Wiktionary

afraid

English

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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From Middle English affrayed, affraied, past participle of afraien (“to affray”), from Anglo-Norman afrayer (“to terrify, disquiet, disturb”), from Old French effreer, esfreer (“to disturb, remove the peace from”), from es- (“out”) +‎ freer (“to secure, secure the peace”), from Frankish *friþu (“security, peace”), from Proto-Germanic *friþuz (“peace”), from Proto-Germanic *frijōną (“to free; to love”), from Proto-Indo-European *prāy-, *prēy- (“to like, love”). By surface analysis, affray +‎ -ed. Compare also afeard. More at free, friend.

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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afraid (comparative more afraid, superlative most afraid) (predicative)

  1. Impressed with fear or apprehension; in fear.
    Synonyms: afeared, alarmed, anxious, apprehensive, fearful, timid, timorous; see also Thesaurus:afraid
    He is afraid of death.
    He is afraid to ask her out.
    He is afraid of the future.
    I’m not afraid of telling / to tell you the truth: I'm reluctant to go in you car because I’m too afraid of crashing.
    • 1964, Harry S. Truman, 2:28 from the start, in MP2002-77 Former President Truman Discusses Bigotry in the United States‎[2], Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum, National Archives Identifier: 595162:
      I went through the worst Ku Klux proposition in the country at the time it was at its height. And I had to go down to the Ku Klux meeting and tell them what I thought of them, and I wasn't afraid of them at all. And I'm not afraid of this situation because I think it'll work out in a way that when these people sit down and get a chance to think and study the situation, they're going to be ashamed of some of the things they've done.
  2. Regretful, sorry; expressing a reluctance to face an unpleasant situation. [with that (+ clause) or clause; or with so or not]
    Synonym: sorry
    I am afraid I cannot help you in this matter.
  3. Worried about, feeling concern for, fearing for (someone or something). [with for]

Usage notes

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  • Afraid expresses a lesser degree of fear than terrified or frightened. It is often followed by the preposition of and the object of fear, or by an infinitive, or by a dependent clause, as shown in the examples above.

Derived terms

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Translations

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The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

See also

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References

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  1. ^ McDavid, Raven Ioor Jr. (1966), “59. Review of Thomas 1958 and Bronstein 1960: An Introduction to the Phonetics of American English, 2nd Edition, The Pronunciation of American English: An Introduction to Phonetics”, in William A. Kretzschmar, Jr., editor, Dialects in culture: essays in general dialectology‎[1], University, Alabama: The University of Alabama Press, published 1979, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 382.

Welsh

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FWOTD – 14 February 2014

Etymology

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af- (“un-”) +‎ rhaid (“necessity”)

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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afraid (feminine singular afraid, plural afraid, equative afreidied, comparative afreidiach, superlative afreidiaf)

  1. unnecessary, unessential
    • c. 1500, Ieuan Tew, poem in Cwrt Mawr manuscript no. 5, published and translated 1921 by T. Gwynn Jones, “Cultural Bases. A Study of the Tudor Period in Wales”, Y Cymmrodor. The Magazine of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, vol. 31, page 182:
      mogelwch yma golyn
      a fo goeg, ag afu gwyn—
      a choegddyn crin, ledryn crach,
      o fradwr—nid afreidiach;
      beware of the sting of white-livered wretches, and every withered, niggardly wretch of a traitor—it were not less necessary;
    • c. 1600, Edmwnd Prys, quoted in A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative by J. Morris Jones, Oxford: 1913, p. 44:
      Amlwg fydd trŵyn a’r wyneb;
      Afraid i ni nodi neb.
      Plain is the nose on a face; it is unnecessary for us to mention anyone.
    Synonyms: diangen, dianghenraid, dieisiau

Noun

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afraid m (plural afreidiau)

  1. superfluity, extravagance

Derived terms

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Mutation

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Mutated forms of afraid
radical soft nasal h-prothesis
afraid unchanged unchanged hafraid

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

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  • R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke, et al., editors (1950–present), “afraid”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
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