-ed

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ed"

English

Alternative forms

-d (now standard only after -e)
-'d (chiefly poetry)
-èd (chiefly poetry)

Pronunciation

(in verbs, past participles, and some denominal adjectives):
- (after a vowel or a voiced consonant other than a /d/) enPR: d, IPA^(key): /d/
- (after a voiceless consonant other than a /t/) enPR: t, IPA^(key): /t/
- (after a /d/ or /t/) same as below
(other denominal adjectives, archaic or poetic elsewhere):
- (UK) enPR: ĭd, IPA^(key): /ɪd/
  - Audio (Southern England): (file)
- (US) enPR: ĭd, IPA^(key): /ɪd/ or enPR: əd, IPA^(key): /əd/
- (General Australian) enPR: əd, IPA^(key): /əd/

Other dialects

(Hong Kong)
- (after a /d/ or /t/) IPA^(key): /əd/
- (after vowels) IPA^(key): /d/, /dəd/
- (after other consonants) IPA^(key): /dəd/
Audio (Southern England): (file)

Etymology 1

From Middle English -ed, by apocope from -ede, -eden, from Old English -ode, -odon (class 2 weak past ending). During the Middle English period, this ending absorbed the class 1 weak past endings (-de, -don) through morphological leveling. Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *-ōd-, *-ōdēdun. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -ede (“-ed”, first person singular past indicative ending), Low German -de (“-ed”, first and third person singular past indicative ending), Dutch -d (“-ed”), German -t (“-ed”), Swedish -ade (“-ed”), Icelandic -aði (“-ed”).

See -t for the devoiced variant.

Suffix

-ed

Used to form past tenses of (regular) verbs. In linguistics, it is used for the base form of any past form. See -t for a variant.
‎live + ‎-ed → ‎lived

Once upon a time a little princess lived with her mother in a lonely castle.

Jose phoned five minutes ago.

Translations

past tense

Danish: -de, -te
Dzongkha: ཅི (ci)
Esperanto: -is (eo)
Hungarian: -t/-tt/-ott/-ett/-ött
Ido: -is
Japanese: -た (-ta)
Korean: -았 (-at)
Kurdish:
Northern Kurdish: -d (ku) (for most transitive verbs) -î (ku) (for most intransitive verbs and a few transitive verbs), -t (ku) (for some basic verbs, both transitive and intransitive)
Norwegian:
Bokmål: -a (no), -et (no), -te, -de, -dd, -tt, -tø, -øt, -øyt

Nynorsk: -a, -te, -de, -dd, -tt, -aut
Nǀuu: -a
Persian: ـده (-de), ـد (-d), ـته (-te), ـت (-t)
Polish: -ł
Russian: -л (ru) m (-l), -ла (ru) f (-la), -ло (ru) n (-lo), -ли (ru) pl (-li)
Spanish: -ado (es)
Swedish: -de (sv), -t (sv)
Ukrainian: -в m (-v), -ла f (-la), -ло n (-lo), -ли pl (-ly)
Vietnamese: đã (vi)

Etymology 2

From Middle English -ed, from the merger of Old English -od (class 2 weak past participle) and -ed (class 1 weak past participle), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *-ōdaz and *-idaz respectively. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -ed.

Suffix

-ed

Used to form past participles of (regular) verbs. See -en and -t for variants.
‎point + ‎-ed → ‎pointed

He has pointed at the dog.

There's the abandoned mineshaft.

Refused entry to the club, I walked back home.

Translations

past participle

Sikkimese: ཅེ (ce)

Etymology 3

From Middle English -ed, from Old English -od (adjective suffix), from Proto-Germanic *-ōdaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂tos. While identical in appearance to the past participle of class 2 weak verbs, this suffix was attached directly to nouns without any intervening verb. Cognate with Latin -ātus (whence also a doublet -ate), Proto-Slavic *-atъ.

Suffix

-ed

Used to form possessional adjectives from nouns, in the sense of having the object represented by the noun.
Antonym: -less

‎point + ‎-ed → ‎pointed

‎horn + ‎-ed → ‎horned

‎hoof + ‎-ed → ‎hooved

‎chagrin + ‎-ed → ‎chagrined
As an extension of the above, used to form possessional adjectives from adjective-noun pairs.
‎red + ‎hair + ‎-ed → ‎red-haired

‎left + ‎hand + ‎-ed → ‎left-handed

‎two + ‎prong(s) + ‎-ed → ‎two-pronged

Derived terms

English terms suffixed with -ed

Translations

having an object

Danish: -ig, -et (da)
Dutch: -ig (nl), ge- -d (nl)
Finnish: -kas (fi)
Hungarian: -s/-os/-as/-es/-ös
Indonesian: ber- (id)
Japanese: 気味 (ja) (kimi)
Kurdish:
Northern Kurdish: -dar (ku), bi- (ku)
Malay: ber- (ms)
Persian: ـدار (-dâr)
Swedish: -ig (sv), -ad (sv)

having an object of a particular quality

Danish: -et (da), -ig
Dutch: -ig (nl), also as a past participle: ge- (nl) + -d (nl)
Finnish: -nen (fi)
Hungarian: -ú/-ű/-jú/-jű
Indonesian: ber- (id)
Japanese: 気味 (ja) (kimi)
Malay: ber- (ms)
Polish: -y (pl) m, -ny (pl) m
Swedish: -ig (sv), -ad (sv)

Anagrams

de-, D&E, dE, DE, de, De

Breton

Etymology

Cognate to Cornish -es.

Suffix

-ed

Suffix denoting plural of certain nouns
‎kazhez (“female cat”) + ‎-ed → ‎kazhezed (“female cats”)

Derived terms

German

Etymology

Borrowed from English -ed (past participle suffix).

Suffix

-ed (sometimes proscribed)

alternative form of -t used in verbs borrowed from English:
1. To form past participles.
  ‎downloaden + ‎-ed → ‎gedownloaded
2. (nonstandard) To form the third-person singular.
  ‎bashen + ‎-ed → ‎sie bashed

Hungarian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ɛd]
Rhymes: -ɛd

Etymology 1

From -e- (linking vowel) +‎ -d (possessive suffix).

Suffix

-ed

(possessive suffix) your (second-person singular, single possession)
‎kert (“garden”) + ‎-ed → ‎kerted (“your (singular, informal) garden”)

Megbízol engem a kerted gondozásával? ― Will you entrust me with the care of your garden?

Usage notes

(possessive suffix) Variants:
-d is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.

-ad is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant

-od is added to the other back-vowel words ending in a consonant

-ed is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant

-öd is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant

Etymology 2

From -e- (linking vowel) +‎ -d (personal suffix).

Suffix

-ed

(personal suffix) Forms the definite second-person singular indicative present of verbs.
‎fest (“to paint”) + ‎-ed → ‎fested (“you paint [him/her/it], you are painting [him/her/it]”)

Mikor fested a kerítést? ― When do you paint the fence?

Usage notes

(personal suffix) See harmonic variants in the table below.

Present tense definite – personal endings

Person		Back vowel	Front vowel
Person		Back vowel	unrounded	rounded
én	1st person singular	-om	-em	-öm
te	2nd person singular	-od	-ed	-öd
ő maga ön	3rd person singular or formal 2nd person singular	-ja	-i
mi	1st person plural	-juk	-jük
ti	2nd person plural	-játok	-itek
ők maguk önök	3rd person plural or formal 2nd person plural	-ják	-ik
See also: present-tense indefinite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing.

Etymology 3

From -e- (linking vowel) +‎ -d (fraction-forming and verb-forming suffix).

Suffix

-ed

(fraction-forming suffix) -th (added to a cardinal number to form a fraction)
‎ezer (“thousand”) + ‎-ed → ‎ezred (“thousandth”)
(frequentative verb-forming suffix) Added to a stem to form a verb to indicate repetitive action. No longer productive.
szenved (“to suffer”)

Usage notes

(fraction-forming suffix) Variants:
-d is added to words ending in a vowel

-ad is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant

-od is added to some other back-vowel words ending in a consonant

-ed is added to unrounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant

-öd is added to rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant
(frequentative suffix) Variants:
-d is found only in a few words as an obscured suffix
mond (“to say, tell”), kezd (“to begin”)

-od is added to back-vowel words
tapod (“to tread on something”)

-ad is added to back-vowel words

-ed is added to unrounded front-vowel words
szenved (“to suffer”)

-öd is added to rounded front-vowel words
bököd (“to repeatedly poke at something”)

Derived terms

Hungarian fractional numbers suffixed with -ed

Ido

Etymology

From French -ée, Italian -ata, Spanish -ada, ultimately from Latin -atus.

Suffix

-ed

contents of, -ful.
‎manuo (“hand”) + ‎-ed → ‎manuedo (“handful”)

Derived terms

Category Ido terms suffixed with -ed not found

Middle English

Etymology 1

From Old English -ed, -od, the past participle endings of weak verbs. It also frequently functions as a past tense ending via the apocope of -ede (from Old English -ode, the past tense ending of class 2 weak verbs).

Suffix

-ed

Forms the past tense and past participle of weak verbs.

Alternative forms

-et, -it, -t

Descendants

English: -ed (past tense)
English: -ed (past participle)
Scots: -it, -ed

Etymology 2

Suffix

-ed

alternative form of -hede

References

“-(e)d, suf.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Old English

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ed/

Etymology 1

Suffix

-ed

Used to form the past participle of class I weak verbs
‎fremman (“to perform”) + ‎-ed → ‎fremed (“performed”)

Etymology 2

Suffix

-ed

alternative form of -od
‎æppel (“apple”) + ‎-ed → ‎æppled (“apple-shaped”)

Old Irish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /eð/

Suffix

-ed

slender form of -ad

Spanish

Etymology

From Latin -ēte (second-person plural present active imperative ending of second conjugation verbs).

Suffix

-ed

used to form the informal second-person plural imperative mood of -er verbs
‎comer (“to eat”) + ‎-ed → ‎¡Comed! (“Eat!”)

Swedish

Suffix

-ed c

Examples
Dals Långed Hamneda Ed

(place-names) path between or along water
Synonym: -eda

Welsh

Etymology 1

From Proto-Brythonic *-hed, from Proto-Celtic *-isetos.

Pronunciation

(North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ɛd/
- (North Wales, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ad/
(South Wales) IPA^(key): /ɛd/

Suffix

-ed

Forms an equative of an adjective of one or two syllables.
‎gwan (“weak”) + ‎-ed → ‎gwanned (“as weak”)

‎rhad (“cheap”) + ‎-ed → ‎rhated (“as cheap”)

‎cynt (“faster, earlier, sooner”) + ‎-ed → ‎cynted (“as fast, as early, as soon”)

Usage notes

Causes fortition of final voiced consonant of adjectival roots.

Etymology 2

Reduced form of -fed. Cognate with Cornish -es.

Pronunciation

(North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ɛd/
- (North Wales, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ad/
(South Wales) IPA^(key): /ɛd/

Suffix

-ed

Used to form the ordinal forms of five and six.
Synonyms: -edd, -fed, -ydd

‎pump (“five”) + ‎-ed → ‎pumed (“fifth”)

‎chwech (“six”) + ‎-ed → ‎chweched (“sixth”)

Etymology 3

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-tis or Proto-Indo-European *-tus.^[1]

Pronunciation

(North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ɛd/
- (North Wales, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ad/
(South Wales) IPA^(key): /ɛd/

Suffix

-ed

Used to form verbal nouns.
‎cerdd- (“to walk”, stem) + ‎-ed → ‎cerdded (“to walk”, verbal noun)

‎clyw- (“to hear”, stem) + ‎-ed → ‎clywed (“to hear”, verbal noun)

Etymology 4

Cognate with Cornish -es.

Pronunciation

(North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ɛd/
- (North Wales, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ad/
(South Wales) IPA^(key): /ɛd/

Suffix

-ed

Used to form nouns.
‎colli (“to lose”) + ‎-ed → ‎colled (“loss”)

‎sych (“dry”) + ‎-ed → ‎syched (“thirst”)

‎cymuno (“to take communion, to communicate”) + ‎-ed → ‎cymuned (“community”)

Etymology 5

Pronunciation

(North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ɛd/
- (North Wales, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ad/, /ai̯d/
(South Wales) IPA^(key): /ɛd/

Suffix

-ed

Used to form plural nouns.
Synonyms: -aid, -aint, -au, -edd, -en, -i, -iadau, -iaid, -iau, -ion, -od, -oedd, -on, -ydd, -yr, -ys

‎pryf (“bug, insect”) + ‎-ed → ‎pryfed (“bugs, insects”)

‎merch (“girl”) + ‎-ed → ‎merched (“girls”)

Usage notes

-ed is only used in the above two plural forms in Modern Welsh.

Etymology 6

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɛd/

Suffix

-ed

(literary) verb suffix for the third-person singular imperative

Etymology 7

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɛd/

Suffix

-ed

(literary) verb suffix for the third-person singular imperative
Synonyms: -pwyd, -wyd

Usage notes

Rare in Modern Welsh with a few verbs creating an alternative secondary form.

ganwyd, ganed ― was born, one bore

trowyd, troed ― was turned, one turned

cafwyd, caed ― was had, one had

daethpwyd, deuwyd, doed ― one came

Derived terms

References

^ Morris Jones, John (1913), A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, § 203 iii 8