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The mineralogy of Zinc

General Properties
Symbol:	Zn
Commodity pages:	Zinc
Atomic Number:	30
Standard atomic weight (A_r):	65.38(2)
Electron configuration:	[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s²

Photos

<	Pure zinc	>

Atomic Properties
Electronegativity (Pauling scale):	1.65
Atomic Radius:	142 pm
Ionic Radius:	74 pm (+2)
Van der Waals Radius:	139 pm
1st Ionization energy:	906 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:	2

Physical Properties
Standard State:	solid
Bonding Type:	metallic
Melting Point:	693 K
Boiling Point:	1180 K
Density:	7.14 g/cm³
Metal/Non-Metal:	transition metal

Main isotopes of Zinc
Isotope	% in Nature	Half Life	Decay type	Decay product
⁶⁴Zn	48.6%	>2.3×10¹⁸y	β+β+ ?	⁶⁴Ni
⁶⁵Zn	synthetic	243.8d	ε	⁶⁵Cu
⁶⁶Zn	27.9%	stable
⁶⁷Zn	4.1%	stable
⁶⁸Zn	18.8%	stable
⁶⁹Zn	synthetic	56min	β−	⁶⁹Ga
^69mZn	synthetic	13.76h	β−	⁶⁹Ga
⁷⁰Zn	0.6%	>1.3×10¹⁶y	β-β- ?	⁷⁰Ge
⁷¹Zn	synthetic	2.4min	β−	⁷¹Ga
^71mZn	synthetic	3.97d	β−	⁷¹Ga
⁷²Zn	synthetic	46.5h	β−	⁷²Ga

Main ions of Zinc
Name	Ion	Example minerals
zinc	Zn²⁺	Sphalerite, Smithsonite

Other Information
Year Discovered:	before 1000 BC
Discovered By:	Indian metallurgists
Recognised as an element:	800
Recognised By:	Rasaratna Samuccaya
Year Isolated:	1746
Isolated By:	Andreas Sigismund Marggraf
Named For:	From German: Zink - "prong, point"
CPK color coding:	#7D80B0
External Links:	Wikipedia WebElements Los Alamos National Laboratory Theodore Gray's PeriodicTable.com

Simple Compounds and Mineral Names
Nitrides	trizinc dinitride	Zn₃N₂	+2
Sulfides	zinc sulphide	ZnS	+2	Sphalerite, Wurtzite
Selenides	zinc selenide	ZnSe	+2
Tellurides	zinc telluride	ZnTe	+2
Hydrides	zinc dihydride	ZnH₂	+2
Hydroxides	zinc hydroxide	Zn(OH)₂	+2	Ashoverite, Sweetite, Wülfingite
Fluorides	zinc difluoride	ZnF₂	+2
Chlorides	zinc dichloride	ZnCl₂	+2
Bromides	zinc dibromide	ZnBr₂	+2
Iodides	zinc diiodide	ZnI₂	+2
Oxides	zinc oxide	ZnO	+2	Zincite
Oxides	zinc peroxide	ZnO₂	+2
Carbonates	zinc carbonate	ZnCO₃	+2	Smithsonite
Nitrates	zinc nitrate	Zn(NO₃)₂	+2
Sulfates	zinc sulfate	ZnSO₄	+2	Zinkosite
	zinc sulfate monohydrate	ZnSO₄ · H₂O	+2	Gunningite
	zinc sulfate tetrahydrate	ZnSO₄ · 4H₂O	+2	Boyleite
	zinc sulfate hexahydrate	ZnSO₄ · 6H₂O	+2	Bianchite
	zinc sulfate heptahydrate	ZnSO₄ · 7H₂O	+2	Goslarite, Zincmelanterite
Phosphates	zinc phosphate	Zn₃(PO₄)₂	+2
	zinc phosphate tetrahydrate	Zn₃(PO₄)₂ · 4H₂O	+2	Hopeite, Parahopeite
	hydrous zinc phosphate	Zn₂(PO₄)(OH)	+2	Tarbuttite
Arsenates	zinc arsenate	Zn₃(AsO₄)₂	+2	Reinerite
	zinc arsenate dihydrate	Zn₃(AsO₄)₂ · 2H₂O	+2	Warikahnite
	zinc arsenate tetrahydrate	Zn₃(AsO₄)₂ · 4H₂O	+2	Arsenohopeite, Davidlloydite
	zinc arsenate octahydrate	Zn₃(AsO₄)₂ · 8H₂O	+2	Köttigite
	hydrous zinc arsenate	Zn₂(AsO₄)(OH)	+2	Adamite, Paradamite
	hydrous zinc arsenate monohydrate	Zn₂(AsO₄)(OH) · H₂O	+2	Legrandite
Silicates	zinc silicate	Zn₂SIO₄	+2	Willemite

Mineral Diversity of Zinc
1. Elements	4 valid mineral species
2. Sulfides And Sulfosalts	23 valid mineral species
3. Halides	6 valid mineral species
4. Oxides	40 valid mineral species
5. Carbonates	14 valid mineral species
6. Borates	1 valid mineral species
7. Sulfates	60 valid mineral species
8. Phosphates, Arsenates, Vanadates	111 valid mineral species
9. Silicates	41 valid mineral species
10. Organic Compounds	2 valid mineral species
Total:	302 valid species containing essential Zinc

Minerals with the greatest weight % of Zinc
Native Zinc	Zn	100.00 %
Zincite	ZnO	80.34 %
Danbaite	CuZn₂	67.30 %
Sphalerite	ZnS	67.09 %
Polhemusite	(Zn,Hg)S	67.09 %
Wurtzite	(Zn,Fe)S	67.09 %
Ashoverite	Zn(OH)₂	65.78 %
Wülfingite	Zn(OH)₂	65.78 %
Sweetite	Zn(OH)₂	65.78 %
Sclarite	Zn₇(CO₃)₂(OH)₁₀	61.20 %

Geochemistry of Zinc
Goldschmidt classification:	Chalcophile
Zn²⁺ was one of the ions least depleted from the mantle in the formation of the crust.
Zn²⁺ is concentrated in residual soils and sediments (less certainty.)
Zn²⁺ solute can be a limiting nutrient in the growth of bacteria.
Zn²⁺ solute is a micronutrient on land.
Zn²⁺ is essential to nutrition of at least some vertebrates ('essential minerals').

Elemental Abundance for Zinc
Crust (CRC Handbook)	7.0 x 10^-5	mass fraction, kg/kg
Crust (Kaye & Laby)	8.2 x 10^-5	mass fraction, kg/kg
Crust (Greenwood)	7.6 x 10^-5	mass fraction, kg/kg
Crust (Ahrens/Taylor)	8.0 x 10^-5	mass fraction, kg/kg
Crust (Ahrens/Wänke)	7.6 x 10^-5	mass fraction, kg/kg
Upper Crust (Ahrens/Taylor)	7.1 x 10^-5	mass fraction, kg/kg
Upper Crust (Ahrens/Shaw)	5.2 x 10^-5	mass fraction, kg/kg
Sea Water (CRC Handbook)	4.9 x 10^-9	mass per volume fraction, kg/L
Sea Water (Kaye & Laby)	1.1 x 10^-8	mass per volume fraction, kg/L
The Sun (Kaye & Laby)	1.1 x 10^-3	atom mole fraction relative to Si=1
Solar System (Kaye & Laby)	1.3 x 10^-3	atom mole fraction relative to Si=1
Solar System (Ahrens)	1.26 x 10^-3 (4.4%)	atom mole fraction relative to Si=1 (% uncertainty)

Element association of Zinc in the Mineral World
This table compares the known valid mineral species listed listed with Zinc and the other elements listed based on the official IMA formula. Note that unlike other sections on this page this includes non-essential elements. The first data column contains the total number of minerals listed with Zinc and the element listed for that row. The second data column lists this number as a percentage of all minerals listed with Zinc. The final data column compares this percentage against the percentage of all minerals that contain the element listed in each row. Click on a heading to sort.

Element	Valid Minerals listed with element and Zinc	% of Zn minerals	Relative to % in all minerals
Oxygen	307 minerals with Zn and O	87.71%	8.13% higher
Hydrogen	249 minerals with Zn and H	71.14%	27.93% higher
Sulfur	99 minerals with Zn and S	28.29%	28.19% higher
Iron	83 minerals with Zn and Fe	23.71%	5.70% higher
Arsenic	77 minerals with Zn and As	22.00%	69.30% higher
Copper	76 minerals with Zn and Cu	21.71%	60.36% higher
Silicon	57 minerals with Zn and Si	16.29%	40.88% lower
Manganese	54 minerals with Zn and Mn	15.43%	32.87% higher
Phosphorus	51 minerals with Zn and P	14.57%	18.59% higher
Aluminium	47 minerals with Zn and Al	13.43%	32.50% lower
Calcium	47 minerals with Zn and Ca	13.43%	46.06% lower
Lead	42 minerals with Zn and Pb	12.00%	10.71% higher
Magnesium	41 minerals with Zn and Mg	11.71%	12.14% lower
Sodium	26 minerals with Zn and Na	7.43%	60.18% lower
Potassium	24 minerals with Zn and K	6.86%	31.12% lower
Carbon	21 minerals with Zn and C	6.00%	26.56% lower
Titanium	19 minerals with Zn and Ti	5.43%	22.76% lower
Chlorine	18 minerals with Zn and Cl	5.14%	30.33% lower
Antimony	17 minerals with Zn and Sb	4.86%	15.16% lower
Tin	14 minerals with Zn and Sn	4.00%	118.18% higher
Tellurium	14 minerals with Zn and Te	4.00%	12.54% higher
Silver	12 minerals with Zn and Ag	3.43%	12.27% lower
Vanadium	9 minerals with Zn and V	2.57%	46.52% lower
Chromium	7 minerals with Zn and Cr	2.00%	6.29% higher
Beryllium	6 minerals with Zn and Be	1.71%	20.45% lower
Selenium	6 minerals with Zn and Se	1.71%	35.79% lower
Niobium	6 minerals with Zn and Nb	1.71%	44.48% lower
Uranium	6 minerals with Zn and U	1.71%	66.69% lower
Germanium	5 minerals with Zn and Ge	1.43%	106.58% higher
Strontium	5 minerals with Zn and Sr	1.43%	48.65% lower
Cerium	5 minerals with Zn and Ce	1.43%	53.74% lower
Nitrogen	3 minerals with Zn and N	0.86%	66.27% lower
Fluorine	3 minerals with Zn and F	0.86%	89.12% lower
Nickel	3 minerals with Zn and Ni	0.86%	74.50% lower
Gallium	3 minerals with Zn and Ga	0.86%	492.19% higher
Yttrium	3 minerals with Zn and Y	0.86%	63.74% lower
Cadmium	3 minerals with Zn and Cd	0.86%	56.76% higher
Indium	3 minerals with Zn and In	0.86%	213.51% higher
Barium	3 minerals with Zn and Ba	0.86%	81.56% lower
Tungsten	3 minerals with Zn and W	0.86%	4.83% lower
Mercury	3 minerals with Zn and Hg	0.86%	51.98% lower
Thallium	3 minerals with Zn and Tl	0.86%	42.69% lower
Lanthanum	2 minerals with Zn and La	0.57%	58.20% lower
Lithium	1 mineral with Zn and Li	0.29%	85.79% lower
Boron	1 mineral with Zn and B	0.29%	94.29% lower
Palladium	1 mineral with Zn and Pd	0.29%	79.81% lower
Bismuth	1 mineral with Zn and Bi	0.29%	93.19% lower

Periodic Table

2He

3Li

4Be

Show/hide current element

Default Categories CPK Electronegativity Atomic Radius Lowest Oxidation Highest Oxidation Crustal Abundance Goldschmidt Mineral Species Minerals with Zn Relative Frequency

Copper << Zinc >> Gallium

Most widespread minerals containing Zinc
This list of minerals containing Zinc is built from the mindat.org locality database. This is based on the number of localities entered for mineral species and is therefore slanted towards minerals interesting to collectors with less coverage of common rock-forming-minerals so it does not give an undistorted distribution of Zinc mineral species. It is more useful when comparing rare species rather than common species.

Most widespread minerals containing Zinc

This list of minerals containing Zinc is built from the mindat.org locality database. This is based on the number of localities entered for mineral species and is therefore slanted towards minerals interesting to collectors with less coverage of common rock-forming-minerals so it does not give an undistorted distribution of Zinc mineral species. It is more useful when comparing rare species rather than common species.

Name	Formula	Crystal System	Mindat Localities
Sphalerite	ZnS	Isometric	26752
Smithsonite	ZnCO₃	Trigonal	3059
Hemimorphite	Zn₄Si₂O₇(OH)₂ · H₂O	Orthorhombic	2111
Hydrozincite	Zn₅(CO₃)₂(OH)₆	Monoclinic	1284
Aurichalcite	(Zn,Cu)₅(CO₃)₂(OH)₆	Monoclinic	1120
Gahnite	ZnAl₂O₄	Isometric	552
Descloizite	PbZn(VO₄)(OH)	Orthorhombic	480
Wurtzite	(Zn,Fe)S	Hexagonal	480
Willemite	Zn₂SiO₄	Trigonal	410
Adamite	Zn₂(AsO₄)(OH)	Orthorhombic	311

Photos
Sphalerite, etc. Lengenbach Quarry, Fäld, Binn, Goms, Valais, Switzerland Smithsonite Tsumeb Mine, Tsumeb, Oshikoto Region, Namibia Hemimorphite, etc. Ojuela Mine, Mapimí, Mapimí Municipality, Durango, Mexico Hydrozincite Andara mining district, Camaleño, Cantabria, Spain Sphalerite, etc. Lengenbach Quarry, Fäld, Binn, Goms, Valais, Switzerland Smithsonite Tsumeb Mine, Tsumeb, Oshikoto Region, Namibia Hemimorphite, etc. Ojuela Mine, Mapimí, Mapimí Municipality, Durango, Mexico Hydrozincite Andara mining district, Camaleño, Cantabria, Spain Sphalerite, etc. Lengenbach Quarry, Fäld, Binn, Goms, Valais, Switzerland Smithsonite Tsumeb Mine, Tsumeb, Oshikoto Region, Namibia Hemimorphite, etc. Ojuela Mine, Mapimí, Mapimí Municipality, Durango, Mexico Hydrozincite Andara mining district, Camaleño, Cantabria, Spain

Photos

Sphalerite, etc.

Lengenbach Quarry, Fäld, Binn, Goms, Valais, Switzerland

Smithsonite

Tsumeb Mine, Tsumeb, Oshikoto Region, Namibia

Hemimorphite, etc.

Ojuela Mine, Mapimí, Mapimí Municipality, Durango, Mexico

Hydrozincite

Andara mining district, Camaleño, Cantabria, Spain

Sphalerite, etc.

Lengenbach Quarry, Fäld, Binn, Goms, Valais, Switzerland

Smithsonite

Tsumeb Mine, Tsumeb, Oshikoto Region, Namibia

Hemimorphite, etc.

Ojuela Mine, Mapimí, Mapimí Municipality, Durango, Mexico

Hydrozincite

Andara mining district, Camaleño, Cantabria, Spain

Sphalerite, etc.

Lengenbach Quarry, Fäld, Binn, Goms, Valais, Switzerland

Smithsonite

Tsumeb Mine, Tsumeb, Oshikoto Region, Namibia

Hemimorphite, etc.

Ojuela Mine, Mapimí, Mapimí Municipality, Durango, Mexico

Hydrozincite

Andara mining district, Camaleño, Cantabria, Spain

Localities with greatest number of different Zinc mineral species

1	Tsumeb Mine (Ongopolo Mine), Tsumeb, Oshikoto Region, Namibia	58 Zn minerals
2	Sterling Mine, Sterling Hill, Ogdensburg, Sussex County, New Jersey, USA	42 Zn minerals
3	Franklin Mine, Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey, USA	31 Zn minerals
4	Christiana Mine, Mercati mines, Agios Konstantinos (Kamariza), Lavreotiki, East Attica, Attica, Greece	31 Zn minerals
5	Friedrichssegen Mine, Friedrichssegen, Lahnstein, Rhein-Lahn-Kreis, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany	30 Zn minerals
6	Genna zinc smelter slag locality, Helmke quarry nature reserve, Letmathe, Iserlohn, Märkischer Kreis, Arnsberg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany	27 Zn minerals
7	Ojuela Mine, Mapimí, Mapimí Municipality, Durango, Mexico	26 Zn minerals
8	Block 14 opencut, Broken Hill, Broken Hill district, Yancowinna Co., New South Wales, Australia	25 Zn minerals

Important ores of Zinc

Name	Formula	Crystal System
Sphalerite	ZnS	Isometric

Photos
Sphalerite Flamboro Quarry, West Flamborough Township, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Sphalerite, etc. Dalnegorsk, Dalnegorsk Urban District, Primorsky Krai, Russia Sphalerite Inagotable claim, La Providencia Mines, Andara mining district, Camaleño, Cantabria, Spain Sphalerite Buckwheat pit, Franklin Mine, Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey, USA Sphalerite Flamboro Quarry, West Flamborough Township, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Sphalerite, etc. Dalnegorsk, Dalnegorsk Urban District, Primorsky Krai, Russia Sphalerite Inagotable claim, La Providencia Mines, Andara mining district, Camaleño, Cantabria, Spain Sphalerite Buckwheat pit, Franklin Mine, Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey, USA Sphalerite Flamboro Quarry, West Flamborough Township, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Sphalerite, etc. Dalnegorsk, Dalnegorsk Urban District, Primorsky Krai, Russia Sphalerite Inagotable claim, La Providencia Mines, Andara mining district, Camaleño, Cantabria, Spain Sphalerite Buckwheat pit, Franklin Mine, Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey, USA

Photos

Sphalerite

Flamboro Quarry, West Flamborough Township, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Sphalerite, etc.

Dalnegorsk, Dalnegorsk Urban District, Primorsky Krai, Russia

Sphalerite

Inagotable claim, La Providencia Mines, Andara mining district, Camaleño, Cantabria, Spain

Sphalerite

Buckwheat pit, Franklin Mine, Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey, USA

Sphalerite

Flamboro Quarry, West Flamborough Township, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Sphalerite, etc.

Dalnegorsk, Dalnegorsk Urban District, Primorsky Krai, Russia

Sphalerite

Inagotable claim, La Providencia Mines, Andara mining district, Camaleño, Cantabria, Spain

Sphalerite

Buckwheat pit, Franklin Mine, Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey, USA

Sphalerite

Flamboro Quarry, West Flamborough Township, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Sphalerite, etc.

Dalnegorsk, Dalnegorsk Urban District, Primorsky Krai, Russia

Sphalerite

Inagotable claim, La Providencia Mines, Andara mining district, Camaleño, Cantabria, Spain

Sphalerite

Buckwheat pit, Franklin Mine, Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey, USA

Minor ores of Zinc

Name	Formula	Crystal System
Wurtzite	(Zn,Fe)S	Hexagonal
Willemite	Zn₂SiO₄	Trigonal
Hemimorphite	Zn₄Si₂O₇(OH)₂ · H₂O	Orthorhombic
Smithsonite	ZnCO₃	Trigonal
Zincite	ZnO	Hexagonal

Photos
Wurtzite Val Pulita Quarry, Torano quarrying basin, Carrara, Massa-Carrara Province, Tuscany, Italy Willemite, etc. Mystery Mine, Costello Mine group, Gleeson, Turquoise Mining District, Cochise County, Arizona, USA Hemimorphite Rohdenhaus Quarry, Rohdenhaus, Wülfrath, Mettmann, Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany Smithsonite San Antonio Mine, East Camp, Santa Eulalia Mining District, Aquiles Serdán Municipality, Chihuahua, Mexico Wurtzite Val Pulita Quarry, Torano quarrying basin, Carrara, Massa-Carrara Province, Tuscany, Italy Willemite, etc. Mystery Mine, Costello Mine group, Gleeson, Turquoise Mining District, Cochise County, Arizona, USA Hemimorphite Rohdenhaus Quarry, Rohdenhaus, Wülfrath, Mettmann, Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany Smithsonite San Antonio Mine, East Camp, Santa Eulalia Mining District, Aquiles Serdán Municipality, Chihuahua, Mexico Wurtzite Val Pulita Quarry, Torano quarrying basin, Carrara, Massa-Carrara Province, Tuscany, Italy Willemite, etc. Mystery Mine, Costello Mine group, Gleeson, Turquoise Mining District, Cochise County, Arizona, USA Hemimorphite Rohdenhaus Quarry, Rohdenhaus, Wülfrath, Mettmann, Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany Smithsonite San Antonio Mine, East Camp, Santa Eulalia Mining District, Aquiles Serdán Municipality, Chihuahua, Mexico

Photos

Wurtzite

Val Pulita Quarry, Torano quarrying basin, Carrara, Massa-Carrara Province, Tuscany, Italy

Willemite, etc.

Mystery Mine, Costello Mine group, Gleeson, Turquoise Mining District, Cochise County, Arizona, USA

Hemimorphite

Rohdenhaus Quarry, Rohdenhaus, Wülfrath, Mettmann, Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany

Smithsonite

San Antonio Mine, East Camp, Santa Eulalia Mining District, Aquiles Serdán Municipality, Chihuahua, Mexico

Wurtzite

Val Pulita Quarry, Torano quarrying basin, Carrara, Massa-Carrara Province, Tuscany, Italy

Willemite, etc.

Mystery Mine, Costello Mine group, Gleeson, Turquoise Mining District, Cochise County, Arizona, USA

Hemimorphite

Rohdenhaus Quarry, Rohdenhaus, Wülfrath, Mettmann, Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany

Smithsonite

San Antonio Mine, East Camp, Santa Eulalia Mining District, Aquiles Serdán Municipality, Chihuahua, Mexico

Wurtzite

Val Pulita Quarry, Torano quarrying basin, Carrara, Massa-Carrara Province, Tuscany, Italy

Willemite, etc.

Mystery Mine, Costello Mine group, Gleeson, Turquoise Mining District, Cochise County, Arizona, USA

Hemimorphite

Rohdenhaus Quarry, Rohdenhaus, Wülfrath, Mettmann, Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany

Smithsonite

San Antonio Mine, East Camp, Santa Eulalia Mining District, Aquiles Serdán Municipality, Chihuahua, Mexico

Other significant minerals containing Zinc

Name	Formula	Crystal System
Adamite	Zn₂(AsO₄)(OH)	Orthorhombic
Chalcophanite	ZnMn⁴⁺₃O₇ · 3H₂O	Trigonal
Scholzite	CaZn₂(PO₄)₂ · 2H₂O	Orthorhombic

Photos
Adamite, etc. Ojuela Mine, Mapimí, Mapimí Municipality, Durango, Mexico Chalcophanite Esperanza Mine, Kaminiza mines, Km 3, Lavreotiki, East Attica, Attica, Greece Scholzite Reaphook Hill, Martins Well, Pastoral Unincorporated Area, South Australia, Australia Adamite Hilarion Mine, Kamariza Mines, Agios Konstantinos, Lavreotiki, East Attica, Attica, Greece Adamite, etc. Ojuela Mine, Mapimí, Mapimí Municipality, Durango, Mexico Chalcophanite Esperanza Mine, Kaminiza mines, Km 3, Lavreotiki, East Attica, Attica, Greece Scholzite Reaphook Hill, Martins Well, Pastoral Unincorporated Area, South Australia, Australia Adamite Hilarion Mine, Kamariza Mines, Agios Konstantinos, Lavreotiki, East Attica, Attica, Greece Adamite, etc. Ojuela Mine, Mapimí, Mapimí Municipality, Durango, Mexico Chalcophanite Esperanza Mine, Kaminiza mines, Km 3, Lavreotiki, East Attica, Attica, Greece Scholzite Reaphook Hill, Martins Well, Pastoral Unincorporated Area, South Australia, Australia Adamite Hilarion Mine, Kamariza Mines, Agios Konstantinos, Lavreotiki, East Attica, Attica, Greece

Photos

Adamite, etc.

Ojuela Mine, Mapimí, Mapimí Municipality, Durango, Mexico

Chalcophanite

Esperanza Mine, Kaminiza mines, Km 3, Lavreotiki, East Attica, Attica, Greece

Scholzite

Reaphook Hill, Martins Well, Pastoral Unincorporated Area, South Australia, Australia

Adamite

Hilarion Mine, Kamariza Mines, Agios Konstantinos, Lavreotiki, East Attica, Attica, Greece

Adamite, etc.

Ojuela Mine, Mapimí, Mapimí Municipality, Durango, Mexico

Chalcophanite

Esperanza Mine, Kaminiza mines, Km 3, Lavreotiki, East Attica, Attica, Greece

Scholzite

Reaphook Hill, Martins Well, Pastoral Unincorporated Area, South Australia, Australia

Adamite

Hilarion Mine, Kamariza Mines, Agios Konstantinos, Lavreotiki, East Attica, Attica, Greece

Adamite, etc.

Ojuela Mine, Mapimí, Mapimí Municipality, Durango, Mexico

Chalcophanite

Esperanza Mine, Kaminiza mines, Km 3, Lavreotiki, East Attica, Attica, Greece

Scholzite

Reaphook Hill, Martins Well, Pastoral Unincorporated Area, South Australia, Australia

Adamite

Hilarion Mine, Kamariza Mines, Agios Konstantinos, Lavreotiki, East Attica, Attica, Greece

Spotted a mistake/omission? - These pages are a work in progress, so please send all comments/corrections to jolyon@mindat.org. Thank you.

Constants and physical property data from:

Lide, David R. - Ed. (2005) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics - A Ready-Reference Book of Chemical and Physical Data (85th ed.). CRC Press.
National Physical Laboratory (2005) Kaye and Laby Online (discontinued). https://web.archive.org/web/20190506031327/http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/
Kaye, G. W. C.; Laby, T. H. (n.d.) Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants and some Mathematical Functions. Longmans, Green, and Co.
Greenwood, N.N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997) Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth–Heinemann.
Ahrens, Thomas J. - Ed. (1995) Global Earth Physics - A Handbook of Physical Constants - AGU Reference Shelf No. 1. American Geophysical Union.
Railsback, L. Bruce (2003) An earth scientist's periodic table of the elements and their ions. Geology, 31 (9) 737 doi:10.1130/g19542.1
Emsley, John (2001) Nature's Building Blocks - An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

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To cite: Ralph, J., Von Bargen, D., Martynov, P., Zhang, J., Que, X., Prabhu, A., Morrison, S. M., Li, W., Chen, W., & Ma, X. (2025). Mindat.org: The open access mineralogy database to accelerate data-intensive geoscience research. American Mineralogist, 110(6), 833–844. doi:10.2138/am-2024-9486.
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