Plumbojarosite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Plumbojarosite
Formula:
Pb0.5Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6
Colour:
Golden-brown to dark-brown, dark brown-red, blackish
Lustre:
Silky, Dull
Hardness:
1½ - 2
Specific Gravity:
3.665
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1902 for its composition with dominant lead (Latin = PLUMBum) and its relationship to JAROSITE.
Type Locality:
Found as golden brown to dark brown crusts or masses composed of microscopic hexagonal plates; rarely as small crystals of variable morphologies (in slags blackish crystals often occur). May also be powdery, earthy, or ochreous.
May be confused with jarosite, natrojarosite, beudantite, corkite, beaverite-(Cu) and other members of the Alunite Supergroup. It forms solid-solution series with all of these.
May be confused with jarosite, natrojarosite, beudantite, corkite, beaverite-(Cu) and other members of the Alunite Supergroup. It forms solid-solution series with all of these.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3248
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3248:9
IMA Classification of Plumbojarosite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Pb0.5Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6
First published:
1902
Classification of Plumbojarosite
7.BC.10
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
B : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, without H2O
C : With medium-sized and large cations
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
B : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, without H2O
C : With medium-sized and large cations
Dana 7th ed.:
30.2.5.6
30.2.5.6
30 : ANHYDROUS SULFATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
2 : (AB)2(XO4)Zq
30 : ANHYDROUS SULFATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
2 : (AB)2(XO4)Zq
25.7.13
25 : Sulphates
7 : Sulphates of Pb
25 : Sulphates
7 : Sulphates of Pb
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Pjrs | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Pjr | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Plumbojarosite
Silky, Dull
Transparency:
Translucent, Opaque
Comment:
May be glistening.
Colour:
Golden-brown to dark-brown, dark brown-red, blackish
Streak:
Pale yellow
Hardness:
1½ - 2 on Mohs scale
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Fragile
Cleavage:
Imperfect/Fair
Fair on {10_14}.
Fair on {10_14}.
Fracture:
Micaceous
Density:
3.665 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.71 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Plumbojarosite
Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nω = 1.878 nε = 1.783
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.095
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Comments:
Dichroic:
O = Yellow-brown
E = Nearly colourless
O = Yellow-brown
E = Nearly colourless
Chemistry of Plumbojarosite
Mindat Formula:
Pb0.5Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6
Element Weights:
Crystallography of Plumbojarosite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3m (3 2/m) - Hexagonal Scalenohedral
Space Group:
R3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.305 Å, c = 33.675 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 4.61
Unit Cell V:
1,556.25 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
3
Morphology:
crusts, lumps or compact masses composed of microscopic hexagonal plates; may be pulverant, earthy, or ocherous.
The presence of Pb2+ results in the "c" axis of the hexagonal cell being doubled in comparison to jarosite, with half the Pb sites vacant in an orderly arrangement; and this also results in other minor compensating differences from the jarosite structure.
The presence of Pb2+ results in the "c" axis of the hexagonal cell being doubled in comparison to jarosite, with half the Pb sites vacant in an orderly arrangement; and this also results in other minor compensating differences from the jarosite structure.
Comment:
c may be halved due to impurity contents
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0006284 | Plumbojarosite | Basciano L C, Peterson R C (2010) A crystallographic study of the incomplete solid-solution between plumbojarosite and jarosite Note Sample G The Canadian Mineralogist 48 651-659 | 2010 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0005207 | Plumbojarosite | Szymanski J T (1985) The crystal structure of plumbojarosite Pb[Fe3(SO4)2(OH)6]2 The Canadian Mineralogist 23 659-668 |  | 1985 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.06 Å | (100) |
| 2.81 Å | (50) |
| 2.53 Å | (30) |
| 2.25 Å | (80) |
| 1.975 Å | (30) |
| 1.827 Å | (30) |
| 1.532 Å | (30) |
| 1.487 Å | (40) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47b : [Sulfates and sulfites] |
Geological Setting:
A secondary mineral found in the oxidized zones of lead mineral deposits, particularly in arid regions.
Type Occurrence of Plumbojarosite
Synonyms of Plumbojarosite
Other Language Names for Plumbojarosite
Relationship of Plumbojarosite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Alunite Group:
| Alunite | KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Ammonioalunite | (NH4)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. |
| Ammoniojarosite | (NH4)Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Argentojarosite | AgFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Beaverite-(Cu) | Pb(Fe3+2Cu)(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Beaverite-(Zn) | Pb(Fe3+2Zn)(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Dorallcharite | TlFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Huangite | Ca0.5Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Hydroniumjarosite | (H3O)Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Jarosite | KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Natroalunite | NaAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| 'Natroalunite-2c' | (Na,Ca0.5,K)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Natrojarosite | NaFe3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| Osarizawaite | Pb(Al2Cu2+)(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Schlossmacherite | (H3O)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Walthierite | Ba0.5Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 18 photos of Plumbojarosite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 13 photos of Plumbojarosite associated with Cerussite | PbCO3 |
| 11 photos of Plumbojarosite associated with Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| 10 photos of Plumbojarosite associated with Anglesite | PbSO4 |
| 10 photos of Plumbojarosite associated with Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| 7 photos of Plumbojarosite associated with Corkite | PbFe3+3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 7 photos of Plumbojarosite associated with Baryte | BaSO4 |
| 5 photos of Plumbojarosite associated with Minium | Pb3O4 |
| 5 photos of Plumbojarosite associated with Jarosite | KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 5 photos of Plumbojarosite associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.BC. | Viskontite | Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(SeO3)(OH)6 |
| 7.BC. | Zincochenite | Pb4Zn(OH)6(SO4)2 |
| 7.BC. | D'Ansite-(Mn) | Na21Mn2+(SO4)10Cl3 |
| 7.BC. | D'Ansite-(Fe) | Na21Fe2+(SO4)10Cl3 |
| 7.BC. | Acmonidesite | (NH4,K,Pb)8NaFe2+4(SO4)5Cl8 |
| 7.BC. | Adranosite | (NH4)4NaAl2(SO4)4Cl(OH)2 |
| 7.BC. | Chromviskontite | Pb5Cu2(CrO4)3(SeO3)(OH)6 |
| 7.BC. | Backite | Pb2AlTeO6Cl |
| 7.BC. | Adranosite-(Fe) | (NH4)4NaFe3+2(SO4)4Cl(OH)2 |
| 7.BC. | Agaite | Pb3CuTeO5(OH)2(CO3) |
| 7.BC. | Wildcatite | CaFe3+Te6+O5(OH) |
| 7.BC. | Hagstromite | Pb8Cu2+(Te6+O6)2(CO3)Cl4 |
| 7.BC.05 | D'Ansite | Na21Mg(SO4)10Cl3 |
| 7.BC.07 | 'Apatelite' | Fe3(SO4)2(OH)5 · 0.5H2O |
| 7.BC.07 | 'Unnamed (Ba-Fe Vanadate)' | Ba, Fe, V, O, H |
| 7.BC.10 | Jarosite | KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Dorallcharite | TlFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Argentojarosite | AgFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Natroalunite | NaAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Natrojarosite | NaFe3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Beaverite-(Cu) | Pb(Fe3+2Cu)(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Beaverite-(Zn) | Pb(Fe3+2Zn)(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Walthierite | Ba0.5Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Huangite | Ca0.5Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | 'Natroalunite-2c' | (Na,Ca0.5,K)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Alunite | KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Karlseifertite | Pb(Ga2Ge)(AsO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Hydroniumjarosite | (H3O)Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Ammonioalunite | (NH4)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Ammoniojarosite | (NH4)Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Osarizawaite | Pb(Al2Cu2+)(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.10 | Schlossmacherite | (H3O)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.15 | Ye'elimite | Ca4Al6(SO4)O12 |
| 7.BC.20 | Nabokoite | KCu7(SO4)5(Te4+O3)OCl |
| 7.BC.20 | Puninite | Na2Cu3O(SO4)3 |
| 7.BC.20 | Atlasovite | K(BiO)Cu6Fe3+(SO4)5O3Cl |
| 7.BC.25 | Chlorothionite | K2Cu(SO4)Cl2 |
| 7.BC.30 | Euchlorine | KNaCu3(SO4)3O |
| 7.BC.30 | Fedotovite | K2Cu3(SO4)3O |
| 7.BC.35 | Kamchatkite | KCu3(SO4)2OCl |
| 7.BC.40 | Piypite | K4Cu4O2(SO4)4 · (Na,Cu)Cl |
| 7.BC.45 | Alumoklyuchevskite | K3Cu3(Al,Fe3+)(SO4)4O2 |
| 7.BC.45 | Belousovite | KZn(SO4)Cl |
| 7.BC.45 | Klyuchevskite | K3Cu3(Fe3+,Al)(SO4)4O2 |
| 7.BC.47 | Müllerite | Pb2Fe3+(Te6+O6)Cl |
| 7.BC.50 | Caledonite | Pb5Cu2(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.50 | Elasmochloite | Na3Cu6BiO4(SO4)5 |
| 7.BC.52 | Eleomelanite | (K2Pb)Cu4O2(SO4)4 |
| 7.BC.55 | Falgarite | K4(VO)3(SO4)5 |
| 7.BC.55 | Wherryite | Pb7Cu2(SO4)4(SiO4)2(OH)2 |
| 7.BC.57 | Krasheninnikovite | KNa2CaMg(SO4)3F |
| 7.BC.60 | Wulffite | K3NaCu4O2(SO4)4 |
| 7.BC.60 | Parawulffite | K5Na3Cu8O4(SO4)8 |
| 7.BC.60 | Mammothite | Pb6Cu4AlSb5+O2(OH)16Cl4(SO4)2 |
| 7.BC.62 | Shuvalovite | K2(Ca2Na)(SO4)3F |
| 7.BC.65 | Saccoite | Ca2Mn3+2F(OH)8 · 0.5(SO4) |
| 7.BC.65 | Linarite | PbCu(SO4)(OH)2 |
| 7.BC.65 | Therasiaite | (NH4)3KNa2Fe2+Fe3+(SO4)3Cl5 |
| 7.BC.65 | Franksousaite | PbCu(Se6+O4)(OH)2 |
| 7.BC.65 | Munakataite | Pb2Cu2(Se4+O3)(SO4)(OH)4 |
| 7.BC.65 | Schmiederite | Pb2Cu2(Se6+O4)(Se4+O3)(OH)4 |
| 7.BC.70 | Chenite | Pb4Cu(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 7.BC.75 | Krivovichevite | Pb3Al(OH)6(SO4)(OH) |
| 7.BC.80 | Anhydrokainite | KMg(SO4)Cl |
Other Information
Notes:
Very slowly soluble in acids.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Plumbojarosite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3248.html
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References for Plumbojarosite
Reference List:
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.121
Hendricks, Sterling B. (1937) The crystal structure of alunite and the jarosites. American Mineralogist, 22 (6) 773-784
Mumme, W. G., Scott, T. R. (1966) The relationship between basic ferric sulfate and plumbojarosite. American Mineralogist, 51 (3-4) 443-453
Szymanski, J. T. (1985) The crystal structure of plumbojarosite Pb[Fe3(SO4)2(OH)6]2. The Canadian Mineralogist, 23 (4) 659-668
Scott, Keith M. (1987) Solid solution in, and classification of, gossan-derived members of the alunite-jarosite family, northwest Queensland, Australia. American Mineralogist, 72 (1-2) 178-187
Reddy, S.Lakshmi, Rao, P.S., Reddy, B.J. (1991) Mössbauer, optical absorption and EPR spectra of Fe3+ in plumbo-jarosite minerals. Physics Letters A, 161. 74-76 doi:10.1016/0375-9601(91)90548-m
Jambor, John L. (1999) Nomenclature of the alunite supergroup. The Canadian Mineralogist, 37 (6). 1323-1341
Ózacar, M.; Alp, A.; Aydin, A. O. (2000) Kinetics of Thermal Decomposition of Plumbo-jarosite. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 59 (3). 869-875 doi:10.1023/a:1010122308490
Frost, Ray L., Wills, Rachael-Anne, Martens, Wayde (2005) Raman spectroscopy of beaverite and plumbojarosite. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 36 (12). 1106-1112 doi:10.1002/jrs.1414
Frost, Ray L., Wills, Rachael-Anne, Weier, Matt L., Martens, Wayde, Mills, Stuart (2006) A Raman spectroscopic study of selected natural jarosites. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 63 (1) 1-8 doi:10.1016/j.saa.2005.03.034
Lane, M. D. (2007) Mid-infrared emission spectroscopy of sulfate and sulfate-bearing minerals. American Mineralogist, 92 (1) 1-18 doi:10.2138/am.2007.2170
Hudson-Edwards, Karen A., Smith, Adrian M.L. Dubbin, Bennett, Andrew J., Murphy, Pamela J., Wright, Kate (2008) Comparison of the structures of natural and synthetic Pb-Cu-jarosite-type compounds. European Journal of Mineralogy, 20 (2) 241-252 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2008/0020-1788
Mills, S. J.; Madsen, I. C.; Grey, I. E.; Birch, W. D. (2009) In situ XRD study of the thermal decomposition of arsenian plumbojarosite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 47 (3). 683-696 doi:10.3749/canmin.47.3.683
Madsen, Ian C., Grey, Ian E., Mills, Stuart J. (2010) In Situ Diffraction Studies: Thermal Decomposition of a Natural Plumbojarosite and the Development of Rietveld-Based Data Analysis Techniques. Materials Science Forum, 651. 37-64 doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.651.37
Basciano, L. C.; Peterson, R. C. (2010) A crystallographic study of the incomplete solid solution between plumbojarosite and jarosite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 48 (3). 651-659 doi:10.3749/canmin.48.3.651
Localities for Plumbojarosite
Showing 608 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Jovic et al. (2011) |
| Sillitoe (2019) |
| Páez et al. (2016) |
Australia | |
| Gilligan et al. (1993) |
| Brown et al. (2001) |
| Brown et al. (2001) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1995) |
| B. G. Lottermoser: P. M. Ashley (1997) |
| Geochemical et al. (ed.) +1 other reference |
| Ashley et al. (1999) |
| Graham et al. (2005) |
| Gilligan et al. (1993) | |
| Davidson (2012) |
| Leverett et al. (2005) |
| Geochemical et al. (ed.) +2 other references |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Stevens et al. (2003) | |
| |
| Bajwah (2007) |
| Lottermoser et al. (2008) |
| Raymond (1992) |
| Miningdataonline +1 other reference | |
| Haupt (2012) |
| Harris et al. (2003) | |
| Kolitsch et al. (1999) |
| Pring et al. (2000) |
| - (1990) |
| Awid-Pascual et al. (2015) |
| Nickel et al. (1993) |
| Nickel et al. (1993) | |
| Simpson (1938) +2 other references |
| Nickel et al. (1994) |
| Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... +2 other references |
| Secondar Minerals from the Braeside ... +4 other references | |
| Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... +4 other references | |
| Jorgensen et al. (2017) |
| Downes et al. (2011) |
Austria | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2019) |
| Blass et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Auer et al. (2017) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2013) |
| Blaß et al. (1997) |
| Auer et al. (2022) |
| Blass et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| C.Auer (2019) |
| Mikl et al. (2014) |
| Auer (2023) |
| C.Auer (2024) |
| Kolitsch (2013) |
| Zelezny (1985) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2010) |
| Niedermayr (2007) |
| Paar et al. (1993) |
| R.Poeverlein (2016) |
| Collection of NHM |
| C. Auer (2023) +1 other reference |
| C.Auer (2021) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (2009) | |
| C.Auer (2021) +1 other reference |
| Leikauf et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Kolitsch (2013) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Schachinger et al. (2015) |
| Jakely (2008) |
| Jakely (2008) |
| C.Auer (2021) | |
| Poeverlein et al. (2007) |
| Kolitsch (2015) |
Azerbaijan | |
| Imamverdiyev et al. (2022) |
Belgium | |
| Michel BLONDIEAU et al. (2018) |
| Blondieau et al. (2016) |
| Ko Jansen collection (visual ID) |
| Jedwab et al. (1982) +1 other reference |
| Blondieau et al. (2017) |
| Blondieau et al. (2017) |
| Ko Jansen collection (visual ID) |
Bolivia | |
| Jiménez-Franco et al. (2018) +1 other reference |
| Jiménez-Franco et al. (2018) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Bulgaria | |
| www.clmc.bas.bg (2003) |
| Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Annual ... |
Canada | |
| - (2022) |
| Caplette et al. (2015) |
| Sabina (1992) |
| M. Mauthner (collection) |
| Sabina (1992) +1 other reference | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| McClenaghan et al. (2023) |
Chile | |
| samples analysed by Gerhard Mohn and ... |
| "Apuntes sobre algunas minas de la ... +2 other references |
| "Apuntes sobre algunas minas de la ... +2 other references | |
| Cook (1978) |
| Aguilera et al. (2016) | |
| Oviedo et al. (1991) |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| maurizio dini collection - analysed ... |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schlüter (Hamburg University) |
China | |
| www.mineralmundi.com (2016) |
| Shaoyin Huang (1975) |
| Diankai Chen and Danshen Zhou (1984) |
| Diankai Chen and Danshen Zhou (1984) | |
| Junping Dong (1992) |
| Zhaojian Zeng (1997) |
| Zhaolong Li et al. (1981) |
| Junliang Li (2009) |
| Xiao'ou Zhao (1989) |
| Zude Jin (1991) +2 other references |
| Xinpei Jiang (1994) |
| Xue et al. (2007) +2 other references |
| Senning Tang (1984) |
| Changqing Zhang et al. (2005) | |
| National Geological Archives of China ... | |
| Chen (2002) |
Cuba | |
| Valdes-Nodarse (1998) |
| Romero (2010) | |
Czech Republic | |
| RÜSENBERG et al. (1996) |
| Ondruš et al. (1989) |
| Hloušek et al. (2002) |
| Pauliš et al. (2023) |
| Pauliš et al. (2011) |
| Velebil +5 other references |
Finland | |
| Huhta |
France | |
| Blondieau et al. (2025) |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Chollet et al. (2013) |
| Boisson J.-M. et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Kolitsch (1997) |
| Germain C. (1995) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Kolitsch (1997) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Gol (2013) |
| www.mine-capgaronne.fr (2003) |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1994) |
| Walenta (1992) +1 other reference |
| Wittern et al. (1986) |
| "Lithothek" collection of the ... | |
| |
| |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Neschen (n.d.) | |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1991) | |
| Schnorrer (2000) +1 other reference |
| Schnorrer (2000) | |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1991) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1983) +2 other references |
| Der Aufschluss 2000 (2) |
| Reinhardt et al. (2016) |
| Hucko (2010) |
| Graf et al. (1982) |
| Graf et al. (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Lapis 1988 (1) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Graf (1991) |
| Graf (1991) | |
| Noll (1984) |
| Schnorrer (1993) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Der Aufschluss Vol.55 |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Ließmann et al. (2020) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Martin et al. (1994) |
| Gröbner et al. (2006) | |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) | |
| Witzke et al. (2001) |
| Witzke et al. (2006) |
Greece | |
| |
| Fritz Schreiber collection (SXRD- and EDS-analysed by Uwe Kolitsch) |
| Fritz Schreiber collection | |
| 42. +1 other reference | |
| Blaß et al. (1998) |
| Wendel et al. (1999) | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2014) |
| Fritz Schreiber collection (EDS-analysed by Uwe Kolitsch) | |
| Vasilatos et al. (2022) |
| Triantafyllidis et al. (2007) |
| Fornadel et al. (2011) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll & Weiszburg: Telkibánya |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya +1 other reference |
| GEODA |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| |
India | |
| Nalin Shah (2002) |
Indonesia | |
| Scotney et al. (2005) |
Iran | |
| Nezafatis (2006) |
| Boni et al. (2007) |
Italy | |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2018) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2015) |
| Marco Bonifazi collection |
| ALBERTINI C. (2014) |
| ALBERTINI C. (2014) | |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Stara et al. (1994) |
| Mariani P. et al. (1975) | |
| Lecca et al. (2024) |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana 4/1992-"I minerali del giacimento di Monte Tamara (Nuxis) |
| Ciriotti M.E. and Blass.G. (2010) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2022) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Campostrini et al. (2005) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2021) |
| Ferretti et al. (2019) |
| ko.jansen +1 other reference |
| Int. Assoc. of Collectors of Slag Minerals (2) |
| www.comune.pisa.it (2000) | |
| Christophe Boutry collection +1 other reference |
| Franzini et al. (1992) +2 other references |
| Senesi et al. (2013) |
| Luigi Chiappino data |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) | |
Japan | |
| Yamada et al (2001) |
| LIN et al. (2020) |
| LIN et al. (2020) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Litvinovich et al. (1960) |
| Pautov et al. (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Filippov et al. (2013) |
Mexico | |
| Wilson (1980) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| - (2004) |
| Wilson (2004) | |
| Saini-Eidukat et al. (2009) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Querol +2 other references |
| Diaz-Unzueta (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| King (1981) |
| Moore (2008) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Braith et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
Mongolia | |
| web.archive.org (n.d.) |
Myanmar | |
| Dill et al. (2013) |
Namibia | |
| Analyzed by Joy Desor. +1 other reference |
Peru | |
| FUKAHORI et al. (1990) |
| Boni et al. (2009) |
| Amstutz +1 other reference |
Philippines | |
| Herrington et al. (2023) |
Poland | |
| J. Cabala et al. (2008) |
| Siuda et al. (2003) |
Portugal | |
| Marques de Sá et al. (2010) |
| Silva et al. (2026) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
Russia | |
| Pekov I.V. et al. (2010) |
| Pekov et al. (2011) |
| Ripp et al. (2019) |
| Plotinskaya et al. (2009) |
| Local geolofist S.V.Kolesnichenko data |
| Canhimbue et al. (2025) |
| Anastasiya SERGEEVA (2023) |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
| Клейменов Д.А. и др. ... +1 other reference |
| Kasatkin et al. (2014) |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| SAMS (South African Micromount Society) |
| Atanasova et al. (2016) |
| Uwe Kolitsch collection (powder X-ray diffraction) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| Calvo Rebollar et al. (2022) |
| A. Arribas et al. (2005) |
| CARMONA RUIZ et al. (2025) |
| Shuster et al. (2017) |
| Bocamina (4) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2008) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2008) |
| Abella i Creus (2018) |
| Joan Abella i Creus (2008) |
| Van den Berg et al. (2020) |
Switzerland | |
| Zanelli et al. (2026) |
| Dill (2008) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| EDXS analyses |
Tajikistan | |
| Xinjiang Tacheng International Resources Ltd. |
Thailand | |
| Patrice Queneau Collection |
Turkey | |
| Santoro (2015) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Weiß et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Neall et al. (2009) |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +2 other references | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +3 other references | |
| - (2006) | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) +2 other references |
| M.Rothwell:EDAX | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) +3 other references | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Young (1987) +1 other reference |
| Briscoe et al. (2008) | |
| [Specimen in the Natural History Museum +1 other reference |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Graeme (1993) +1 other reference | |
| Ron Layton self collected | |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10039392 |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Rolf Luetcke | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Butler et al. (1938b) +1 other reference |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Keith (1972) +1 other reference |
| Eastlick | |
| Simons (1964) +1 other reference |
| Mandarino (1996) | |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10039488 | |
| MinRec 19 (3) |
| Thomas (1949) +1 other reference |
| Garrett (1938) +1 other reference | |
| Wilson (1951, July) +2 other references |
| Schrader (1915) +2 other references |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Rolf Luetcke |
| Ransome (1922) +3 other references |
| Galbraith (1947) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Howard (2007) |
| Kelley (1938) +4 other references |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| Hall (1958) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 23:504-507. | |
| |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| Adams (2010) +1 other reference |
| Troxel et al. (1962) +3 other references |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| Saul et al. (1970) +2 other references |
| Bulletin of the Mineralogical Society ... +2 other references |
| Hewett (1956) +2 other references |
| Hewett (1956) +2 other references |
| Hewett (1956) +2 other references | |
| Marty et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Housley R. | |
| Dr. Housley +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Loughlin (1918) |
| Loughlin (1918) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Mark R. Stanton (2000) |
| Econ Geol (1991) | |
| Ream (1995) |
| - (2005) | |
| Ream (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Carlson et al. (2017) |
| www.mineralnews.com (2002) |
| Myers (1952) | |
| Myers (1952) +2 other references | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| J.V. Tingley and J. Quade (1987) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| USGS PP 162] +2 other references |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| C. Lemanski collection (7556CL) | |
| Hewett (1931) | |
| Longwell et al. (1965) +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| USGS PP 162] +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Longwell et al. (1965) +1 other reference | |
| LaPointe et al. (199) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| NBMG Bull 64 Geology and Mineral ... +2 other references | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| NBMG Bull 64 Geology and Mineral ... | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Proceedings of the Russian Mineralogical Society (6) +1 other reference |
| Werner (2019) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) +1 other reference | |
| NBMG Bull 73 Geology and Mineral ... +1 other reference |
| NBMG Bull 73 Geology and Mineral ... +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| USGS website : ... | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Whitman (2023) |
| Species confirmed by Robert (Bob) |
| - (2005) | |
| Westgate +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Schilling (1979) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Marco Ciriotti collection (analysed by SEM-EDS, 2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Johnson (1977) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| Johnson (1977) | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) +2 other references | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| - (1936) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Lasky (1947) +1 other reference | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Hillebrand and Penfield (1902) +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Loughlin et al. (1942) +2 other references | |
| Patrick Haynes collection | |
| Loughlin et al. (1942) | |
| Lasky (1932) +1 other reference |
| Loughlin et al. (1942) |
| Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology NBMG ... |
| Smith (1977) |
| Smith (1991) |
| Smith (1991) | |
| Price et al. (1985) | |
| Smith (1991) | |
| Smith (1991) |
| BEG Min Res Circ 71 | |
| Rocks & Min. +1 other reference | |
| ... | |
| Alminas +2 other references | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Butler (1913) +1 other reference |
| Butler (1913) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Butler (1913) +1 other reference | |
| Butler (1913) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Butler (1913) | |
| - (2005) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Marty et al. (1993) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference |
| Calkins +3 other references |
| - (2005) |
| Calkins +3 other references | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Calkins +4 other references | |
| Calkins +3 other references | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference |
| Excalibur Mineral Company specimen | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| Area (S.W. Oquirrh Mountains) |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| USGS MRDS Database +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Calkins +3 other references |
| - (2005) | |
| Calkins +3 other references | |
| U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL ... +1 other reference |
| USGS Prof Paper 1024 +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| USGS Prof Paper 1024 +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) +2 other references |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
Yemen | |
| Ansan Wikfs |
Zimbabwe | |
| Frei (2005) |
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Slag localities, Waitschach, Guttaring, Sankt Veit an der Glan District, Carinthia, Austria