Die Legitimation von Kulturpolitik wird bestimmt von Narrativen, die in allgemeine Diskurse eingebettet sind, wobei zwischen gesellschaftsbezogenen ideell-normativen und ökonomisch-orientierten Narrative zu unterscheiden ist. Für erstere steht Bildung als umfassendes Konzept emotionalen, moralischen und ästhetischen Kompetenzgewinns im Zentrum. Kulturpolitik mit Bezugnahme auf Bildung kann emanzipatorischen Zwecken dienen, wie auch Distinktion und Abgrenzung zum Ziel haben. Wirtschaftlicher Mehrwert ist das zentrale Argument der ökonomisch-orientierten Narrative: Kulturpolitik dient dem Wirtschaftswachstum. In der ästhetischen Ökonomie droht Kulturpolitik als Variante von Wirtschaftspolitik obsolet zu werden.

In 2008, a group of researchers publicly released profile data collected from the Facebook accounts of an entire cohort of college students from a US university. While good-faith attempts were made to hide the identity of the institution and protect the privacy of the data subjects, the source of the data was quickly identified, placing the privacy of the students at risk. Using this incident as a case study, this paper articulates a set of ethical concerns that must be addressed (...) before embarking on future research in social networking sites, including the nature of consent, properly identifying and respecting expectations of privacy on social network sites, strategies for data anonymization prior to public release, and the relative expertise of institutional review boards when confronted with research projects based on data gleaned from social media. (shrink)

BackgroundCommentators believe that the ethical decision-making climate is instrumental in enhancing interprofessional collaboration in intensive care units (ICUs). Our aim was twofold: (1) to determine the perception of the ethical climate, levels of moral distress, and intention to leave one's job among nurses and physicians, and between the different ICU types and (2) determine the association between the ethical climate, moral distress, and intention to leave.MethodsWe performed a cross-sectional questionnaire study between May 2021 and August 2021 involving 206 nurses and (...) physicians in a large urban academic hospital. We used the validated Ethical Decision-Making Climate Questionnaire (EDMCQ) and the Measure of Moral Distress for Healthcare Professionals (MMD-HP) tools and asked respondents their intention to leave their jobs. We also made comparisons between the different ICU types. We used Pearson's correlation coefficient to identify statistically significant associations between the Ethical Climate, Moral Distress, and Intention to Leave.ResultsNurses perceived the ethical climate for decision-making as less favorable than physicians (p < 0.05). They also had significantly greater levels of moral distress and higher intention to leave their job rates than physicians. Regarding the ICU types, the Neonatal/pediatric unit had a significantly higher overall ethical climate score than the Medical and Surgical units (3.54 ± 0.66 vs. 3.43 ± 0.81 vs. 3.30 ± 0.69; respectively; both p ≤ 0.05) and also demonstrated lower moral distress scores (both p < 0.05) and lower “intention to leave” scores compared with both the Medical and Surgical units. The ethical climate and moral distress scores were negatively correlated (r = −0.58, p < 0.001); moral distress and "intention to leave" was positively correlated (r = 0.52, p < 0.001); and ethical climate and “intention to leave” were negatively correlated (r = −0.50, p < 0.001).ConclusionsSignificant differences exist in the perception of the ethical climate, levels of moral distress, and intention to leave between nurses and physicians and between the different ICU types. Inspecting the individual factors of the ethical climate and moral distress tools can help hospital leadership target organizational factors that improve interprofessional collaboration, lessening moral distress, decreasing turnover, and improved patient care. (shrink)

It is not uncommon for activists to use the language of colonization or occupation to describe the social dynamics at work in cities undergoing gentrification. Should these claims be regarded as outrageously exaggerated if not outright false? Or are they apt descriptions of the conditions on the ground in countless cities undergoing profound economic, political and demographic changes? In what follows, I argue that these claims are both legible and persuasive when viewed against the backdrop of racialized urban space.

Frequent public uproar over forms of data science that rely on information about people demonstrates the challenges of defining and demonstrating trustworthy digital data research practices. This paper reviews problems of trustworthiness in what we term pervasive data research: scholarship that relies on the rich information generated about people through digital interaction. We highlight the entwined problems of participant unawareness of such research and the relationship of pervasive data research to corporate datafication and surveillance. We suggest a way forward by (...) drawing from the history of a different methodological approach in which researchers have struggled with trustworthy practice: ethnography. To grapple with the colonial legacy of their methods, ethnographers have developed analytic lenses and researcher practices that foreground relations of awareness and power. These lenses are inspiring but also challenging for pervasive data research, given the flattening of contexts inherent in digital data collection. We propose ways that pervasive data researchers can incorporate reflection on awareness and power within their research to support the development of trustworthy data science. (shrink)

This remarkable book presents a rich and up-to-date view of evolution that explores the far-reaching implications of Darwin's theory and emphasizes the power, significance, and relevance of evolution to our lives today. After all, we ourselves are the product of evolution, and we can tackle many of our gravest challenges -- from lethal resurgence of antiobiotic-resistant diseases to the wave of extinctions that looms before us -- with a sound understanding of the science.

Recent advances in wireless technologies have led to the development of intelligent, in-vehicle safety applications designed to share information about the actions of nearby vehicles, potential road hazards, and ultimately predict dangerous scenarios or imminent collisions. These vehicle safety communication (VSC) technologies rely on the creation of autonomous, self-organizing, wireless communication networks connecting vehicles with roadside infrastructure and with each other. As the technical standards and communication protocols for VSC technologies are still being developed, certain ethical implications of these new (...) information technologies emerge: Coupled with the predicted safety benefits of VSC applications is a potential rise in the ability to surveil a driver engaging in her everyday activities on the public roads. This paper will explore how the introduction of VSC technologies might disrupt the “contextual integrity” of personal information flows in the context of highway travel and threaten one’s “privacy in public.” Since VSC technologies and their related protocols and standards are still in the developmental stage, the paper will conclude by revealing how close attention to the ethical implications of the remaining design decisions can inform and guide designers of VSC technologies to create innovate safety applications that increase public safety, but without compromising the value of one’s privacy in public. (shrink)

Drawing from Eastern and Western literatures, Heinrich Zimmer presents a selection of stories linked together by their common concern for the problem of our eternal conflict with the forces of evil. Beginning with a tale from the Arabian Nights, this theme unfolds in legends from Irish paganism, medieval Christianity, the Arthurian cycle, and early Hinduism. In the retelling of these tales, Zimmer discloses the meanings within their seemingly unrelated symbols and suggests the philosophical wholeness of this assortment of (...) myth. (shrink)

Leibniz was probably the last universal scholar in modern times who made original and innovative achievements in all the essential fields of knowledge of his time: as a reform-oriented lawyer, a multilateral thinking diplomat, as a mathematician of infinitesimal calculus, as the inventor of a calculating machine and in the mining of horizontal wind power, as an organizer of science and as one of the first historians who strived for source-critical methodical objectivity. However, this baroque diversity can only be understood (...) from the center of a monadological philosophy, which wants to establish the unity of scientific worldview and metaphysical concept of the world. It is distorted in the classical reception because only Leibniz the Theodicy was known. The topicality of Leibniz today consists in re-exposing the original basic idea of unity in diversity and asking how it can be made fruitful for philosophical and political thought in the 21st century. This book is a translation of the original German 1st edition Leibniz und die Folgen by Jörg Zimmer, published by J.B. Metzler, imprint of Springer-Verlag GmbH, part of Springer Nature in 2018. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence. A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content, so that the book will read stylistically differently from a conventional translation. Springer Nature works continuously to further the development of tools for the production of books and on the related technologies to support the authors. (shrink)

The creation and consolidation of a memory can rest on the integration of any number of disparate features and contexts. How is it that these bind together to form a coherent memory? This book offers an unrivalled overview of one of the most debated hotspots of modern memory research: binding, and will instigate innovative and pioneering ideas for future research.

Purpose Existing algorithms for predicting suicide risk rely solely on data from electronic health records, but such models could be improved through the incorporation of publicly available socioeconomic data – such as financial, legal, life event and sociodemographic data. The purpose of this study is to understand the complex ethical and privacy implications of incorporating sociodemographic data within the health context. This paper presents results from a survey exploring what the general public’s knowledge and concerns are about such publicly available (...) data and the appropriateness of using it in suicide risk prediction algorithms. Design/methodology/approach A survey was developed to measure public opinion about privacy concerns with using socioeconomic data across different contexts. This paper presented respondents with multiple vignettes that described scenarios situated in medical, private business and social media contexts, and asked participants to rate their level of concern over the context and what factor contributed most to their level of concern. Specific to suicide prediction, this paper presented respondents with various data attributes that could potentially be used in the context of a suicide risk algorithm and asked participants to rate how concerned they would be if each attribute was used for this purpose. Findings The authors found considerable concern across the various contexts represented in their vignettes, with greatest concern in vignettes that focused on the use of personal information within the medical context. Specific to the question of incorporating socioeconomic data within suicide risk prediction models, the results of this study show a clear concern from all participants in data attributes related to income, crime and court records, and assets. Data about one’s household were also particularly concerns for the respondents, suggesting that even if one might be comfortable with their own being used for risk modeling, data about other household members is more problematic. Originality/value Previous studies on the privacy concerns that arise when integrating data pertaining to various contexts of people’s lives into algorithmic and related computational models have approached these questions from individual contexts. This study differs in that it captured the variation in privacy concerns across multiple contexts. Also, this study specifically assessed the ethical concerns related to a suicide prediction model and determining people’s awareness of the publicness of select data attributes, as well as which of these data attributes generated the most concern in such a context. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to pursue this question. (shrink)

The article links Simone de Beauvoir’s phenomenology and Catherine A. MacKinnon’s feminist, Marxist, standpoint epistemology in virtue of their shared recognition that objectivity is sexed and gendered. This connection is supported by Beauvoir’s close alignment with Edmund Husserl, for whom the question of embodied difference was vital for generating an account of intersubjectivity and locating sex in the historical subject. The article concludes that a consideration of both the transcendental and immanence are central to Beauvoir’s feminist phenomenology and feminist politics (...) alike. (shrink)

Background Teamwork in emergency medical services is a very important factor in efforts to improve patient safety. The potential differences of staff gender on communication, patient safety, and teamwork were omitted. The aim of this study is to evaluate these inadequately examined areas. Methods A descriptive and anonymous study was conducted with an online questionnaire targeting emergency physicians and paramedics. The participants were asked about teamwork, communication, patient safety and handling of errors. Results Seven hundred fourteen prehospital professionals from all (...) over Germany participated. A total of 65.7% of the women harmed a patient (men 72.9%), and 52.6% were ashamed when mistakes were made (men 31.7%). 19.0% of the female participants considered their communication skills to be very good, compared to 81% of the men. More women than men did not want to appear incompetent (28.4%, 15.5%) and therefore did not speak openly about mistakes. Both genders saw the character of their colleagues as a reason for poor team communication (women 89.4%, men 84.9.%). Under high stress, communication decreased (women 35.9%, men 31.0%) and expression became inaccurate (women 18.7%, men 20.1%). Conclusions Team communication problems and teamwork in rescue services are independent of gender. Women seem to have more difficulty with open communication about mistakes because they seem to be subject to higher expectations. Work organization should be adapted to women’s needs to enable more effective error management. We conclude that it is necessary to promote a positive error and communication culture to increase patient safety. (shrink)

In der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts gab es ein Ereignis, das nicht nur die Erde beben ließ, sondern auch viele der bis dahin gültigen menschlichen Überzeugungen zutiefst erschütterte. Goethe hat das in seiner Autobiographie Dichtung und Wahrheit geschildert : »Durch ein außerordentliches Weltereignis wurde jedoch die Gemütsruhe des Knaben zum erstenmal im tiefsten erschüttert. Am ersten November 1755 ereignete sich das Erdbeben von Lissabon, und verbreitete über die in Frieden und Ruhe schon eingewohnte Welt einen ungeheuren Schrecken« (Goethe 1981 a, (...) 29). Dieses Erdbeben legte nicht nur Lissabon in Schutt und Asche, sondern ließ den Optimismus der Epoche ins Wanken geraten. Die ›eingewohnte‹ Welt des Friedens war das Jahrhundert nach dem Ende des Dreißigjährigen Krieges, und man könnte mit einigem Recht hinzufügen : das Jahrhundert von Leibniz. Den ersten Teil dieser Zeit zwischen der Mitte des 17. und der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts hat er selbst mitgeprägt, und die ersten Jahrzehnte des 18. Jahrhunderts standen im Zeichen der Frühaufklärung, die in der Rezeption den damals bekannten Werken positiv gegenüberstand. (shrink)

People unfamiliar with Chinese characters show poorer visual working memory (VWM) performance for Chinese characters than do literates in Chinese. In a series of experiments, we investigated the reasons for this expertise advantage. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that the advantage of Chinese literates does not transfer to novel material. Experts had similar resolution as novices for material outside of their field of expertise, and the memory of novices and experts did not differ when detecting a big change, e.g., when (...) a character’s color was changed. Memorizing appears to function as a rather abstract representation of word forms because memory for characters’ fonts was poor independently of expertise (Experiment 3), though still visual. Distractors that were highly similar conceptually did not increase memory errors, but visually similar distractors impaired memory (Experiment 4). We hypothesized that literates in Chinese represent characters in VWM as tokens of visual word forms made available by long-term memory. In Experiment 5, we provided novices with visual word form knowledge. Participants subsequently performed a change detection task with trained and novel characters in a functional magnetic resonance experiment. We analyzed set size- and training-dependent effects in the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and the visual word form area. VWM for trained characters was better than for novel characters. Neural activity increased with set size and at a slower rate for trained than for novel characters. All conditions approached the same maximum, but novel characters reached the maximum at a smaller set size than trained characters. The time course of the bold response depended on set size and knowledge status. Starting from the same initial maximum, neural activity at small set sizes returned to baseline more quickly for trained characters than for novel characters. Additionally, high performers showed generally more neural activity in the IPS than low performers. We conclude that experts’ better performance in working memory (WM) is caused by the availability of visual long-term representations (word form types) that allow a sparse representation of the perceived stimuli and make even small changes big because they cause a type change that is easily detected. (shrink)

The Polish economy has been transformed for more than three decades by diverse crises. The beginning of the changes was brought by the political transformation, which modified the model of the functioning of the State in almost all areas. To some extent, its continuation was the accession to the European Union, which opened not only markets for sales, labor, but also new sources of technological and scientific development. Economic development did not protect the economy from the negative effects of change, (...) which occurred in the form of rising public debt, unemployment rates and reduced spending on important public sectors. Sudden breakdowns, in turn, forced changes in social needs, as exemplified by the explosive demand for e-services during the covid-19 pandemic. The article analyzed selected indicators that allowed analysis of the degree of differentiation of socio-economic development in Poland against the background of crises. (shrink)

This article reviews Alkmaion von Kroton, Hippon von Metapont und Menestor von Sybaris € 174,95978-3-11-070002-2.

ABSTRACT Between the first two Critiques, Kant wrote what he called a “conjectural history” of the development of human freedom through a reading of Genesis. In the essay, reason itself is conceived of in terms of its “genesis,” and Kant primarily reads “Genesis” as an account of reason’s ascension or becoming. Just as humankind becomes itself through the Fall, so too does reason simultaneously come into its own. Adam indeed acts as a template for the conception of moral agency that (...) Kant will go on to develop in much more detail in the second critique. More significantly, however, as I argue below, the “genesis” and ascension of reason is only made possible through Eve’s covering up of herself. I argue that the act naturalizes both shame and clothing onto a feminine body conceived as un-reasonable. It is against this foil of unreason that reason (through Adam) is able to reach its own heights. I argue that Kant’s reading of Genesis in the “Conjectures” naturalizes women and clothing as superfluous: to humankind and to the ascent of reason alike. However, their function as the condition of possibility for Kant’s own system will show that they are anything but superfluous. Rather, they are essential. (shrink)

This paper tries to argue the thesis that the painting Las Meninas by Diego Velázquez contains a reflection about art, which deals in the medium of painting with three of the most important problems of aesthetics: the problem of the artist, the artwork and its reception. In order to prove this thesis, the paper analyses the picture with the assumption that Velázquez worked in front of a mirror. Furthermore, the aesthetic problems detected in the painting are developed in terms of (...) a philosophy of art, concluding with the question of how mirroring can be considered a model for the structure of the artwork in general. (shrink)

While universal healthcare provisions are the global norm rather than the exception, the United States exists in the latter category. The paradox remains that while the right to health is both increasingly implemented and recognized on a global scale, the United States seems to run farther away from the arguments and global examples that might pave its way. I suggest that an understanding of the imposition of healthcare as “coercive,” and hence as an impingement on individual agency, activates its criticism (...) as an inhibition of freedom that in turn motivates the libertarianism at the heart of the dominant, market‐based approach to health insurance provisions. At least one of the underlying assumptions of this view is that universal healthcare would impose or impinge on individual rights, and that such an impingement is a violation of autonomy. In this article, I aim to challenge this assumption by suggesting that the pitting of individual health rights against collective burdens stems in part from a related assumption of general health or welfare on the part of the collective: that disability and debility alike are anomalies or anomalous to the general health of the population. In other words, it will be my contention that individual health rights are only at odds with “collective rights” when the collective is perceived to be able‐bodied. (shrink)

This chapter will present a global survey of the evolution of anarchists’ views of, and participation in, workers’ movement and labour unions. The executions of the Haymarket Martyrs—Chicago anarchists involved in the 1886 strike movement in pursuit of the eight-hour workday and condemned to death in a controversial trial connected to a bomb thrown at police—marked a pivotal moment in this history. It provided both an example of anarchist labour militancy and a potent new international workers’ holiday in the form (...) of May Day. The American strike movement of 1886 informed the development of syndicalist ideas in Europe, which in turn spread throughout the globe and intermixed with local traditions of labour radicalism. Synthesising the sizable body of literature on this topic, this chapter will (1) survey anarchist views of labour unions prior to Haymarket, (2) summarise the events of the Haymarket bombing and trial, (3) describe the influence of the Haymarket Martyrs on the development of syndicalism and creation of May Day, (4) trace the spread of anarcho-syndicalism from the 1890s to the 1910s, (5) provide an overview of anarchist debates over syndicalist organisation and tactics, and (6) review the subsequent evolution of anarcho-syndicalist ideas and organisations. (shrink)

When Leibniz’s house in Hanover was torn down in the middle of the nineteenth century, Ludwig Kugelmann sent some scraps of wallpaper from Leibniz’s study that had been found in the overburden, to his friend Karl Marx in London. Marx framed it and hung it up in his own study. The beautiful story has been handed down because Marx told it in a letter to Engels, not without adding: “You know my admiration for Leibniz” (see Holz 2015, p. 55f.). A (...) beautiful picture for reception: framed fragments. An enlightening picture for Marx, who very early made excerpts from Leibniz (Marx 1976, p. 183 ff.). An apt image also for the relationship of the century to tradition: demolitions create a need for storage. (shrink)

In classical philosophy of time, present time mainly has been considered in its fleetingness: it is transition, in the Platonic meaning of the sudden or in the Aristotelian sense of discreet moment and isolated intensity that escapes possible perception. Through the idea of subjective constitution of time, Husserl’s phenomenology tries to spread the moment. He transcends the idea of linear and empty time in modern philosophy. Phenomenological description of time experience analyses the filled character of the moment that can be (...) detained in the performance of consciousness. As a consequence of the temporality of consciousness, he nevertheless remains in the temporal conception of presence. The phenomenology of Merleau-Ponty, however, is able to grasp the spacial meaning of presence. In his perspective of a phenomenology of perception, presence can be understood as a space surrounding the body, as a field of present things given in perception. Merleau-Ponty recovers the ancient sense of ‘praesentia’ as a fundamental concept of being in the world. (shrink)

Das Werk Schopenhauers hat immer polarisiert. Auffällig ist die zum Teil aggressive Ablehnung, die ihm bis heute entgegenschlägt. Über die Gründe dafür ist viel räsoniert worden. War er der akademischen Philosophie nicht wissenschaftlich genug, weil er seine Metaphysik auf intuitive Einsichten, auf, wie er es formulierte, »anschauliche Auffassung« der realen Welt stützte? Dem könnte man entgegenhalten, dass an den Universitäten ungeheuer populäre Philosophen wie Nietzsche oder Heidegger in ihrer Art zu philosophieren sehr viel weniger ›wissenschaftlichen‹ Ansprüchen genügen, wie immer man (...) ›wissenschaftlich‹ auch bestimmen mag. (shrink)

In the middle of the eighteenth century, there was an event that not only shook the earth, but also deeply shook many of the human beliefs that had been valid until then. Goethe described this in his autobiography Poetry and Truth: “However, an extraordinary world event shook the boy’s composure for the first time in the deepest way. On the first of November 1755 the earthquake in Lisbon occurred, and spread a tremendous horror over the world already inhabited in peace (...) and quiet” (Goethe 1981a, p. 29). This earthquake not only reduced Lisbon to rubble, but also shattered the optimism of the era. The “inhabited” world of peace was the century after the end of the Thirty Years’ War, and one could rightly add: the century of Leibniz. The first part of this period between the middle of the seventeenth and the middle of the eighteenth century was shaped by himself, and the first decades of the eighteenth century were marked by the Early Enlightenment, which in terms of reception had a positive attitude towards the works known at that time. (shrink)

Examines the diverse cultural influences which have shaped the basic philosophical traditions of India.

Als Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz am 21. Juni 1646 in Leipzig das Licht der Welt erblickte, fanden in Münster und Osnabrück gerade die Verhandlungen zur Beendigung des Dreißigjährigen Krieges statt, die dann 1648 im Westfälischen Frieden den Schlusspunkt der wohl bis dahin größten Katastrophe in der deutschen Geschichte setzten. Golo Mann hat diese beiden »westfälischen Städte Münster und Osnabrück […], jene als Residenz der Katholiken, diese der Protestanten«, als »Inseln der Sicherheit und prassenden Wohlstandes in einem Meer von Elend« bezeichnet (Mann (...) 1991, 220). Leibniz wird in die Nachkriegszeit dieses bis dahin in seinen Auswirkungen verheerendsten Krieges der europäischen Geschichte hineingeboren : »Die Folgen waren schlimm für Millionen leidender, gemarterter menschlicher Individuen. Sie waren auch schlimm für das Kollektivwesen, genannt Nation, in ihrem Zusammenleben und Wettkampf mit anderen Nationen« (ebd., 228). (shrink)

Rather than adopting a view of Fichte as a “proto-existentialist,” as some scholars have suggested, I instead aim to develop an account which articulates a fundamental existential structure which helps to elucidate and situate later notions of existential subjectivity by accounting for its condition of possibility. In this vein, existentialism not only articulates a certain kind of being in the world but a logical condition of the structure of subjectivity itself. I call this structuring condition existential logic, and locate it (...) in Fichte's Wissenschaftslehre. I develop the term existential logic instead of merely attributing to Fichte the term existential-ism or existentialist, insofar as I aim to locate an operative structure within the being who then becomes an existential subject for whom existential engagement is only then possible. The term existential logic suggests that the striving of the self both with and against the world—as existential phenomenology would have it—is a structure inherent within Fichte's logical deduction and formulation of the Absolute I. (shrink)

The article discusses the challenges associated with the use of artificial intelligence (AI) to mediate language in doctor–patient communication. If a physician and patient do not speak the same language, language mediation is essential to ensure adequate medical care. The absence of language mediation is an everyday problem in clinical practice. Given the present low threshold of availability, the use of AI for language mediation appears to be a rational choice. A key question is whether AI language mediation will have (...) an impact on the doctor–patient relationship. The design and operation of AI language models can influence communication between doctors and patients by giving rise to various technical phenomena. Users may have difficulty correctly identifying these influences. This has both legal and ethical implications for the use of AI. The dialogue between physicians and patients is evolving into a trialogue between physicians, AI, and patients. This establishes a relationship between physicians, AI, and patients that can impact diagnosis and treatment. As users, physicians are called upon to actively engage with the implications of AI on the physicians–AI–patient relationship to meet the ethical demands of patient care. It is therefore necessary to consider adjustments to university education and medical training. (shrink)

Als in der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts in Hannover das Wohnhaus von Leibniz abgerissen wurde, bekam Karl Marx von seinem Freund Kugelmann ein paar Fetzen Tapete aus Leibniz’ Arbeitszimmer nach London geschickt, die sich im Abraum gefunden hatten. Marx hat sie sich eingerahmt und in seinem Arbeitszimmer aufgehängt. Die schöne Geschichte ist überliefert, weil Marx sie in einem Brief an Engels erzählt hat, nicht ohne hinzuzufügen : »You know my admiration for Leibniz« (vgl. Holz 2015, 55 f.). Ein schönes Bild (...) für Rezeption : gerahmte Fragmente. Ein erhellendes Bild für Marx, der sich schon sehr früh Exzerpte zu Leibniz gemacht hatte (Marx 1976, 183 ff.). Ein treffendes Bild auch für das Verhältnis des Jahrhunderts zur Überlieferung : Abrisse sorgen für ein Bedürfnis nach Aufbewahrung. (shrink)

Ein paar Striche genügten, um das Image des Philosophen Arthur Schopenhauer nachhaltig zu prägen : Wilhelm Buschs Anfang der 1870er Jahre entstandene und seither immer wieder reproduzierte Bleistiftzeichnung vom Spaziergänger Schopenhauer zeigt den Philosophen mit dem Rücken zum Betrachter, die Haarreste auf dem Hinterkopf kurios nach oben abstehend, in der linken Hand seinen Stock, in der rechten seinen Hut wie abwehrend nach hinten haltend, begleitet von dem notorischen Pudel. Da haben wir ihn : den klein gewachsenen, älteren, befrackten Herrn, den (...) pessimistischen Weltverächter, der die Gesellschaft seines Hundes der der Menschen vorzieht, den Philosophen als kauzigen Sonderling, so wie ihn der Stammtisch gerne belächelt. (shrink)

When asked about the consequences that Leibniz, beyond his reception from the eighteenth to the twentieth century, still has for our time in the twenty-first century, one could look for quick answers and say, for example: as the inventor of binary arithmetic, the mathematician Leibniz is one of the intellectual fathers of computer science and thus of the computer age in which we live. That is certainly not wrong, but it is still not enough. We have also already seen that (...) scientific discoveries that cannot be clearly assigned to a name as a theory, as in the humanities or social sciences, can lead to the same result in different ways. The priority dispute between Leibniz and Newton on the question of the authorship of the infinitesimal calculus is an outstanding example of this. The development of computer technology would probably have been possible even without Leibniz. In contrast to classics such as Marx or Nietzsche, who had a direct influence on social movements and cultural developments through their thoughts beyond philosophy and science, classical thinkers such as Leibniz, who tended to influence developments within the boundaries of their sciences, appear much more indirect and mediated. It is therefore difficult to say what consequences Leibniz had for reality in the twenty-first century. (shrink)

Gegenstand unserer Darstellung ist nicht die Einführung in die Philosophie von Leibniz in dem Sinn, dass alle Hauptaspekte seines Denkens im Zusammenhang erläutert werden, um so einen Überblick über das Ganze dieser Philosophie zu geben. Solche Einführungen gibt es bereits (Holz 1992, Poser 2005), und es würde wenig Sinn machen, diesen von renommierten Leibnizforschern von unterschiedlichen Zugängen aus durch das Werklabyrinth Leibniz gezogenen Ariadnefäden eine weitere Überblicksdarstellung zur Seite zu stellen. Vielmehr wollen wir versuchen, ein metaphysisches Grundproblem zu identifizieren, das (...) sich durch die Entwicklung des Denkens von Leibniz durchhält und das in den verschiedenen Tätigkeitsfeldern, die bisher skizziert worden sind, präsent ist. Es geht darum, einen Grundgedanken auszumachen, der in dem Sinn ›Folgen‹ für das heutige Denken hat, als ihm Aktualität für die philosophische Reflexion der Probleme unserer Gegenwart zukommt. (shrink)

When Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz saw the light of day in Leipzig on June 21, 1646, negotiations to end the Thirty Years’ War were taking place in Münster and Osnabrück. In 1648, the Peace of Westphalia marked the end of what was probably the greatest catastrophe in German history at that time. Golo Mann described these two “Westphalian cities of Münster and Osnabrück [...], this one as the residence of the Catholics, that one of the Protestants”, as “islands of security and (...) splendid prosperity in a sea of misery” (Mann 1991, p. 220). Leibniz was born into the post-war period of this war, the most devastating war in European history: “The consequences were bad for millions of suffering, martyred human individuals. They were also bad for the collective being, called nation, in its living together and competition with other nations” (Mann 1991, p. 228). (shrink)