Shaping the Future maps out the ascetic practices of a Neitzschean way of life. Hutter argues that Nietzsche's doctrines are attempts and "temptations" that aim to provoke his free-spirited readers into changing themselves by putting philosophy into practice in their lives.

English summary: Philosophy only does justice to its own definition when it understands itself as a mode of human self-knowledge. Axel Hutter attempts to translate this ancient idea for our contemporary understanding by getting to grips with the three ideas that have been at the core of philosophical thinking since time immemorial: freedom, God, and immortality. For this critical appraisal, the author develops a philosophical interpretation of Thomas Mann's "Joseph and His Brothers". He does not wish, however, to talk (...) about the novel, but rather that which the novel itself talks of in narrative form: the thought that it is the meaning of human freedom to live in parables. German description: Philosophie wird ihrem eigenen Begriff nur gerecht, wenn sie sich als Weise der menschlichen Selbsterkenntnis versteht. Axel Hutter versucht, diesen alten Gedanken in die heutige Zeit zu ubersetzen, indem er sich kritisch mit den Ideen auseinandersetzt, die seit jeher zum Kernbestand des philosophischen Nachdenkens gehort haben: Freiheit, Gott und Unsterblichkeit. Der Autor wahlt fur diese Auseinandersetzung den konkreten Weg einer philosophischen Deutung von Thomas Manns "Joseph und seine Bruder". Er will aber nicht uber den Roman schreiben, sondern uber das, woruber Thomas Mann selbst auf narrative Weise spricht: uber den Gedanken, es sei die Bedeutung der menschlichen Freiheit, im Gleichnis zu leben. (shrink)

The first decade of this century has seen the nascency of the first mathematical theory of general artificial intelligence. This theory of Universal Artificial Intelligence (UAI) has made significant contributions to many theoretical, philosophical, and practical AI questions. In a series of papers culminating in book (Hutter, 2005), an exciting sound and complete mathematical model for a super intelligent agent (AIXI) has been developed and rigorously analyzed. While nowadays most AI researchers avoid discussing intelligence, the award-winning PhD thesis (Legg, (...) 2008) provided the philosophical embedding and investigated the UAI-based universal measure of rational intelligence, which is formal, objective and non-anthropocentric. Recently, effective approximations of AIXI have been derived and experimentally investigated in JAIR paper (Veness et al. 2011). This practical breakthrough has resulted in some impressive applications, finally muting earlier critique that UAI is only a theory. For the first time, without providing any domain knowledge, the same agent is able to self-adapt to a diverse range of interactive environments. For instance, AIXI is able to learn from scratch to play TicTacToe, Pacman, Kuhn Poker, and other games by trial and error, without even providing the rules of the games. These achievements give new hope that the grand goal of Artificial General Intelligence is not elusive. This article provides an informal overview of UAI in context. It attempts to gently introduce a very theoretical, formal, and mathematical subject, and discusses philosophical and technical ingredients, traits of intelligence, some social questions, and the past and future of UAI. (shrink)

The theme of the philosopher as therapist dominates Nietzsche's entire opus, from his earliest writings to the Zarathustra period and beyond. Nietzsche wishes to hasten the coming and future sanctification of a new type of synthetic human being, and his entire teaching is shaped by his own struggles against illness.Yet few Nietzsche scholars have paid this crucial therapeutic element of his thought sufficient attention. This collection of essays by leading scholars in the field is composed around the Nietzschean insight, which (...) has its roots in the Hippocratic tradition of ancient medicine, that beliefs, behaviours, ideals and patterns of striving are not things for which individuals or even cultures are responsible. Rather, they are symptoms of what an individual or culture is, which symptoms require diagnostic interpretation and evaluation. The book identifies three principal approaches in Nietzsche's philosophy: diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic. Each essay takes up this essential insight into Nietzsche's therapeutic philosophy from a different perspective and collectively they reveal an array of insightful approaches to self-induced enhancement, for both individuals and cultures. (shrink)

The technological singularity refers to a hypothetical scenario in which technological advances virtually explode. The most popular scenario is the creation of super-intelligent algorithms that recursively create ever higher intelligences. It took many decades for these ideas to spread from science fiction to popular science magazines and finally to attract the attention of serious philosophers. David Chalmers' (JCS 2010) article is the first comprehensive philosophical analysis of the singularity in a respected philosophy journal. The motivation of my article is to (...) augment Chalmers' and to discuss some issues not addressed by him, in particular what it could mean for intelligence to explode. In this course, I will (have to) provide a more careful treatment of what intelligence actually is, separate speed from intelligence explosion, compare what super-intelligent participants and classical human observers might experience and do, discuss immediate implications for the diversity and value of life, consider possible bounds on intelligence, and contemplate intelligences right at the singularity. (shrink)

Dem Kantischen Projekt der Vernunftkritik liegt eine »ursprüngliche Einsicht« zugrunde, die schrittweise zu einer begrifflichen Klärung gelangt. Von dieser These ausgehend entwickelt Axel Hutter ein neues Verständnis des systematischen Gesamtzusammenhangs der transzendentalphilosophischen Hauptwerke. Er nimmt dabei Kants bislang auch wenig beachteten Begriff eines Interesses der Vernunft zum Leitfaden. Denn der Sinn einer wahrhaft autonomen Vernunft ist für Kant durchaus nicht der, von jedem Interesse frei zu sein, sondern der, dem eigenen Interesse folgen zu können, und zwar ungehindert durch vernunftfremde (...) Motive, die überhaupt nur deshalb mit Grund »fremd« genannt werden können, weil die Vernunft ein eigenes Interesse kennt. Kants ursprüngliche Einsicht besteht für Hutter darin, dass allein der Mensch (das »Zwischenwesen« par excellence) ein Inter-Esse zu entwickeln vermag: Ein reines Naturwesen kennt nur sinnliche Bedürfnisse, ein reines Vernunftwesen hingegen weder Bedürfnis noch Interesse. Von hier aus ergibt sich der für die Transzendentalphilosophie grundlegende Begriff eines spezifisch menschlichen Vernunftinteresses und einer in sich differenzierten Vernunfteinheit. Über diesen in sich differenzierten Vernunftbegriff verfügt Kant allerdings noch nicht in der »Kritik der reinen Vernunft«. Der philosophischen Revolution, die zur ersten Kritik führt, muss daher eine mindestens ebenso radikale Revolution zur Seite gestellt werden, die über die »Kritik der reinen Vernunft« hinaus zur »Kritik der praktischen Vernunft« und zur »Kritik der Urteilskraft« führt. Kants ursprüngliche Einsicht entfaltet sich dergestalt schrittweise in der Reihe seiner transzendentalphilosophischen Hauptwerke - eine Gedankenentwicklung, die Hutter detailliert nachvollzieht. (shrink)

_English summary:_ Philosophy only does justice to its own definition when it understands itself as a mode of human self-knowledge. Axel Hutter attempts to translate this ancient idea for our contemporary understanding by getting to grips with the three ideas that have been at the core of philosophical thinking since time immemorial: freedom, God, and immortality._ For this critical appraisal, the author develops a philosophical interpretation of Thomas Mann's "Joseph and His Brothers". He does not wish, however, to talk (...) about the novel, but rather that which the novel itself talks of in narrative form: the thought that it is the meaning of human freedom to live in parables. German description:_ Philosophie wird ihrem eigenen Begriff nur gerecht, wenn sie sich als Weise der menschlichen Selbsterkenntnis versteht. Axel Hutter versucht, diesen alten Gedanken in die heutige Zeit zu ubersetzen, indem er sich kritisch mit den Ideen auseinandersetzt, die seit jeher zum Kernbestand des philosophischen Nachdenkens gehort haben: Freiheit, Gott und Unsterblichkeit. Der Autor wahlt fur diese Auseinandersetzung den konkreten Weg einer philosophischen Deutung von Thomas Manns "Joseph und seine Bruder". Er will aber nicht uber den Roman schreiben, sondern uber das, woruber Thomas Mann selbst auf narrative Weise spricht: uber den Gedanken, es sei die Bedeutung der menschlichen Freiheit, im Gleichnis zu leben. (shrink)

Das Verhaltnis von Spekulation und Vorstellung in Hegels enzyklopadischem System ist von einer eigentumlichen Spannung gekennzeichnet. Spekulation ist nicht nur die kritische Reinigung der Inhalte der Vorstellung von ihren Vorurteilen und Irrtumern, sondern zugleich Anerkennung des endlichen, vorstellenden Denkens innerhalb seiner Grenzen, sowohl auf dem Gebiet der Erkenntnistheorie als auch der Religion. Wie verhalten sich aber Spekulation und Vorstellung zueinander in verschiedenen Teilen des enzyklopadischen Systems, in der Logik und der Philosophie des Geistes? Diesem Zusammenhang gehen die Beitrage des Tagungsbandes (...) im Detail nach und uberprufen kritisch das enzyklopadische Zusammenspiel von Spekulation und Vorstellung in den Spharen des subjektiven und des absoluten Geistes. Mit Beitragen von: Kazimir Drilo, Markus Gabriel, Christoph Halbig, Gunnar Hindrichs, Axel Hutter, Franz Knappik, Anton Friedrich Koch, Christian Georg Martin, Jan Rohls, Rainer Schafer. (shrink)

Increasingly encompassing models have been suggested for our world. Theories range from generally accepted to increasingly speculative to apparently bogus. The progression of theories from ego- to geo- to helio-centric models to universe and multiverse theories and beyond was accompanied by a dramatic increase in the sizes of the postulated worlds, with humans being expelled from their center to ever more remote and random locations. Rather than leading to a true theory of everything, this trend faces a turning point after (...) which the predictive power of such theories decreases (actually to zero). Incorporating the location and other capacities of the observer into such theories avoids this problem and allows to distinguish meaningful from predictively meaningless theories. This also leads to a truly complete theory of everything consisting of a (conventional objective) theory of everything plus a (novel subjective) observer process. The observer localization is neither based on the controversial anthropic principle, nor has it anything to do with the quantum-mechanical observation process. The suggested principle is extended to more practical (partial, approximate, probabilistic, parametric) world models (rather than theories of everything). Finally, I provide a justification of Ockham's razor, and criticize the anthropic principle, the doomsday argument, the no free lunch theorem, and the falsifiability dogma.", . (shrink)

Automated reasoning about uncertain knowledge has many applications. One difficulty when developing such systems is the lack of a completely satisfactory integration of logic and probability. We address this problem directly. Expressive languages like higher-order logic are ideally suited for representing and reasoning about structured knowledge. Uncertain knowledge can be modeled by using graded probabilities rather than binary truth-values. The main technical problem studied in this paper is the following: Given a set of sentences, each having some probability of being (...) true, what probability should be ascribed to other (query) sentences? A natural wish-list, among others, is that the probability distribution (i) is consistent with the knowledge base, (ii) allows for a consistent inference procedure and in particular (iii) reduces to deductive logic in the limit of probabilities being 0 and 1, (iv) allows (Bayesian) inductive reasoning and (v) learning in the limit and in particular (vi) allows confirmation of universally quantified hypotheses/sentences. We translate this wish-list into technical requirements for a prior probability and show that probabilities satisfying all our criteria exist. We also give explicit constructions and several general characterizations of probabilities that satisfy some or all of the criteria and various (counter) examples. We also derive necessary and sufficient conditions for extending beliefs about finitely many sentences to suitable probabilities over all sentences, and in particular least dogmatic or least biased ones. We conclude with a brief outlook on how the developed theory might be used and approximated in autonomous reasoning agents. Our theory is a step towards a globally consistent and empirically satisfactory unification of probability and logic. (shrink)

Much of the research that has been carried out on occupational health and safety involves studies of regulatory practices. OHS studies linearly maintain that early legislations were of minimal consequence. Implementation is a two-tier structure—policy-making and enforcement. This article considers the main themes and findings of this body of research. It is structured around a “natural history” approach to understanding law. This approach regards law as a process which starts with the recognition of a problem demanding legal intervention and the (...) subsequent enactment of legislation. Several jurisdictions additionally encourage workers to join the enforcement procedure. Law being intrinsic to OHS, enforcement emerges as the key to explain its impact, while evidence suggests the role of sanctions on it. The article highlights areas that remain relatively uncharted and those that warrant more research. (shrink)

Wirtschaft und Wissenschaft erscheinen in der Theorie sozialer Systeme als ausdifferenzierte Sinnzusammenhänge, die üblicherweise als „Funktionssysteme“, hier aber als „Wertspiele“ begrifflich gefasst werden. Die historische Entwicklung der europäisch zentrierten Wirtschaft und der mit ihr ko-evolvierenden Wissenschaft wird skizziert. Da die Theorie gesamtgesellschaftlich angelegt ist, geraten die Verhältnisse zu den anderen in der Moderne entstandenen Wertspielen ebenfalls in den Blick. Das gilt auch für das Verhältnis zur Philosophie als eigenständigem Sinnzusammenhang.

The progression of theories suggested for our world, from ego- to geo- to helio-centric models to universe and multiverse theories and beyond, shows one tendency: The size of the described worlds increases, with humans being expelled from their center to ever more remote and random locations. If pushed too far, a potential theory of everything (TOE) is actually more a theories of nothing (TON). Indeed such theories have already been developed. I show that including observer localization into such theories is (...) necessary and sufficient to avoid this problem. I develop a quantitative recipe to identify TOEs and distinguish them from TONs and theories in-between. This precisely shows what the problem is with some recently suggested universal TOEs. (shrink)

In der europäischen Geistesgeschichte bezeichnen die Namen „Athen“ und „Jerusalem“ zwei Orientierungspunkte, an dem sich das Denken immer wieder neu und anders ausgerichtet hat. Dabei wird der Gott der Philosophen häufig einem Anthropomorphismus kritisch entgegengesetzt, der für den Gott Abrahams, Isaaks und Jakobs kennzeichnend ist. Gerade deshalb werden aber besonders interessante Zäsuren in der Geistesgeschichte dadurch markiert, dass der Anthropomorphismus von Philosophen in theologischer Absicht verteidigt wird. Das ist programmatisch bei Schelling der Fall und dann wieder in veränderter Form bei (...) Rosenzweig, der sich ausdrücklich auf Schelling bezieht. Vielleicht ist es heute erneut Zeit, über den Wahrheitsgehalt des Anthropomorphismus nachzudenken. (shrink)

Sequential decision theory formally solves the problem of rational agents in uncertain worlds if the true environmental prior probability distribution is known. Solomonoff's theory of universal induction formally solves the problem of sequence prediction for unknown prior distribution. We combine both ideas and get a parameter-free theory of universal Artificial Intelligence. We give strong arguments that the resulting AIXI model is the most intelligent unbiased agent possible. We outline how the AIXI model can formally solve a number of problem classes, (...) including sequence prediction, strategic games, function minimization, reinforcement and supervised learning. The major drawback of the AIXI model is that it is uncomputable. To overcome this problem, we construct a modified algorithm AIXItl that is still effectively more intelligent than any other time t and length l bounded agent. The computation time of AIXItl is of the order t x 2^l. The discussion includes formal definitions of intelligence order relations, the horizon problem and relations of the AIXI theory to other AI approaches. (shrink)

The article develops the thesis that spiritual objectivity constitutes an independent class of phenomena besides the physical and the mental. The concept of spiritual objectivity presents a solution for the mediation between the bodily and the conscious by further developing the insight of critical monism that individual action can neither be subsumed under the phenomena of the bodily outer world nor under the phenomena of the mental inner world. Referring to Gottlob Frege's thesis that what distinguishes a thought from other (...) phenomena is its capability of being true, the article develops the argument that the thought in its spiritual objectivity should be distinguished from the psychic inner world of ideas as well as from the physical exterior world of material objects. The possibility of rational recognition is dependent upon this genuinely spiritual mediation of inner and outer world, and its objective truth must be distinguished from the constitutive subjectivity of psychic phenomena. This specified concept of the spiritual is not intended to enlarge the substance dualism between the bodily and the mental once again but makes it possible to determine the in itself differentiated unity of the bodily and the mental, namely as spiritual unity of body and mind. (shrink)

Much recent discussion surrounding valuation of the arts and culture, particularly in the policy arena, has been dominated by a concern to identify an economic and financial basis for valuation of art works, arts, activities and more general ways in which we express our culture. Whereas a great deal can be gained from a fuller understanding of the economic value of art, there is a real danger that financial considerations will tend to crowd out all other aspects of value. This (...) book moves beyond the limitations implicit in a narrow economic approach, bringing different disciplinary viewpoints together, opening up a dialogue between scholars about the processes of valuation that they use and exploring differences and identifying common ground between the various viewpoints. The book's common theme – the tension between economic and cultural modes of evaluation – unites the chapters, making it a coherent and unified volume that provides a new and unique perspective on how we value art. (shrink)

Der "Orient" in Amerika läßt sich auf zwei Begegnungsrichtungen festlegen, wie ich hier anhand einiger Beispiele zu zeigen versuchte: Zunächst finden wir den Weg der Missionare, die versuchten, die für sie buchstäblich "Neue" Welt mit ihrem biblischen Instrumentarium zu deuten: Die heidnischen Götter sind vergleichbar den Götzen, die das Alte Testament kennt, und nichts anderes als Vorspiegelungen des Teufels. Einzelne indianische Anschauungen können dabei überhaupt biblisch gedeutet werden, teils als teuflische Nachahmungen der wirklichen biblischen Geschichte, teils als fast in Vergessenheit (...) geratene Erinnerungen an einen ehemaligen Kontakt zur Alten Welt. Mit den ersten Erfolgen in der Missionierung finden wir aber auch eine andere Begegnungsrichtung : Die Indios selbst greifen auf biblische und somit orientalische Elemente zurück, um ihr Weltbild daran anzuknüpfen. Häufiger kann man aber beobachten, daß die eigene Mythologie nur formal mit biblischen Aussagen in Korrelation gebracht wird, so daß diese "Begegnung" eher oberflächlich bleibt. Beide Wege können dabei als Versuche gelten, das Fremde zu kategorisieren, mit dem "Orient" und "Okzident" durch den Zusammenprall der Kulturen im Gefolge der Conquista plötzlich zu leben hatten. Da diese Versuche jedoch in sich z.T. fragwürdig sind, haben sie letztlich bis heute kaum dazu geführt, das Weltbild des jeweils anderen auch zu verstehen. (shrink)

Die mandäische Religion und der aramäische Hintergrund des Manichäismus: Forschungsgeschichte, Textvergleiche, historisch-geographische Verortung. By Ionuţ Danial Băncilă. Mandäistische Forschungen, vol. 6. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2018. Pp. x + 301. €74.