Hydroxylapatite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Hydroxylapatite
Formula:
Ca5(PO4)3(OH)
Colour:
White, grey, yellow, green, violet, purple, red or brown
Lustre:
Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Waxy, Greasy, Earthy
Hardness:
5
Specific Gravity:
3.10 - 3.21
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Member of:
Name:
Named hydro-apatite in 1856 by Augustin Alexis Damour from the ἀπατάω (apatao), to deceive as Apatite was often confused with other minerals (e.g. Beryl, Milarite), plus the "hydro-" prefix for the water-rich (as hydroxyl) nature of the mineral. Waldemar Schaller changed the name slightly to hydroxyl-apatite in 1912 and the one-word, hydroxylapatit, was introduced by Burri, Jakob, Parker, and Hugo Strunz in 1935. Additional names applied to this mineral include: pyroclasite, ornithite, monite, etc. Much "carbonate-apatite" is hydroxylapatite, including some dahllite, collophane, etc.
Apatite Group. The hydroxyl analogue of fluorapatite (much more common) and chlorapatite (rare). The phosphate analogue of johnbaumite.
Hydroxylapatite is a very important biomineral: Carbonate-bearing calcium-deficient hydroxylapatite is the main mineral of which dental enamel and dentin are composed. Up to 50% by volume and 70% by weight of human bone is a modified form of hydroxylapatite, known as bone mineral (Wikipedia).
According to Chadefaux et al. (1999) some blue bones may comprise an apatite-group species with pentavalent manganese, confirmed to be present as MnO43- (manganate(V)) anion substituting for the PO43- one.
Hydroxylapatite is a very important biomineral: Carbonate-bearing calcium-deficient hydroxylapatite is the main mineral of which dental enamel and dentin are composed. Up to 50% by volume and 70% by weight of human bone is a modified form of hydroxylapatite, known as bone mineral (Wikipedia).
According to Chadefaux et al. (1999) some blue bones may comprise an apatite-group species with pentavalent manganese, confirmed to be present as MnO43- (manganate(V)) anion substituting for the PO43- one.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1992
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1992:3
IMA Classification of Hydroxylapatite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Ca5(PO4)3OH
Classification of Hydroxylapatite
8.BN.05
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
N : With only large cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 0.33:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
N : With only large cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 0.33:1
41.8.1.3
41 : ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
8 : A5(XO4)3Zq
41 : ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
8 : A5(XO4)3Zq
19.4.2
19 : Phosphates
4 : Phosphates of Ca
19 : Phosphates
4 : Phosphates of Ca
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Hap | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Hap | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Pronunciation of Hydroxylapatite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Hydroxylapatite
Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Waxy, Greasy, Earthy
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent, Opaque
Colour:
White, grey, yellow, green, violet, purple, red or brown
Comment:
Ideally white; other colors usually due to staining
Streak:
White
Hardness:
5 on Mohs scale
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Poor/Indistinct
Poor on {0001) and on {1010}
Poor on {0001) and on {1010}
Fracture:
Conchoidal, Sub-Conchoidal, Fibrous
Density:
3.10 - 3.21 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.16 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
Density may be lower when earthy in texture.
Optical Data of Hydroxylapatite
Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nω = 1.651 nε = 1.644
Birefringence:
0.007
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.007
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Optical Extinction:
Parallel
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Chemistry of Hydroxylapatite
Mindat Formula:
Ca5(PO4)3(OH)
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Hydroxylapatite
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Class (H-M):
6/m - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
P63/m
Setting:
P63/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.41 Å, c = 6.88 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 0.731
Unit Cell V:
527.59 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Crystals short to long hexagonal prisms [0001], with {1010} and {1011} dominant; also thick tabular {0001}, frequently in the crystals of hydrothermal origin in pegmatites and veins, with {1010}, relatively large {0001}, and often also {1011} or low pyramids. Very sharp crystals are uncommon and terminations are frequently rounded. Massive, coarse granular to compact.
Twinning:
Rare contact twins on {1121}. Twin plane {10_13} rare. Also twinning reported on {1010} and {11_23}.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0001257 | Hydroxylapatite | Hughes J M, Cameron M, Crowley K D (1989) Structural variations in natural F, OH, and Cl apatites American Mineralogist 74 870-876 |  | 1989 | Holly Springs, Georgia, USA | 0 | 293 |
| 0001375 | Hydroxylapatite | Hughes J M, Cameron M, Mariano A N (1991) Rare-earth-element ordering and structural variations in natural rare-earth-bearing apatites sample B from the Oka carbonatite American Mineralogist 76 1165-1173 | | 1991 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002281 | Hydroxylapatite | Wilson R M, Elliot J C, Dowker S E P (1999) Rietveld refinement of the crystallographic structure of human dental enamel apatites American Mineralogist 84 1406-1414 | | 1999 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002282 | Hydroxylapatite | Wilson R M, Elliot J C, Dowker S E P (1999) Rietveld refinement of the crystallographic structure of human dental enamel apatites American Mineralogist 84 1406-1414 | | 1999 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002283 | Hydroxylapatite | Wilson R M, Elliot J C, Dowker S E P (1999) Rietveld refinement of the crystallographic structure of human dental enamel apatites American Mineralogist 84 1406-1414 | | 1999 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002284 | Hydroxylapatite | Wilson R M, Elliot J C, Dowker S E P (1999) Rietveld refinement of the crystallographic structure of human dental enamel apatites American Mineralogist 84 1406-1414 | | 1999 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002285 | Hydroxylapatite | Wilson R M, Elliot J C, Dowker S E P (1999) Rietveld refinement of the crystallographic structure of human dental enamel apatites American Mineralogist 84 1406-1414 | | 1999 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002286 | Hydroxylapatite | Wilson R M, Elliot J C, Dowker S E P (1999) Rietveld refinement of the crystallographic structure of human dental enamel apatites American Mineralogist 84 1406-1414 | | 1999 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002287 | Hydroxylapatite | Wilson R M, Elliot J C, Dowker S E P (1999) Rietveld refinement of the crystallographic structure of human dental enamel apatites American Mineralogist 84 1406-1414 | | 1999 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002288 | Hydroxylapatite | Wilson R M, Elliot J C, Dowker S E P (1999) Rietveld refinement of the crystallographic structure of human dental enamel apatites American Mineralogist 84 1406-1414 | | 1999 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002289 | Hydroxylapatite | Wilson R M, Elliot J C, Dowker S E P (1999) Rietveld refinement of the crystallographic structure of human dental enamel apatites American Mineralogist 84 1406-1414 | | 1999 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002290 | Hydroxylapatite | Wilson R M, Elliot J C, Dowker S E P (1999) Rietveld refinement of the crystallographic structure of human dental enamel apatites American Mineralogist 84 1406-1414 | | 1999 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002291 | Hydroxylapatite | Wilson R M, Elliot J C, Dowker S E P (1999) Rietveld refinement of the crystallographic structure of human dental enamel apatites American Mineralogist 84 1406-1414 | | 1999 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002292 | Hydroxylapatite | Wilson R M, Elliot J C, Dowker S E P (1999) Rietveld refinement of the crystallographic structure of human dental enamel apatites American Mineralogist 84 1406-1414 | | 1999 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002293 | Hydroxylapatite | Wilson R M, Elliot J C, Dowker S E P (1999) Rietveld refinement of the crystallographic structure of human dental enamel apatites American Mineralogist 84 1406-1414 | | 1999 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002294 | Hydroxylapatite | Wilson R M, Elliot J C, Dowker S E P (1999) Rietveld refinement of the crystallographic structure of human dental enamel apatites American Mineralogist 84 1406-1414 | | 1999 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002295 | Hydroxylapatite | Wilson R M, Elliot J C, Dowker S E P (1999) Rietveld refinement of the crystallographic structure of human dental enamel apatites American Mineralogist 84 1406-1414 | | 1999 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002296 | Hydroxylapatite | Wilson R M, Elliot J C, Dowker S E P (1999) Rietveld refinement of the crystallographic structure of human dental enamel apatites American Mineralogist 84 1406-1414 | | 1999 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003640 | Hydroxylapatite | Fleet M E, Liu X, King P L (2004) Accommodation of the carbonate ion in apatite: An FTIR and X-ray structure study of crystals synthesized at 2-4 GPa American Mineralogist 89 1422-1432 | | 2004 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003641 | Hydroxylapatite | Fleet M E, Liu X, King P L (2004) Accommodation of the carbonate ion in apatite: An FTIR and X-ray structure study of crystals synthesized at 2-4 GPa American Mineralogist 89 1422-1432 | | 2004 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0004924 | Hydroxylapatite | Lee Y J, Stephens P W, Tang Y, Li W, Phillips B L, Parise J B, Reeder R J (2009) Arsenate substitution in hydroxylapatite: Structural characterization of the Ca5(PxAs1-xO4)3OH solid solution American Mineralogist 94 666-675 | | 2009 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004925 | Hydroxylapatite | Lee Y J, Stephens P W, Tang Y, Li W, Phillips B L, Parise J B, Reeder R J (2009) Arsenate substitution in hydroxylapatite: Structural characterization of the Ca5(PxAs1-xO4)3OH solid solution American Mineralogist 94 666-675 | | 2009 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004926 | Hydroxylapatite | Lee Y J, Stephens P W, Tang Y, Li W, Phillips B L, Parise J B, Reeder R J (2009) Arsenate substitution in hydroxylapatite: Structural characterization of the Ca5(PxAs1-xO4)3OH solid solution American Mineralogist 94 666-675 | | 2009 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004927 | Hydroxylapatite | Lee Y J, Stephens P W, Tang Y, Li W, Phillips B L, Parise J B, Reeder R J (2009) Arsenate substitution in hydroxylapatite: Structural characterization of the Ca5(PxAs1-xO4)3OH solid solution American Mineralogist 94 666-675 | | 2009 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0009353 | Hydroxylapatite | Sudarsanan K, Young R A (1969) Significant precision in crystal structural details: Holly Springs hydroxyapatite Acta Crystallographica B25 1534-1543 |  | 1969 | Holly Springs, Cherokee County, Georgia, USA | 0 | 293 |
| 0009354 | Hydroxylapatite | Sudarsanan K, Young R A (1969) Significant precision in crystal structural details: Holly Springs hydroxyapatite Acta Crystallographica B25 1534-1543 | | 1969 | Holly Springs, Cherokee County, Georgia, USA | 0 | 293 |
| 0009355 | Hydroxylapatite | Sudarsanan K, Young R A (1969) Significant precision in crystal structural details: Holly Springs hydroxyapatite Acta Crystallographica B25 1534-1543 | | 1969 | Holly Springs, Cherokee County, Georgia, USA | 0 | 293 |
| 0009356 | Hydroxylapatite | Sudarsanan K, Young R A (1969) Significant precision in crystal structural details: Holly Springs hydroxyapatite Acta Crystallographica B25 1534-1543 | | 1969 | Holly Springs, Cherokee County, Georgia, USA | 0 | 293 |
| 0018108 | Hydroxylapatite | Hendricks S, Jefferson M, Mosley V (1932) The Crystal Structures of Some Natural and Synthetic Apatite-Like Substances _cod_database_code 1011242 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 81 352-369 | 1932 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.814 Å | (100) |
| 2.778 Å | (60) |
| 2.720 Å | (60) |
| 3.44 Å | (40) |
| 1.841 Å | (40) |
| 1.943 Å | (30) |
| 2.631 Å | (25) |
Comments:
synthetic (ICDD 9-432)
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
| 6 : Secondary asteroid phases | 4.566-4.560 |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) | |
| Stage 6: Anoxic biosphere | <4.0 |
| 44 : Anoxic microbially mediated minerals (see also #44) | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 49 : Oxic cellular biomineralization (see also #44) | <0.54 |
| 52 : Guano- and urine-derived minerals | <0.4 |
Geological Setting:
Abundant in sedimentary phosphate beds. Occasionally found in Talc-schist; in diallage-serpentine rock. May be be found in late-stage phosphate mineralization in granite pegmatites,
Synonyms of Hydroxylapatite
Other Language Names for Hydroxylapatite
Dutch:Hydroxylapatiet
German:Hydroxylapatit
Hydroxyapatit
Hydroxyapatit
Norwegian:Hydroksylapatitt
Russian:Гидроксилапатит
Апатит-(CaOH)
Апатит-(CaOH)
Simplified Chinese:羟磷灰石
Spanish:Hidroxiapatita
Hidroxilapatito
Hidroxilapatito
Varieties of Hydroxylapatite
| Alkali-oxyapatite | Na-bearing variety of Hydroxyapatite. |
| Carbonate-fluorhydroxyapatite | Carbonate- and F-bearing variety. F/OH ratio probably undetermined. |
| Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite | Apatite Group . A hydroxylapatite with carbonate group (CO3) substituting for some of the phosphate (PO4) group. Originally reported from Ødegården Mine (Ødegaarden Mine), Ødegården field, Bamble, Telemark, Norway. An important biomaterial: bone ... |
| Manganese-bearing Apatite-(CaOH) | A variety of Hydroxylapatite containing Mn2+ substituting for Ca up to at least Mn:Ca = 1:7.7. |
| Ornithite | 'Dahllite' pseudomorphs after brushite. From guano. |
| Pyroclasite (of Shepard) | A dark brown laminated concretionary hydroxylapatite. |
Relationship of Hydroxylapatite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Apatite Group:
| Alforsite | Ba5(PO4)3Cl | Hex. 6/m : P63/m |
| Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) | |
| Chlorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3Cl | Hex. 6/m : P63/m |
| Fluoralforsite | Ba5(PO4)3F | Hex. 6/m : P6/m |
| Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F | Hex. 6/m : P63/m |
| Fluorpyromorphite | Pb5(PO4)3F | Hex. 6/m : P63/m |
| Hydroxylpyromorphite | Pb5(PO4)3(OH) | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P63/mcm |
| Johnbaumite | Ca5(AsO4)3(OH) | Hex. 6/m : P63/m |
| Mimetite | Pb5(AsO4)3Cl | Hex. 6/m : P63/m |
| Oxypyromorphite | Pb10(PO4)6O | |
| Pieczkaite | Mn5(PO4)3Cl | Hex. 6/m : P63/m |
| Pliniusite | Ca5(VO4)3F | Hex. 6/m : P63/m |
| Pyromorphite | Pb5(PO4)3Cl | Hex. 6/m : P63/m |
| Stronadelphite | Sr5(PO4)3F | Hex. 6/m : P63/m |
| Svabite | Ca5(AsO4)3F | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P63/mmc |
| Turneaureite | Ca5(AsO4)3Cl | Hex. 6/m : P63/m |
| Unnamed (OH-analogue of Mimetite) | Pb5(AsO4)3(OH) | Hex. 6/m : P63/m |
| Vanadinite | Pb5(VO4)3Cl | Hex. 6/m : P63/m |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 80 photos of Hydroxylapatite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 70 photos of Hydroxylapatite associated with Microcline | K(AlSi3O8) |
| 52 photos of Hydroxylapatite associated with Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| 38 photos of Hydroxylapatite associated with Phosphorite | |
| 37 photos of Hydroxylapatite associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| 34 photos of Hydroxylapatite associated with Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
| 26 photos of Hydroxylapatite associated with Hornblende Root Name Group | ◻Ca2(Z2+4Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2 |
| 24 photos of Hydroxylapatite associated with Tarbuttite | Zn2(PO4)(OH) |
| 24 photos of Hydroxylapatite associated with Hemimorphite | Zn4Si2O7(OH)2 · H2O |
| 21 photos of Hydroxylapatite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.BN. | Fluoralforsite | Ba5(PO4)3F |
| 8.BN. | Aradite | BaCa6[(SiO4)(VO4)](VO4)2F |
| 8.BN. | Magganasite | CuFe3+3O(AsO4)3 |
| 8.BN. | Fluorpyromorphite | Pb5(PO4)3F |
| 8.BN. | Fluorsigaiite | Ca2Sr3(PO4)3F |
| 8.BN.05 | Pieczkaite | Mn5(PO4)3Cl |
| 8.BN.05 | Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
| 8.BN.05 | Fluorcaphite | SrCaCa3(PO4)3F |
| 8.BN.05 | Vanadinite | Pb5(VO4)3Cl |
| 8.BN.05 | Hedyphane | Ca2Pb3(AsO4)3Cl |
| 8.BN.05 | Hydroxylhedyphane | Ca2Pb3(AsO4)3(OH) |
| 8.BN.05 | Mimetite-M | Pb5(AsO4)3Cl |
| 8.BN.05 | Johnbaumite | Ca5(AsO4)3(OH) |
| 8.BN.05 | Pliniusite | Ca5(VO4)3F |
| 8.BN.05 | Hydroxylapatite-M | Ca5(PO4)3OH |
| 8.BN.05 | Hydroxylpyromorphite | Pb5(PO4)3(OH) |
| 8.BN.05 | Miyahisaite | (Sr,Ca)2Ba3(PO4)3F |
| 8.BN.05 | Carlgieseckeite-(Nd) | NaNdCa3(PO4)3F |
| 8.BN.05 | Belovite-(Ce) | NaCeSr3(PO4)3F |
| 8.BN.05 | Kuannersuite-(Ce) | NaCeBa3(PO4)3F0.5Cl0.5 |
| 8.BN.05 | Alforsite | Ba5(PO4)3Cl |
| 8.BN.05 | Unnamed (OH-analogue of Mimetite) | Pb5(AsO4)3(OH) |
| 8.BN.05 | Stronadelphite | Sr5(PO4)3F |
| 8.BN.05 | Parafiniukite | Ca2Mn3(PO4)3Cl |
| 8.BN.05 | Mimetite | Pb5(AsO4)3Cl |
| 8.BN.05 va | Germanate-pyromorphite | Pb5(PO4)2GeO4 |
| 8.BN.05 | Belovite-(La) | NaLaSr3(PO4)3F |
| 8.BN.05 | Fluorphosphohedyphane | Ca2Pb3(PO4)3F |
| 8.BN.05 | Fluorstrophite | SrCaSr3(PO4)3F |
| 8.BN.05 | Johnbaumite-M | Ca5(AsO4)3OH |
| 8.BN.05 | Phosphohedyphane | Ca2Pb3(PO4)3Cl |
| 8.BN.05 | Turneaureite | Ca5(AsO4)3Cl |
| 8.BN.05 | Morelandite | Ca2Ba3(AsO4)3Cl |
| 8.BN.05 | Oxypyromorphite | Pb10(PO4)6O |
| 8.BN.05 | Deloneite | (Na0.5REE0.25Ca0.25)(Ca0.75REE0.25)Sr1.5(CaNa0.25REE0.25)(PO4)3F0.5(OH)0.5 |
| 8.BN.05 | Chlorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3Cl |
| 8.BN.05 | Pyromorphite | Pb5(PO4)3Cl |
| 8.BN.05 | Vanackerite | Pb4Cd(AsO4)3Cl |
| 8.BN.05 | Svabite | Ca5(AsO4)3F |
| 8.BN.10 | Arctite | Na2Ca4(PO4)3F |
| 8.BN.10 | Krügerite | BaCa6(SiO4)2[(P0.5S0.5)O4]2F |
| 8.BN.15 | Goryainovite | Ca2(PO4)Cl |
Fluorescence of Hydroxylapatite
Not usually fluorescent.
Other Information
Notes:
Soluble in HCl or in HNO3. Varieties containing CO3 may dissolve with slight effervescence.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
Ore of phosphorus.
Internet Links for Hydroxylapatite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1992.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Hydroxylapatite
Reference List:
McConnell, Duncan., Groner, John W. (1940) The problem of the carbonate-apatites. III. Carbonate-apatite from Magnet Cove,. American Mineralogist, 25 (3) 157-167
Mitchell, Lane, Faust, G. T., Hendricks, S. B., Reynolds, and D. S. (1943) The mineralogy and genesis of hydroxylapatite. American Mineralogist, 28 (6) 356-371
Levinskas, George J., Neuman, William F. (1955) The Solubility of Bone Mineral. I. Solubility Studies of Synthetic Hydroxylapatite. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 59 (2). 164-168 doi:10.1021/j150524a017
Posner, A. S., Perloff, A., Diorio, A. F. (1958) Refinement of the hydroxyapatite structure. Acta Crystallographica, 11 (4) 308-309 doi:10.1107/s0365110x58000815
Hayek, E.; Petter, H. (1960) Mischkristallbildung der Hydroxylapatite von Calcium und Strontium. Monatshefte für Chemie, 91. 356-358 doi:10.1007/bf00901756
Mer, Victor K. La (1962) THE SOLUBILITY BEHAVIOR OF HYDROXYLAPATITE. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 66 (6). 973-978 doi:10.1021/j100812a003
KAY, M. I., YOUNG, R. A., POSNER, A. S. (1964) Crystal Structure of Hydroxyapatite. Nature, 204 (4963). 1050-1052 doi:10.1038/2041050a0
Simpson, D. R. (1965) Carbonate in Hydroxylapatite. Science, 147 (3657). 501-502 doi:10.1126/science.147.3657.501
Ishikawa, Tatsuo, Wakamura, Masato, Kondo, Seiichi (1989) Surface characterization of calcium hydroxylapatite by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Langmuir, 5. 140-144 doi:10.1021/la00085a025
Narasaraju, T. S. B., Phebe, D. E. (1996) Some physico-chemical aspects of hydroxylapatite. Journal of Materials Science, 31. 1-21 doi:10.1007/bf00355120
Fleet, Michael E., Liu, Xiaoyang, Pan, Yuanming (2000) Site Preference of Rare Earth Elements in Hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 149. 391-398 doi:10.1006/jssc.1999.8563
Chadefaux, C., Vignaud, C., Chalmin, E., Robles-Camacho, J., Arroyo-Cabrales, J., Johnson, E., Reiche, I. (2009) Color origin and heat evidence of paleontological bones: Case study of blue and gray bones from San Josecito Cave, Mexico. American Mineralogist, 94 (1) 27-33 doi:10.2138/am.2009.2860
Lee, Y. J., Stephens, P. W., Tang, Y., Li, W., Phillips, B. L., Parise, J. B., Reeder, R. J. (2009) Arsenate substitution in hydroxylapatite: Structural characterization of the Ca5(PxAs1-xO4)3OH solid solution. American Mineralogist, 94 (5) 666-675 doi:10.2138/am.2009.3120
Pasteris, J. D., Yoder, C. H., Sternlieb, M. P., Liu, S. (2012) Effect of carbonate incorporation on the hydroxyl content of hydroxylapatite. Mineralogical Magazine, 76 (7) 2741-2759 doi:10.1180/minmag.2012.076.7.08
Hovis, G. L., McCubbin, F. M., Nekvasil, H., Ustunisik, G., Woerner, W. R., Lindsley, D. H. (2014) A novel technique for fluorapatite synthesis and the thermodynamic mixing behavior of F-OH apatite crystalline solutions. American Mineralogist, 99 (5) 890-897 doi:10.2138/am.2014.4750
Pasteris, J. D., Yoder, C. H., Wopenka, B. (2014) Molecular water in nominally unhydrated carbonated hydroxylapatite: The key to a better understanding of bone mineral. American Mineralogist, 99 (1) 16-27 doi:10.2138/am.2014.4627
Ulian, Gianfranco, Moro, Daniele, Valdrè, Giovanni (2016) First-principles study of structural and surface properties of (001) and (010) surfaces of hydroxylapatite and carbonated hydroxylapatite. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 49 (6). 1893-1903 doi:10.1107/s160057671601390x
Tran, Linh K., Stepien, Kathleen R., Bollmeyer, Melissa M., Yoder, Claude H. (2017) Substitution of sulfate in apatite. American Mineralogist, 102 (10) 1971-1976 doi:10.2138/am-2017-6088
Chen, Weikun, Wang, Quanzhi, Meng, Shiting, Yang, Ping, Jiang, Liu, Zou, Xiang, Li, Zhen, Hu, Shuijin (2017) Temperature-related changes of Ca and P release in synthesized hydroxylapatite, geological fluorapatite, and bone bioapatite. Chemical Geology, 451. 183-188 doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.01.014
Bulina, Natalia V., Makarova, Svetlana V., Baev, Sergey G., Matvienko, Alexander A., Gerasimov, Konstantin B., Logutenko, Olga A., Bystrov, Vladimir S. (2021) A Study of Thermal Stability of Hydroxyapatite. Minerals, 11 (12) 1310 doi:10.3390/min11121310
Ulian, Gianfranco, Moro, Daniele, Valdrè, Giovanni (2021) Thermodynamic, elastic, and vibrational (IR/Raman) behavior of mixed type-AB carbonated hydroxylapatite by density functional theory. American Mineralogist, 106 (12) 1928-1939 doi:10.2138/am-2021-7826
Fau, Amaury, Beyssac, Olivier, Gauthier, Michel, Panczer, Gérard, Gasnault, Olivier, Meslin, Pierre-Yves, Bernard, Sylvain, Maurice, Sylvestre, Forni, Olivier, Boulliard, Jean-Claude, Bosc, Françoise, Drouet, Christophe (2022) Time-resolved Raman and luminescence spectroscopy of synthetic REE-doped hydroxylapatites and natural apatites. American Mineralogist, 107 (7) 1341-1352 doi:10.2138/am-2022-8006
Zhukova, Irina A., Stepanov, Aleksandr S., Korsakov, Andrey V., Jiang, Shao‐Yong (2022) Application of Raman spectroscopy for the identification of phosphate minerals from REE supergene deposit. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 53 (3) 485-496 doi:10.1002/jrs.6213
Karalkeviciene, Rasa, Raudonyte-Svirbutaviciene, Eva, Gaidukevic, Justina, Zarkov, Aleksej, Kareiva, Aivaras (2022) Solvothermal Synthesis of Calcium-Deficient Hydroxyapatite via Hydrolysis of α-Tricalcium Phosphate in Different Aqueous-Organic Media. Crystals, 12 (2) 253pp. doi:10.3390/cryst12020253
Karalkeviciene, Rasa, Raudonyte-Svirbutaviciene, Eva, Zarkov, Aleksej, Yang, Jen-Chang, Popov, Anatoli I., Kareiva, Aivaras (2023) Solvothermal Synthesis of Calcium Hydroxyapatite via Hydrolysis of Alpha-Tricalcium Phosphate in the Presence of Different Organic Additives. Crystals, 13 (2) 265 doi:10.3390/cryst13020265
Localities for Hydroxylapatite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Anguilla | |
| Frondel (1943) | |
Antarctica | |
| Barczuk A. & Tatur A. 2003: BIOGENIC ... |
| Tatjir et al. (1984) |
| Tatur et al. (1985) | |
Argentina | |
| Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry´s collection | |
| Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry´s collection |
| Pagano et al. (2016) +2 other references |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Benedetto et al. (1998) |
| Galliski et al. (2012) |
| Galliski et al. (2012) | |
| OYARZABAL et al. (H2O) |
| OYARZABAL et al. (H2O) +1 other reference |
| Linares +1 other reference | |
| Linares |
Australia | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] McQueen et al. (1988) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Trueman (1966) | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Frisia et al. (2012) | |
| England (2002) |
| Crane et al. (2001) |
| Holmes (1977) |
| Podgson RE |
| Crane et al. (2001) |
| |
| Francis et al. (2012) |
| Graham (1978) |
| Frost et al. (2004) |
| Analysed by Peter Elliott |
| Lottermoser B. G. (1995) |
| Francis et al. (2012) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] www.crocoite.com (2003) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Everard et al. (2004) |
| R Botttrill |
| |
| |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] P.J. Bridge +3 other references |
| Downes et al. (2002) |
| Mineralogical Magazine 39 (1974) +1 other reference |
Austria | |
| A.Csaplovics (2014) |
| A.Csaplovics (2014) | |
| A.Csaplovics (2014) |
| Götzinger et al. (2009) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] W. Postl et al. (1990) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1974) |
| Kolitsch (2019) |
| Kolitsch (2022) |
| Knobloch et al. (2021) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2023) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2019) |
| |
| Bojar (2019) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Exel (1993) |
Bahamas | |
| Onac B.P. et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Onac B.P. et al. (2001) | |
Belgium | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Hatert et al. (2002) |
Bolivia | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Alfredo Petrov (1997) |
| www.mindat.org (n.d.) | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Woolley (1987) |
Brazil | |
| Baijot et al. (2014) |
| fabreminerals +1 other reference |
| Edson Ferreira dos Santos collection |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-2865 (Id: based on dealer label + visual]) | |
| |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Washington (1929) |
| Anzolin et al. (2019) |
| Oliveira et al. (2020) |
Canada | |
| Piilonen et al. (2025) |
| Richard Gunter Collection. |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] www.connectionsmagazine.bc.ca (2002) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Chakhmouradian et al. (2002) |
| Groat et al. (2003) |
| Chatterjee et al. (1982) |
| C. Emproto |
| C. Emproto | |
| C. Emproto |
| van Straaten et al. (2008) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Normand (2001) |
| Petrella (2013) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data of ... |
| Yang et al. (2022) |
| D. Turner and L.A. Groat (2010) +1 other reference |
Chile | |
| Bandy (1938) |
| Yang et al. (2018) |
| SEM-EDS by Joy Desor |
| SEM-EDS and XRD by Joy Desor and ... |
China | |
| Can Rao et al. (2009) +2 other references |
| Xunyi Wang (1982) |
| Min et al. (2023) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Zhengmin Cao and Weijiong Zhu (1993) |
| Xu et al. (2022) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Hein et al. (1999) |
| Wang et al. (2021) |
| Ge et al. (2017) |
Cuba | |
| Urbani (Federación Espeleológica de América Latina y el Caribe-FEALC-) |
Curaçao | |
| Färber (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
Czech Republic | |
| Jirásek (2001) |
| Černý et al. (Weisser Stein) |
| Ulrych |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Pauliš et al. (2004) |
| Masau +2 other references |
| Havelcová et al. (2020) |
DR Congo | |
| Mills et al. (2010) |
Egypt | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] USGS Open-File Report 02–156–A |
Estonia | |
| Estonian Academy Publisher (1997) |
| Soesoo et al. (2023) |
| Estonian Academy Publisher (1997) |
| Raukas et al. (1997) | |
Ethiopia | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Tribolo et al. (2017) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Rogers et al. (1979) |
Europe | |
| Berbain et al. (2012) | |
| Zelinková et al. (2022) |
Finland | |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
| Jyrki Autio collection. Pavel M. ... |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
France | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] G. Aubert : "Les coupoles granitiques de Montebras et d'Echassières (Massif Central Français) |
| Yannick Vessely collection |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Aubert (1969) | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Ref.: G. Demarcq |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] G. Demarcq | |
| collected Charles Nicolas |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Périnet (n.d.) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] M.Deliens et al. (2004) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Karkanas et al. (2002) |
| Prieto et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ... |
| Berbain et al. (2012) |
| Berbain et al. (2012) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Quattropani et al. (1999) |
| Gounelle et al. (2014) |
| Audra et al. (2019) |
| Audra et al. (2019) |
| Audra et al. (2019) |
Germany | |
| Giebel et al. (2019) |
| Gröbner (2017) |
| 70. +1 other reference |
| Lorenz et al. (2007) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Eddy Vervloet collection |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski |
| Lapis (10) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2005) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Krah et al. (1988) | |
| Schnorrer (1993) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Weiß (1990) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Schnorrer (1995) +1 other reference |
| Blaß et al. (2015) |
| Schnorrer et al. (1997) |
| Skrzyńska et al. (2023) |
| in the collection of Christof Schäfer |
| Schäfer (2016) |
| in the collection of Christof Schäfer | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Hohn et al. (2015) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Massanek et al. (2005) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
Greece | |
| Uwe Kolitsch (SEM-EDS analyses, to be published) |
| Economou-Eliopoulos et al. (2005) |
| Kanellopoulos et al. (2024) |
| Sotiropoulou et al. (2010) |
| M.G. Stamatakis (2001) |
| Chrysovalantis Efstathiou | |
Greenland | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Petersen (2001) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Bøggild (1953) | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Bøggild (1953) |
| Petersen et al. (1985) |
Hungary | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Sándor et al. (1997) |
| Audra et al. (2019) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Szakáll et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
India | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Rao +1 other reference |
Indian Ocean | |
| Maciąg et al. (2019) | |
Indonesia | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Färber (n.d.) |
Iran | |
| Asadi et al. (2000) |
Israel | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Weiner et al. (1993) |
Italy | |
| D'Angeli et al. (2018) |
| D'Angeli et al. (2018) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Cotta Ramusino et al. (1973) +1 other reference |
| Barresi et al. (2005) |
| Dell'Anna et al. (1989) |
| Dell'Anna et al. (1989) |
| Dell'Anna et al. (1989) |
| Balenzano et al. (1974) |
| Dell'Anna et al. (1989) |
| Dell'Anna et al. (1989) |
| Dell'Anna et al. (1989) | |
| Dell'Anna et al. (1989) | |
| Dell'Anna et al. (1989) | |
| Stoppa et al. (1995) |
| Garavelli et al. (2012) |
| Russo et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Audra et al. (2019) |
| Capellini (1877) +1 other reference |
| Cancian (1984) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Cozzupoli et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Stoppa et al. (2019) | |
| |
| Pierini (2004) |
| Antofilli et al. (1983) |
| Banti et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Bedognè et al. (2006) |
| Pratesi et al. (2003) |
| Maletto et al. (2014) |
| 40 (Part II) +3 other references | |
| Repossi (1919) +4 other references |
| Maletto et al. (2014) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Sartori et al. (2012) |
| Matteo Chineletto |
| Orlandi et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Baldoni et al. (2013) +2 other references |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
| Audra et al. (2019) |
| Audra et al. (2019) |
| Vattano et al. (2013) |
| Analized by Marco Ciriotti |
| Audra et al. (2019) |
| Manuella (2011) |
| Audra et al. (2019) |
| Audra et al. (2019) | |
| Vattano M. et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Messana E. (1994) | |
| Ferretti et al. (2015) |
| Vecchi et al. (2013) |
| Biagioni et al. (2013) |
| Bonifazi (2020) +1 other reference |
| Marco Bonifazi Collection 2024 |
| Batacchi et al. (2015) |
| D'Angeli et al. (2018) |
| D'Angeli et al. (2018) | |
| Stoppa et al. (1995) |
| "Minerali del Vicentino - La natrolite" ... |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) | |
| Zaccaria et al. (2021) |
Japan | |
| Banno Y et al. (2014) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] - (n.d.) |
Jordan | |
| Pitty et al. (2010) |
| Khoury et al. (1985) |
| Al-Slaty et al. (2025) |
Kazakhstan | |
| D’yachkov et al. (2021) |
| Vereshchagin et al. (2025) |
Kenya | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] USGS Open-File Report 02–156–A +5 other references |
| Forti et al. (2003) |
Latvia | |
| Dmitry Vorobjov's collection |
Malta | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] John et al. (2003) |
Mexico | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Cross (2006) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] |
| Don Belsher collection photos on ... |
| Chadefaux et al. (2009) |
Mongolia | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Geological Society of America Abstracts ... +1 other reference |
Morocco | |
| Favreau (2012) |
Namibia | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| ... +1 other reference |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| Baturin et al. (2003) | |
| New Mineral Names. Mineral News et al. (January 2012) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] |
| Jordi Fabre photo ID 654901 |
Netherlands | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] T.G. Nijland |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] T.G. Nijland |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] T.G. Nijland |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] T.G. Nijland |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] T.G. Nijland |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] T.G. Nijland |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] T.G. Nijland |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] T.G. Nijland |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Nijland et al. (2007) | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] T.G. Nijland | |
New Zealand | |
| Hutton (1956) |
| Lilley |
North Macedonia | |
| Ermolaeva et al. (2019) |
| Đorđević et al. (2017) |
North Sea | |
Norway | |
| Larsen et al. (2013) |
| Nordrum et al. (2010) |
| Raade (1999) | |
| Nordrum et al. (2010) |
| Nordrum et al. (2010) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] - (Science 155, 1977, 1409) +1 other reference |
| Nordrum et al. (2010) | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen (2023) | |
| Uwe Kolitsch and Knut Edvard Larsen (visit to locality) | |
| Nordrum (2008) |
| Mortenson (1973) +1 other reference |
Pacific Ocean | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Friesen et al. (1995) |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Renno et al. (2004) |
Philippines | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Choa et al. (2014) |
Poland | |
| Pieczka et al. (2015) +2 other references |
| Włodek et al. (2015) |
| Pieczka et al. (2015) |
| Pieczka (2007) +1 other reference |
| Pierwoła |
Portugal | |
| Neiva et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
| Alves et al. (2012) |
| Garate-Olave et al. (2024) |
Romania | |
| Onac et al. (2002) |
| Onac et al. (2002) | |
| Tamas et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| al României (2003) | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Onac et al. (2007) |
| Dumitras D et al. (2004) |
| Marincea et al. (2006) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Dumitras et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
| Onac (2009) |
| B. Onac et al (2009, July) | |
| B. Onac et al (2009, July) | |
| Neacșu Antonela (2007) |
| HÎRTOPANU et al. (2025) |
| Dumitraş et al. (2006) |
| Marincea et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Onac et al. (2003) |
| Tudor Tămaș (2010) | |
| CĂLIN et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
Russia | |
| Sokol et al. (2022) |
| Galuskin (2007) |
| ... |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
| Makagonov et al. (2023) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Murzin et al. (2013) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] N.A. Grigoriev et al. (2) |
| Sorokina et al. (2019) |
| Local geolofist S.V.Kolesnichenko data |
| webmineral.ru (2016) |
| Savva et al. (2012) |
| Bortnikov et al. (2004) |
| Volkov et al. (2011) | |
| Глухов et al. (2021) |
| Lazic et al. (2011) |
| Lennikov et al. (2004) |
| AA et al. (2021) |
| Barkov et al. (2021) |
| Kalinina et al. (2023) |
| Chakhmouradian et al. (2002) |
| Sushchenko et al. (2023) |
| PEKOV et al. (2013) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Pekov et al. (2004) | |
| Cámara et al. (2013) +1 other reference | |
| |
| Liferovich et al. (1998) +5 other references |
| Mikhailova et al. (2015) | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] ... | |
| Mokrushina et al. (2023) | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Zaitsev et al. (2004) |
| Kompanchenko et al. (2019) |
| Svetova et al. (2024) |
| Svetova et al. (2022) |
| [World of Stones 12:49] | |
| Trunilina et al. (2021) |
| Gerasimov (2023) |
| Fridovsky et al. (2018) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Shen et al. (2021) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2018) +1 other reference |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Sharygin et al. (2017) |
| Yurgenson et al. (2023) |
| Prokof'ev et al. (2004) |
Rwanda | |
| Acke et al. (2025) |
Saudi Arabia | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Saudi Geological Survey Open-File ... +1 other reference |
Seychelles | |
| Gorshkov et al. (2000) | |
Slovakia | |
| Ozdín D. (Dissertation thesis) |
| Bačík +10 other references |
| Cílek V. |
| Kettner (1948) +2 other references |
| Cílek V. |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Povondra et al. (2007) |
South Africa | |
| Hutchinson et al. (2005) |
| Mineralogical Magazine (1997) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Miller et al. (2013) |
| Miller et al. (2016) | |
Spain | |
| Carrillo-Rosúa et al. (2021) |
| Rewitzer et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Ruiz et al. (2002) |
| José Miguel Sola. Multiple methods |
| B. Onac et al (2009) |
| Onac et al. (2005) |
| Merino et al. (2019) |
| Onac et al. (2005) | |
| Onac et al. (2005) |
| Onac et al. (2005) |
| Calvo et al. (2013) |
| Calvo et al. (2013) | |
| Calvo et al. (2013) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Christoph Boutry and Rui Nunes specimens |
| Moro et al. (2000) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Rosell et al. (2006) |
| Rosell (2014) |
| ... |
| Roza Llera +3 other references |
| Benavente +2 other references |
Sri Lanka | |
| Dahanayake (1988) |
Sweden | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Flink (Sthlm 1924, in Swedish) |
| Grensman (1989) |
| Wickman (1954) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Eckermann (1948) |
Switzerland | |
| Monistier (2009) |
| Vignola et al. (2008) |
| Weiβ et al. (2007) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Parker et al. (1973) |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| Ansermet (2012) |
Thailand | |
| Lenoble et al. (2006, September) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Van Kauwenbergh et al. (1988) |
Turkey | |
| Celebi et al. (2010) | |
| Econ Geol (1984) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Yigit (2012) |
| Dietrich (1978) +1 other reference |
Uganda | |
| Barker et al. (1989) |
UK | |
| Day (1999) |
| Tindle (2008) |
| Briscoe et al. (2021) |
Ukraine | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Dvoichenko P.A. The minerals of Crimea (1914) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Alexander I. Tischenko (1996) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] [Specimen in the Natural History Museum | |
USA | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] U. S. Geological Survey Open-File ... |
| www.caves.org |
| AmMin 67: 97-113 (1982) |
| C. Lemanski (Analysis by F. Veselovsky & P. Ondrus) +1 other reference |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Econ Geol (1987) |
| Howard (2007) | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Murdoch (1966) |
| ... |
| David Singer: Highly oxidized rocks ... +2 other references |
| Personally collected and analyzed by ... |
| Lydon (1964) +3 other references |
| U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Page et al. (1956) +2 other references |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Rocks & Min.:62:234-235. |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 62: 234. |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Carl (Bob) |
| Valarie Babbitz collection |
| Ronald Januzzi collection |
| Moritz (n.d.) |
| Schooner (circa 1985) +1 other reference |
| |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Kampf et al. (2013) |
| |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] King et al. (1994) |
| Mineral News (2000) |
| King (2009) |
| King (2009) | |
| King (2009) | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] King et al. (1994) |
| Falster et al. (2019) |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] King et al. (1994) | |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] King et al. (1994) | |
| |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] King et al. (1994) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] King et al. (1994) | |
| Dionne et al. (2014) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] King et al. (1994) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Scott Soucey and Tim Blake specimens | |
| King et al. (1994) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Gammons et al. (2024) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Castor et al. (2004) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Walstrom (n.d.) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Am.Jour.Sci. et al. (1921) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Castor et al. (2004) | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Castor et al. (2004) | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Castor et al. (2004) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] |
| Journal of Pegmatology vol. 1 +2 other references | |
| King (n.d.) |
| Chris O'neill |
| Keith Wood |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Magma Field Trip Reports |
| Krystyniak (2005) |
| Smith |
| Smith (1977) |
| Onac et al. (2011) |
| Wise (1997) | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Rocks & Minerals: 60: 117. +1 other reference |
| Moore et al. (1974) |
| Campbell et al. (1985) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Smith et al. (2000) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] USGS Prof Paper 297A | |
| King (n.d.) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Young et al. (1960) |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1998 62 : 265-269 |
| Wilson (2010) |
| Robin D. Tibbit (deceased) |
| NSS Bulletin 44:90-97 (1982) |
| |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Bauer et al. (2022) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Mitchell et al. (1958) |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] AmMin 20:693 | |
Uzbekistan | |
| Kovalenker et al. (2003) |
Venezuela | |
| Urbani (1996) |
| Urbani |
| Urbani (1996) | |
| Urbani (1996) | |
| [var: Carbonate-rich Hydroxylapatite] Urbani (1996) | |
| Urbani (1996) |
| Franco Urbani (2009) | |
Yemen | |
| Zolensky et al. (2003) |
Zimbabwe | |
| USGS Open-File Report 02–156–A |
162173 Ryugu | |
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Sapo Mine, Ferruginha, Conselheiro Pena, Minas Gerais, Brazil