralogist, 90 (8) 1308-1314 doi:10.2138/am.2005.1568
Stubbs, J. E., Post, J. E., Elbert, D. C., Heaney, P. J., Veblen, D. R. (2010) Uranyl phosphate sheet reconstruction during dehydration of metatorbernite [Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2·8H2O]. American Mineralogist, 95 (8) 1132-1140 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3439
Nazarchuk, Evgeny V., Gurzhiy, Vladislav V., Tagirova, Yana G., Charkin, Dmitri O., Krzhizhanovskaya, Maria G., Kasatkin, Anatoly V., Eremin, Oleg V. (2023) High-Temperature Crystal Chemistry of Meta-Autunite Group Minerals: Metatorbernite, Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2(H2O)8 and Metazeunerite, Cu(UO2)2(AsO4)2(H2O)8. Crystals, 13 (12) doi:10.3390/cryst13121688
Localities for Metatorbernite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| O. Morello y C. N. Reyes Encinas (1990) |
| O. Morello y C. N. Reyes Encinas (1990) | |
| M. E. Saulnier y F. Greco (1988) | |
| Friz |
| Friz |
| Kampf et al. (2010) |
| Dina (1993) |
| Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry-collection +1 other reference | |
| de Brodtkorb (1982) |
| E. Linares y R. O. Toubes (1960) | |
| E. Linares y R. O. Toubes (1960) | |
| E. Linares y R. O. Toubes (1960) | |
| E. Linares y R. O. Toubes (1960) | |
Australia | |
| Gilligan et al. (1993) |
| Gilligan et al. (1993) | |
| Zia U. Bajwah |
| Waite & Payne (1993) +1 other reference |
| Henry et al. (1999) +1 other reference | |
| Henry et al. (1999) | |
| Henry et al. (2005) |
| Henry et al. (2005) | |
| Henry et al. (2005) | |
| Huston D.L. (editor) |
| Derrick |
| Smith et al. (Honours) |
| Noble et al | |
| Coats et al. (1971) | |
| SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ... +2 other references | |
| Coats & Blissets 1971 Bull 43 +1 other reference | |
| Record of mines (1980) |
| Noble et al. (1983) |
| Elliott et al. (2019) |
| SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ... | |
| Noble et al. (1983) |
| Birch et al. (1993) |
| |
| |
| |
| Nickel et al. (1993) |
| Nickel et al. (1993) | |
| Martin et al. (2005) |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr (1985) +2 other references |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| G.Blaß (2000) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2019) |
| Kolitsch (2009) |
| Bernhard (1998) |
| Postl et al. (2002) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Postl (2007) |
Belgium | |
| Jedwab (1958) +2 other references |
| Jedwab et al. (1982) +1 other reference |
| Michel Blondieau. +1 other reference | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Bolivia | |
| Salomon Rivas & Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| GEOBOL |
Brazil | |
| Bermanec et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Scholz et al. (2014) | |
| D Atencio & R Hypolito () +1 other reference |
| Fosfatos e Silicatos Secundários de ... | |
Canada | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Ronnie Van Dommelen collection. |
| D. Doell collection | |
| Nova Scotia Mineral Occurrence Database |
| O'Reilly et al. (1982) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Grice et al. (1986) |
Chile | |
| |
| Gerhard Möhn collection (SEMD-EDS and PXRD analyses Joy Desor and Gerhard Möhn) |
| Gerhard Möhn collection (SEMD-EDS and PXRD analyses Joy Desor and Gerhard Möhn) | |
| Sulphides analysed by geology dep. of ... +1 other reference |
China | |
| Maozhong Min (1985) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| Shen (n.d.) |
Czech Republic | |
| Sejkora et al. (2024) |
| Ondruš et al. (1989) +1 other reference |
| Kohout et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Pauliš P. et al. (Kutna Hora, issue 1) |
| Journal of Geosciences 54:15-56 +2 other references |
| Pauliš P. et al. (Kutna Hora, issue 1) |
| Bohuslav Burev collection | |
| www.researchgate.net (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Sejkora et al. (2021) |
| Plášil et al. (2009) |
| Lapis 2002 (7/8) | |
| Pauliš P. et al. (Kutna Hora, issue 1) |
| M.E. Ciriotti +2 other references |
| Pauliš P. et al. (Kutna Hora, issue 1) | |
| 70 (in German) +2 other references | |
| Sejkora et al. (2006) |
| Pauliš et al. (2008) |
| Sejkora +1 other reference |
| Pauliš et al. (2004) |
| Sejkora (1994) |
| Pauliš P. et al. (Kutna Hora, issue 1) |
| Sejkora J. et al. (Česká republika) |
| Škácha et al. (2024) |
| Vrtiška L. et al. (2013) |
| Uranové minerály České republiky a ... |
| Škácha et al. (2017) | |
| Sejkora et al. (2007) |
| Sejkora (1998) |
| Sejkora (1998) | |
| Sejkora (1998) |
| Vrtiška et al. (2017) |
| Staněk (1991) +4 other references |
| Staněk (1997) | |
| Pauliš P. et al. (Kutna Hora, issue 1) |
| PAULIŠ |
DR Congo | |
| Deliens (1996) |
| KMMA | |
| KMMA +1 other reference |
| KMMA +2 other references |
| Lhoest (1992) |
| Deliens (1992) | |
| Frost et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Deliens (1989) | |
| |
Europe | |
| Pauliš P. et al. (Kutna Hora, issue 1) +1 other reference |
France | |
| Gert Schöneborn collection |
| Cuchet et al. (2000) | |
| Chollet Pascal Collection |
| J. Chervet et G. Branche : ... |
| Queneau (n.d.) | |
| P Le Roch collection +1 other reference |
| |
| Jean-Marc Johannet collection |
| Pierre Le Roch |
| - (1998) |
| |
| Hohl (1994) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Queneau (n.d.) | |
| Lièvre et al. (2002) |
| Lièvre et al. (2002) |
| Lièvre et al. (2002) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Antonio Borrelli collection |
| Gayraud et al. (2011) |
| |
| - (1998) | |
| Henriot et al. (1998) |
| - (1998) | |
| MAURY (S) +1 other reference |
| MAURY (S) | |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1977) +1 other reference |
| |
| |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Lapis (7/8) |
| Weiß (1990) +2 other references |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Dill et al. (2009) |
| Keck (1989) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Dill et al. (2010) | |
| 54 +1 other reference |
| G. Dreyer (3) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| N. Jb. Miner. Abh. 115 (1971) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Schnorrer (1995) +1 other reference |
| A.F. Hallimond: Mineralogical Magazine 17:333 (1916) |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Massanek et al. (2005) |
| Schlegel et al. (1996) | |
| Witzke (2012) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
| Dennis Harries Collection +1 other reference |
Greece | |
| L.Rantos collection |
| Stergiou et al. (2016) |
Hungary | |
| 2008 |
India | |
| Saini +3 other references |
| Tilak et al. (1963, January) |
Italy | |
| Antofilli et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
| Zambelli (1978) +3 other references |
| Ravagnani (1981) |
| Olgiasca-Malpensata (Piona) |
| Daniele Ravagnani - I giacimenti ... +1 other reference | |
| Daniele Ravagnani - I giacimenti ... +2 other references |
| Gramaccioli C.M. (1960) +2 other references | |
| Daniele Ravagnani - I giacimenti ... +3 other references | |
| Grill. E. (1955) |
| Franco Luca Bonino's collection |
| De Michele (1974) | |
| Ambrino et al. (2009) |
| Ambrino et al. (2009) +1 other reference | |
| . Ravagnani - I giacimenti uraniferi ... |
| D. Ravagnani - I giacimenti uraniferi ... |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Barresi et al. (2) |
| |
| Collected by Frank de Wit (1989-2000) +1 other reference | |
| Gramaccioli (1975) +1 other reference |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Garavelli et al. (1959) +2 other references |
| Ref: Daniele Ravagnani - I giacimenti ... +2 other references |
| Orlandi et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Gamboni et al. (2021) |
| Gamboni et al. (2021) |
| Folie et al. (2010) |
| Campostrini et al. (2005) |
| Biagioni et al. (2013) |
| Orlandi et al. (1997) |
| Orlandi et al. (1985) +1 other reference | |
| Bonifazi (2021) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
Mexico | |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Panczner (1987) |
Namibia | |
| von Bezing (2007) +1 other reference |
| von Bezing (2007) | |
| E. Schnaitmann et al. (2008) |
New Zealand | |
| A. Wodzicki (1960) |
| Christie et al. (2000) |
Poland | |
| Mochnacka K. 1975: Mineralizacja skał ... +3 other references |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Domańska-Siuda J. 2010: New data on secondary uranium minerals from the Western Sudetes (Poland) |
| Eligiusz Szełęg collection (SEM/EDS identification) +1 other reference |
| Rewerski et al. (2014) |
Portugal | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| In the collection of Pierre Rosseel (6574) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler et al. (1991) |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
| Nunes (n.d.) | |
| |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| LNEG info +1 other reference |
| Maijer 1965 |
| Self-find by Nuno Afonso +1 other reference |
| |
| |
| Mineralien Atlas | |
| |
| Alves et al. (2017) |
| Teixeira et al. (2010) |
| |
| |
| Nuno Afonso collection |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
| Identified in Rebentão Mine |
| self-find |
| Alves (n.d.) |
Romania | |
| Koller G.2009 |
Russia | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2012) |
Slovakia | |
| Kopáčik R. (2017) |
| Kopáčik R. et al. (2024) |
| Števko M. (2022) |
Slovenia | |
| Dolenec (1985) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Bruce Cairncross collection |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| www.foro-minerales.com (2020) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2005) |
| ... |
| Garcia G. et al. (2004) |
| Jimenez R. et al. (2004) |
| Juan Hernández's Collection |
| Tánago et al. (2012) |
| www.foro-minerales.com (n.d.) |
| Grupo Mineralogista de Madrid (1994) |
| www.foro-minerales.com (n.d.) |
| www.foro-minerales.com (n.d.) | |
| Joan Rosell |
| www.foro-minerales.com (n.d.) |
| Viñals et al. (2011) |
| Joan Rosell (07/2016) |
| NÚÑEZ-GARCÍA et al. (2012) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Cuchet et al. (2017) |
| De Wit (1997) +1 other reference | |
| Cuchet et al. (2005) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Meisser (2012) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
UK | |
| Braithwaite et al. (1994) +2 other references |
| Richard de Nul collection | |
| Collection Richard De Nul | |
| |
| Bruce et al. (1998) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Collection Richard De Nul |
| |
| Hallimond (1916) | |
| |
| S. Rust collection |
| Rocks & Min.: 60 (1) | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| |
| Moreton (2006) |
| Gallagher (1971) +2 other references |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Wenrich (1989) +1 other reference |
| Holland et al. (1958) +2 other references |
| Barrington (1963) +1 other reference | |
| Galbraith (1959) | |
| Galbraith (1959) | |
| Galbraith (1959) | |
| Scarborough (1981) |
| Scarborough (1981) | |
| Austin (1964) +1 other reference | |
| Austin (1964) +1 other reference | |
| Gornitz (2004) |
| Scarborough (1981) |
| Scarborough (1981) | |
| Scarborough (1981) | |
| Moore (1968) |
| Peterson (1954) +2 other references |
| Peterson (1962) | |
| Granger (1959) |
| Granger (1959) |
| Peterson (1947) +2 other references |
| Granger (1969) +1 other reference | |
| Peterson (1962) |
| Granger (1959) |
| Granger (1959) |
| Granger (1959) |
| Page et al. (1956) +4 other references |
| Granger (1959) |
| Granger (1959) |
| Granger (1959) |
| Granger (1959) |
| Granger (1959) | |
| Granger (1959) |
| Granger (1959) |
| Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference |
| Granger (1959) | |
| Granger (1959) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Granger (1959) |
| Wells (1954) +1 other reference |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Galbraith (1959) +3 other references |
| Witkind (1961) +2 other references |
| Galbraith (1959) +3 other references | |
| Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference |
| Scarborough (1981) |
| Keith (1974) +1 other reference |
| Williams (1960) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Wright (1951) |
| US Atomic Energy Commission Prelim. Reconnaisance Report A-P-359 (1955) +2 other references |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| |
| Granger | |
| Cal Div of Mines & Geo Bulletin 189 " ... +4 other references |
| Murdoch (1966) | |
| Walker et al. (1956) +3 other references |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Dunning et al. (2005) |
| Troxel et al. (1957) +2 other references | |
| Dunning et al. (2005) | |
| Samples obtained from Bay Area Mineralogists (BAM) |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| Carmelita mine +1 other reference |
| Sims (1963) +1 other reference |
| Sims (1963) |
| Sims (1963) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Sims (1963) +1 other reference |
| USGS Bull 1032A | |
| USGS Bull 1032A +2 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| USGS: Geological Survey Circular 321 +1 other reference | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Carnein et al. (2005) |
| Cameron +5 other references |
| Moritz (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Moritz (n.d.) | |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| Yedlin (1964) |
| Identified by tests and other ... +1 other reference |
| Moritz (n.d.) |
| Schooner (1958) +1 other reference | |
| Moritz (n.d.) |
| Yedlin (1967) | |
| Ralph Lieser of Pappy’s Beryl Shop +3 other references |
| Harold Moritz Collection | |
| Rowan M. Lytle Collection |
| Schooner (1955) |
| Zodac (1941) +3 other references | |
| Don Reems collection. |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Page et al. (1956) +2 other references |
| |
| Thompson et al. (1998) |
| Thompson et al. (1998) |
| Thompson et al. (1998) |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Thompson et al. (1998) |
| C. Burtic & R. Dionne collections. +1 other reference | |
| |
| Thompson et al. (1998) |
| Vandall King |
| E.L. Clopton collection |
| Thompson |
| King (n.d.) |
| Vandall King | |
| Thompson et al. (1998) | |
| |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Morris (1983) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| McQueen (1943) +1 other reference |
| McQueen (1943) | |
| USGS Bull 988G +1 other reference |
| Meschter (1953) +4 other references |
| Evensen (1958) +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Jensen et al. (1995) |
| Jensen et al. (1995) |
| Garside NBMG Bull 81 (1973) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Ross (1961) | |
| Ross (1961) +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Jensen (1993) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| |
| |
| Smith (2005) | |
| Smith (2005) |
| Scott Whittemore collection +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Min. 80:256 (2005) | |
| Thompson et al. (2022) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology ... | |
| NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology ... +1 other reference | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| McLemore (2005) |
| NMBGMR Open-file Report - 486 | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Page et al. (1956) +3 other references | |
| NM Bureau of Mines & Mineral Res. |
| Griswold (1959) |
| NMBMMR OFR 183 +2 other references | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Page et al. (1956) +3 other references | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) +1 other reference | |
| Yale Peabody Museum collection |
| Smithsonian Institution Mineral ... |
| Bernard et al. (2004) |
| Rocks and Minerals | |
| Lapham et al. (1976) |
| Lapham et al. (1976) |
| Eric Quinter collection |
| Smith and Hioff (1984) |
| Gordon (1922) |
| Gordon (1922) | |
| Ransom (1974) | |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Campbell et al. (1985) |
| Smith (1991) |
| Price (1983) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Page et al. (1956) +3 other references | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +5 other references | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Nininger |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| USGS: Geological Survey Circular 322 +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Finnell et al. (1963) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Carter et al. (1965) +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Frondel (1958) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| USGS TEI #514 +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| George E. Becraft and Paul L. Weis (1963) +2 other references |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| George E. Becraft and Paul L. Weis (1963) +1 other reference | |
| Page et al. (1956) +2 other references |
| Hausel et al. (2001) | |
| Wilmarth et al. (1954) +1 other reference |
Zambia | |
| Scovil (2016) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Gallagher (1967) +1 other reference |
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Crown King Mine, Crown King, Pine Grove Mining District, Bradshaw Mountains, Yavapai County, Arizona, USA