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Appendix:Arabic verbs

Derived stems

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Arabic verbs are noted for an unusual system of derivation. From any particular root various verb stems may be formed. Western scholars usually refer to these derivations as “form I”, “form II”, ... up through “form XV,” though these designations are not used indigenously, where they are referred to by derivations from the root ف ع ل (f ʕ l). Accordingly, form I would be فَعَلَ (faʕala), form II would be فَعَّلَ (faʕʕala), etc. These forms refer to triliteral roots (those made of three consonants). There are also quadriliteral roots, made up of four consonants, which come in four forms, “form Iq”, “form IIq”, “form IIIq” and “form IVq”. Triliteral forms XI through XV and quadriliteral forms IIIq and IVq are rare and tend to be intransitive, often stative, verbs (having the meaning “to be or become Y” where Y is an adjective).

These forms and their associated participles and verbal nouns are the primary means of forming vocabulary in Arabic. All of the examples shown here are the citation forms, which in Arabic means the 3rd-person masculine singular perfect (e.g., “he did”, “he wrote”).

Form I

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Main category: Arabic form-I verbs

Perfective فَعَلَ (faʕala), فَعِلَ (faʕila), فَعُلَ (faʕula), imperfective يَفْعَلُ (yafʕalu), يَفْعِلُ (yafʕilu), يَفْعُلُ (yafʕulu), active participle فَاعِل (fāʕil), passive participle مَفْعُول (mafʕūl), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) اِفْعَلْ (ifʕal), اِفْعِلْ (ifʕil), اُفْعُلْ (ufʕul)

This is the simplest basic form of a verb; it gives the general idea of its root. Most verbs are triliteral, but there are a few quadriliteral ones.

When the middle vowel of the perfective is a, the middle vowel of the imperfective may be a, i, or u. When the perfective vowel is i, the imperfective vowel is usually a; when the perfective vowel is u, the imperfective vowel is also u.

perfective
vowel		 imperfective
vowel		 example
a u كَتَبَ (kataba) يَكْتُبُ (yaktubu) to write
i غَسَلَ (ḡasala) يَغْسِلُ (yaḡsilu) to wash
a ذَهَبَ (ḏahaba) يَذْهَبُ (yaḏhabu) to go
i a شَرِبَ (šariba) يَشْرَبُ (yašrabu) to drink
i وَثِقَ (waṯiqa) يَثِقُ (yaṯiqu) to trust
u u كَرُمَ (karuma) يَكْرُمُ (yakrumu) to be generous

Form II

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Main category: Arabic form-II verbs

Perfective فَعَّلَ (faʕʕala), imperfective يُفَعِّلُ (yufaʕʕilu), verbal noun generally تَفْعِيل (tafʕīl), in weak verbs necessarily and final-hamzated verbs facultatively تَفْعِلَة (tafʕila), with geminate verbs sometimes تَفْعَال (tafʕāl), in rare historical cases a فِعَّال (fiʕʕāl) verbal noun exists, active participle مُفَعِّل (mufaʕʕil), passive participle مُفَعَّل (mufaʕʕal), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) فَعِّلْ (faʕʕil) This stem is formed by doubling the second radical. The meaning this form imparts is intensive or extensive, causative, declarative, or denominative.

It is frequently used as a denominative formation to express the making or doing of, or being occupied with, the thing expressed by the noun from which it is derived.

Form III

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Main category: Arabic form-III verbs

Perfective فَاعَلَ (fāʕala), imperfective يُفَاعِلُ (yufāʕilu), verbal noun مُفَاعَلَة (mufāʕala) or فِعَال (fiʕāl), active participle مُفَاعِل (mufāʕil), passive participle مُفَاعَل (mufāʕal) (rare), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) فَاعِلْ (fāʕil)

The third form is produced by lengthening the vowel a after the first radical (indicated by the alif productionis). It is usually transitive, but may occasionally be intransitive. A distinctive inflectional characteristic of Form III is that the present tense subject-marker vowel is ḍamma and the stem vowel is kasra (yu-fāʿil-u).

The verbal noun takes one of two patterns: مُفَاعَلَة (mufāʕala) (e.g. مُحَاضَرَة (muḥāḍara, “lecture”), مُرَاجَعَة (murājaʕa, “review”), مُكَالَمَة (mukālama, “conversation”)) or فِعَال (fiʕāl) (e.g. جِهَاد (jihād, “struggle”), كِفَاح (kifāḥ, “combat”), دِفَاع (difāʕ, “defence”)). Usually one of these two nouns suffices for a given verb, but occasionally both are used with equivalent or slightly different meanings (e.g. حِوَار (ḥiwār, “dialogue”) and مُحَاوَرَة (muḥāwara, “conversation”) from حَاوَرَ (ḥāwara, “to converse with”)).

It modifies the signification of the ground-form in the following ways.

(a) Conative or reciprocal — effort or attempted action upon an object: When فَعَلَ (faʕala) denotes an act that immediately affects an object (direct object or accusative), فَاعَلَ (fāʕala) expresses the effort or attempt to perform that act upon the object. The idea of reciprocity (اَلْمُشَارَكَة (al-mušāraka)) is added when the effort is necessarily or accidentally mutual.

(b) Associative — converting an indirect object into a direct object: When the first or fourth form denotes an act whose relation to an object is expressed by means of a preposition (indirect object), the third form converts that indirect object into the immediate or direct object of the act (accusative). The idea of reciprocity is here, as in the former case, more or less distinctly implied.

(c) Treating or affecting with a quality: When فَعَلَ (faʕala) denotes a quality or state, فَاعَلَ (fāʕala) indicates that one person makes use of that quality towards another and affects him thereby, or brings him into that state.

(d) Denominative: The third form is sometimes denominative, though the ideas of effort and reciprocity are always more or less clearly implied.

Form IV

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Main category: Arabic form-IV verbs

Perfective أَفْعَلَ (ʔafʕala), imperfective يُفْعِلُ (yufʕilu), verbal noun إِفْعَال (ʔifʕāl), active participle مُفْعِل (mufʕil), passive participle مُفْعَل (mufʕal), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) أَفْعِلْ (ʔafʕil)

This stem is formed by prefixing أَـ (ʔa-) and dropping the vowel of the first radical. In the imperfect, the أَ (ʔa) disappears and the regular imperfect prefix takes the vowel u, and the characteristic is i: يُكْتِبُ (yuktibu). The meaning this form imparts is usually causative.

Sometimes it has a declarative meaning: to say that someone has a certain quality.

Occasionally Form IV is derived from a noun and has an intransitive meaning:

Form V

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Main category: Arabic form-V verbs

Perfective تَفَعَّلَ (tafaʕʕala), imperfective يَتَفَعَّلُ (yatafaʕʕalu), verbal noun تَفَعُّل (tafaʕʕul) or تِفِعَّال (tifiʕʕāl), active participle مُتَفَعِّل (mutafaʕʕil), passive participle مُتَفَعَّل (mutafaʕʕal), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) تَفَعَّلْ (tafaʕʕal)

This stem is formed by prefixing تَـ (ta-) to form II. The meaning this form imparts is the reflexive or passive of form II — it is the مُطَاوِع (muṭāwiʕ) of the second form, expressing the state into which the object of the action denoted by form II is brought by that action, as its effect or result.[1]

Out of the reflexive also arises the effective. This differs from the passive in that the latter indicates that the person is the object of, or experiences the effect of, the action of another; whereas the effective implies that an act is done to a person, or a state produced in them, whether it is caused by another or themselves.[2] Thus تَعَلَّمَ (taʕallama, “to become learned, to learn”) is quite distinct from عُلِّمَ (ʕullima, “to be taught”), the passive of عَلَّمَ (ʕallama): one may say عُلِّمَ وَلَمْ يَتَعَلَّمْ (ʕullima walam yataʕallam, “he was taught (received instruction), but did not learn”).

A denominative use of the reflexive yields verbs meaning to make oneself or declare oneself something, or to affect a quality:[1]

Where the fifth form appears synonymous with the eighth, the idea of intensiveness may nonetheless be traced. Both اِفْتَرَقَ النَّاسُ (iftaraqa n-nāsu) and تَفَرَّقَ النَّاسُ (tafarraqa n-nāsu) are rendered the people dispersed, but the eighth expresses the mere separation, whereas the fifth expresses separation into a great many groups or in various directions.[3]

The reflexive force is often faint in verbs of this form which govern an accusative, the sense being rather one of gradual, repeated, or careful action:[4]

Such verbs of this class as govern an accusative admit not only of an impersonal but also of a personal passive: تَعَلَّمَ الطِّبَّ (taʕallama ṭ-ṭibba, “he learned the art of medicine”), تُعُلِّمَ الطِّبُّ (tuʕullima ṭ-ṭibbu, “the art of medicine was learned”).[5] In some cases the distinction between forms II and V disappears altogether: for وَجَّهَ (wajjaha), قَوَّسَ (qawwasa) one may substitute تَوَجَّهَ (tawajjaha), تَقَوَّسَ (taqawwasa) without change of sense.[6]

Form VI

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Main category: Arabic form-VI verbs

Perfective تَفَاعَلَ (tafāʕala), imperfective يَتَفَاعَلُ (yatafāʕalu), verbal noun تَفَاعُل (tafāʕul), active participle مُتَفَاعِل (mutafāʕil), passive participle مُتَفَاعَل (mutafāʕal), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) تَفَاعَلْ (tafāʕal)

This stem is formed by prefixing تَـ (ta-) to Form III (فَاعَلَ (fāʕala)). The imperfect has the vowel a throughout except for the last: يَتَفَاعَلُ (yatafāʕalu). In many cases Form VI is the reciprocal of the corresponding Form III verb, meaning that the action is mutual and happens to two or more parties simultaneously. It modifies the signification of the ground-form in the following ways.

(a) Reciprocal — mutual participation in an action: The most characteristic use. Where Form III expresses action directed at another party, Form VI expresses the same action as shared between two or more parties.

(b) Gradual, progressive, or incremental — continuous movement towards a quality: Form VI may denote a gradual or progressive increase or decrease in a quality expressed by the base verb, often with an intransitive or quasi-reflexive sense.

(c) Pretence or feigning — simulatio: Form VI may express pretending to possess the quality or to be in the state denoted by the base verb.

(d) Reflexive or intransitive of Form III: In some verbs, Form VI functions as the reflexive or medio-passive of Form III, with no reciprocal sense and a single subject.

In pre-classical language the formant can be تْـ (t-) instead of تَـ (ta-) and assimilates then to alveolars (sun letters).[7]

Form VII

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Main category: Arabic form-VII verbs

Perfective اِنْفَعَلَ (infaʕala), imperfective يَنْفَعِلُ (yanfaʕilu), verbal noun اِنْفِعَال (infiʕāl), active participle مُنْفَعِل (munfaʕil), passive participle مُنْفَعَل (munfaʕal), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) اِنْفَعِلْ (infaʕil)

This stem is formed by prefixing نـ (n-) to the first form, with a prothetic vowel (اِ (i)) supplied where necessary (in-). The sense it imparts is reflexive or passive: the subject undergoes the action denoted by the first form. The form is not properly built from roots whose first radical is ‭ر (r), ل (l), ي (y), و (w), أ (ʔ), or ن (n), though such formations do occur. Where they do, the ordinary phonological rules apply: in اِنَّصَرَ (innaṣara, “to be supported”) the radical ن (n) assimilates to the prefix, and in اِنْآد (inʔād) the و (w) drops out and the أ (ʔ) becomes آ (ʔā). Where the first radical is م (m), the prefix may likewise assimilate to it (im-), the unassimilated forms remaining equally valid.

In origin the seventh form is the مُطَاوِع (muṭāwiʕ) of the first, carrying a middle or reflexive sense. Two restrictions distinguish it from the eighth form and bring it closer to a true passive: the reflexive element it contains is always the direct object of the action, never the indirect object (to which a further accusative might be added); and it never bears a reciprocal sense.[8]

From this reflexive sense there frequently develops an effective one, in which the subject is described as entering a state rather than as being acted upon:[8]

The form may also convey that a person permits an act to be done with respect to himself, or an effect to be produced upon him:[9]

A number of seventh-form verbs in current use, especially of later coinage, are regarded by the grammarians as irregularly formed, the underlying first form being intransitive or otherwise incapable of standing in the مُطَاوِع (muṭāwiʕ) relation: اِنْحَمَقَ (inḥamaqa) from حَمُقَ (ḥamuqa, “to be stupid or foolish”), اِنْعَدَمَ (inʕadama, “to be non-existent or missing, not to be found”) from عَدِمَ (ʕadima, “not to have”), and اِنْهَوَى (inhawā) from هَوَى (hawā, “to sink down, to fall”).[10]

In modern Arabic especially, the seventh form sometimes serves as the مُطَاوِع (muṭāwiʕ) of the fourth rather than of the first:[11]

Form VIII

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Main category: Arabic form-VIII verbs

Perfective اِفْتَعَلَ (iftaʕala), imperfective يَفْتَعِلُ (yaftaʕilu), verbal noun اِفْتِعَال (iftiʕāl), active participle مُفْتَعِل (muftaʕil), passive participle مُفْتَعَل (muftaʕal), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) اِفْتَعِلْ (iftaʕil)

This stem is formed by infixing ـتَـ (-ta-) after the first radical, and with a prothetic vowel (اِ (i)) where necessary. The meaning this form imparts is the reflexive or sometimes passive, of the first form.

When the first radical of the root is ط (ṭ) , ض (ḍ) , ص (ṣ) , ز (z) , ذ (ḏ) , د (d) , ث (ṯ) , ت (t) , or ظ (ẓ), the infixed ـتـ (-t-) is completely assimilated, or assimilated in voicing or emphasis:

In roots beginning with و (w) (wāw), the initial consonant may be assimilated into the infixed pattern, often resulting in doubling of the following consonant and loss of the initial glide. This yields forms where the underlying و (w) is not overtly visible in pronunciation or spelling:

In some cases, the verb may use 2 or even all these 3 assimilation techniques, thereby giving, correspondingly, 2 and even 3 alternative verb forms:

In very rare cases, the verb in pre-classical may have used assimilation for roots beginning with ج (j), transforming the infix ـتـ (-t-) into ـدـ (-d-) and giving the alternative verb forms:

Form IX

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Main category: Arabic form-IX verbs

Perfective اِفْعَلَّ (ifʕalla), imperfective يَفْعَلُّ (yafʕallu), verbal noun اِفْعِلَال (ifʕilāl), active participle مُفْعَلّ (mufʕall), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) اِفْعَلَّ (ifʕalla) This stem is formed by dropping the vowel of the first radical, adding a prothetic vowel (اِ (i)) where necessary, and doubling the final radical. This form is used by only a small number of verbs denoting color or bodily defect. This form has no passive participle. It is frequently connected to an adjective with the form أَفْعَل (ʔafʕal); see Appendix:Arabic nominals § Color or defect adjectives.

Form X

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Main category: Arabic form-X verbs

Perfective اِسْتَفْعَلَ (istafʕala), imperfective يَسْتَفْعِلُ (yastafʕilu), verbal noun اِسْتِفْعَال (istifʕāl), active participle مُسْتَفْعِل (mustafʕil), passive participle مُسْتَفْعَل (mustafʕal), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) اِسْتَفْعِلْ (istafʕil) This stem is formed by prefixing اِسْتَـ (ista-) to the first radical and dropping its vowel. The form may be transitive or intransitive. Its principal meanings are as follows.

It is frequently used as the reflexive of form IV. The prefixed hamzat al-waṣl with kasra is deleted in the imperfective and replaced by the subject-marker prefix; the stem vowel of the imperfective is kasra.

Other forms (XI–XV)

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These forms were already rare in Classical Arabic, and are even more so in Modern Standard Arabic.

Form XI

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Main category: Arabic form-XI verbs

Perfective اِفْعَالَّ (ifʕālla), imperfective يَفْعَالُّ (yafʕāllu), verbal noun اِفْعِيلَال (ifʕīlāl), active participle مُفْعَالّ (mufʕāll), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) اِفْعَالَّ (ifʕālla) This stem is formed from form IX by lengthening the vowel after the second radical. This form is very rare and it is usually used only for metrical purposes in poetry as an alternative to form IX. Some scholars[12] suggest the XI form may have a more volatile meaning than form IX, as well as one slightly more intensive.

Example: اِحْمَارَّ (iḥmārra, “to turn red, to blush”)
Example: اِدْهَامَّ (idhāmma, “to be or become very dark or black”)
Example: اِيرَاقَّ (īrāqqa, “to become purple”) (of a grape)
Example: اِشْعَانَّ (išʕānna, “to be dishevelled”) (of hair)

Form XII

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Main category: Arabic form-XII verbs

Perfective اِفْعَوْعَلَ (ifʕawʕala), imperfective يَفْعَوْعِلُ (yafʕawʕilu), verbal noun اِفْعِيعَال (ifʕīʕāl), active participle مُفْعَوْعِل (mufʕawʕil), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) اِفْعَوْعِلْ (ifʕawʕil)

Example: اِحْدَوْدَبَ (iḥdawdaba, “to be or become humpbacked”)
Example: اِغْرَوْرَقَ (iḡrawraqa, “to be or become filled with tears (of the eyes)”)
Example: اِغْدَوْدَنَ (iḡdawdana, “to be or become lush and verdant (of vegetation)”)
Example: اِخْشَوْشَنَ (iḵšawšana, “to be or become rough or coarse”)
Example: اِثْنَوْنَى (iṯnawnā, “to bend or fold upon itself; to harbour concealed enmity”)

Form XIII

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Main category: Arabic form-XIII verbs

Perfective اِفْعَوَّلَ (ifʕawwala), imperfective يَفْعَوِّلُ (yafʕawwilu), verbal noun اِفْعِوَّال (ifʕiwwāl), active participle مُفْعَوِّل (mufʕawwil), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) اِفْعَوِّلْ (ifʕawwil)

Example: اِخْرَوَّطَ (iḵrawwaṭa, “to be long, to last long; to go quickly”)
Example: اِجْلَوَّذَ (ijlawwaḏa, “to last long”)
Example: اِعْلَوَّطَ (iʕlawwaṭa, “to cling or adhere firmly; to ride or mount a camel without a saddle”)

Form XIV

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Main category: Arabic form-XIV verbs

Perfective اِفْعَنْلَلَ (ifʕanlala), imperfective يَفْعَنْلِلُ (yafʕanlilu), verbal noun اِفْعِنْلَال (ifʕinlāl), active participle مُفْعَنْلِل (mufʕanlil), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) اِفْعَنْلِلْ (ifʕanlil)

Example: اِسْحَنْكَكَ (isḥankaka, “to be dark; to be obscure”)
Example: اِقْعَنْسَسَ (iqʕansasa, “to draw back”)

Form XV

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Main category: Arabic form-XV verbs

Perfective اِفْعَنْلَى (ifʕanlā), imperfective يَفْعَنْلَى (yafʕanlā), verbal noun اِفْعِنْلَاء (ifʕinlāʔ), active participle مُفْعَنْلٍ (mufʕanlin), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) اِفْعَنْلَ (ifʕanla)

Example: اِسْرَنْدَى (israndā, “to vanquish”)
Example: اِغْلَنْثَى (iḡlanṯā, “to assail with beating, reviling, and violence”)
Example: اِحْبَنْطَى (iḥbanṭā, “to be swollen or inflated; to be filled with rage”)

Form Iq

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Main category: Arabic form-Iq verbs

Perfective فَعْلَلَ (faʕlala), imperfective يُفَعْلِلُ (yufaʕlilu), verbal noun فَعْلَلَة (faʕlala) or: فَعْلَال (faʕlāl), فِعْلَال (fiʕlāl), فُعْلَال (fuʕlāl), active participle مُفَعْلِل (mufaʕlil), passive participle مُفَعْلَل (mufaʕlal), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) فَعْلِلْ (faʕlil) This is the basic form of the quadriliteral verb. It corresponds in shape to form II of the triliteral verb, the distinction being that the two medial consonants of a quadriliteral are different, whereas the doubled medial radical of a triliteral form II is a single consonant. Form Iq verbs may be transitive or intransitive. By the constitution of their roots they fall into the following types.

A number of verbs sometimes ranged among the regular quadriliterals are, upon closer analysis, expanded triliterals: a liquid or continuant (ر (r), ل (l), م (m), ن (n) or و (w)) has been added to a triliteral root. Such verbs are termed مُلْحَقَات بِالرُّبَاعِيّ (mulḥaqāt bi-r-rubāʕiyy) (mulḥaqāt bi-l-rubāʿiyy), as with زَحْلَفَ (zaḥlafa, “to roll along”), from the root ز-ح-ف 'to advance slowly', and, plausibly, هَلْوَسَ (halwasa, “to hallucinate”), a modern coinage relatable to هَوَس (hawas) 'mania, obsession'. Augmented triliterals also occur where the added letter is not a liquid, as in طَمْأَنَ (ṭamʔana, “to pacify, to reassure”), from the root ط-م-ن, the augment here being exceptionally a hamza.

Form IIq

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Main category: Arabic form-IIq verbs

Perfective تَفَعْلَقَ (tafaʕlaqa), imperfective يَتَفَعْلَقُ (yatafaʕlaqu), verbal noun تَفَعْلُق (tafaʕluq), active participle مُتَفَعْلِق (mutafaʕliq), passive participle مُتَفَعْلَق (mutafaʕlaq), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) تَفَعْلَقْ (tafaʕlaq)

This is a quadriliteral root stem, formed by prefixing تَ (ta) to form Iq. The meaning this form imparts is the reflexive or passive of form Iq. This form is similar to form V of triliteral roots.

Form IIIq

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Main category: Arabic form-IIIq verbs

Perfective اِفْعَنْلَقَ (ifʕanlaqa), imperfective يَفْعَنْلِقُ (yafʕanliqu), verbal noun اِفْعِنْلَاق (ifʕinlāq), active participle مُفْعَنْلِق (mufʕanliq), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) اِفْعَنْلِقْ (ifʕanliq) This stem is formed by prefixing اِـ (i-), dropping the vowel of the first radical, and adding a ـَ (-a) to and infixing نـ (n-) after the second radical.

Example: اِحْرَنْجَمَ (iḥranjama, “to crowd”)
Example: اِخْرَنْطَمَ (iḵranṭama, “to elevate the nose; to be proud and angry”)
Example: اِثْعَنْجَرَ (iṯʕanjara, “to flow”)

Form IVq

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Main category: Arabic form-IVq verbs

Perfective اِفْعَلَقَّ (ifʕalaqqa), imperfective يَفْعَلِقُّ (yafʕaliqqu), verbal noun اِفْعِلْقَاق (ifʕilqāq), active participle مُفْعَلِقّ (mufʕaliqq), imperative (2nd person, m, sg) اِفْعَلِقَّ (ifʕaliqqa) This stem is formed by prefixing اِـ (i-), dropping the vowel of the first radical, and adding a ـَ (-a) to the second radical, and geminating the final radical.

Root types

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Sound verbs

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Main category: Arabic sound verbs

Verbs are considered sound if none of the radicals is و or ي or ء, nor are the second and third radicals identical.

Hamzated verbs

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Main category: Arabic hamzated verbs

Verbs are called hamzated if ء (hamza) is one of the root consonants (radicals). The phonetical pattern of the conjugation of these verbs doesn't differ from other verbs in all forms but because of the rules of positioning of hamza, the spelling is affected in some forms, e.g. the verb أَكَلَ (ʔakala) (ʾ-k-l) has the form يَأْكُلُ (yaʔkulu) in the imperfect masculine singular and the verb قَرَأَ (qaraʔa) (q-r-ʾ) has the form تَقْرَئِينَ (taqraʔīna) in the imperfect feminine singular.

Weak verbs

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Weak verbs are verbs that have one of the radicals و or ي.

  1. Assimilated verbs (R1 = و or ي)
    Form I: وَجَدَ (wajada) - "to find", imperfective يَجِدُ (yajidu).
    See also: Category:Arabic assimilated verbs
  2. Hollow verbs (R2 = و or ي)
    Form I: قَالَ (qāla) - "to say" قَالَتْ (qālat) "she said" but قُلْتُ (qultu, “I said”), قُلْتَ (qulta, “you m said”), قُلْتِ (qulti, “you f said”); imperfective يَقُولُ (yaqūlu) "he said", يَقُلْنَ (yaqulna) "they (f.) say".
    See also: Category:Arabic hollow verbs
  3. Final-weak verbs (R3 = و or ي), e.g. مَشَى (mašā) - "to walk", رَمَى (ramā) - "to throw", حَظِيَ (ḥaẓiya) - "to be in the good graces of, to enjoy", بَقِيَ (baqiya) - "to stay, to remain", دَعَا (daʕā) - "to call sb., to summon sb."., لَقِيَ (laqiya) - "to meet sb.".
    See also: Category:Arabic final-weak verbs

Other examples of weak verbs:

Quadriliteral verbs

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TO DO Quadriliteral verbs are made from roots having four radicals, e.g. تَرْجَمَ (tarjama) - "to translate"; هَنْدَسَ (handasa) - "to engineer"; قَهْقَهَ (qahqaha) - "to laugh loudly"; تَبَلْوَرَ (tabalwara) - "to be crystalized" (form IIq); اِحْرَنْجَمَ (iḥranjama) - "to press one another" (form IIIq); اِطْمَأَنَّ (iṭmaʔanna) - "to be calm" (form IVq).

See also: Category:Arabic verbs with quadriliteral roots

Geminate verbs

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Main category: Arabic geminate verbs

TO DO Geminate verbs are verbs that have the second and the third radicals the same, e.g. مَدَّ (madda) - "to stretch"; دَلَّ (dalla) - "to indicate"; ظَنَّ (ẓanna) - "to think"; حَاقَّ (ḥāqqa) - "to sue, to litigate" (form III); أَحَبَّ (ʔaḥabba) - "to love" (form IV); تَضَادَّ (taḍādda) - "to be opposed to one another" (form VI); اِنْشَقَّ (inšaqqa) - "to split" (form VII); اِحْتَلَّ (iḥtalla) - "to occupy" (form VIII); اِسْتَرَدَّ (istaradda) - "to demand back" (form X).

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Wright, W. (1896), A Grammar of the Arabic Language, 3rd edition, volume 1, Beirut: Librairie du Liban, § 47, page 36
  2. ^ Wright, W. (1896), A Grammar of the Arabic Language, 3rd edition, volume 1, Beirut: Librairie du Liban, § 48, page 38
  3. ^ Wright, W. (1896), A Grammar of the Arabic Language, 3rd edition, volume 1, Beirut: Librairie du Liban, § 47, rem. a, page 37
  4. ^ Wright, W. (1896), A Grammar of the Arabic Language, 3rd edition, volume 1, Beirut: Librairie du Liban, § 47, rem. b, page 37
  5. ^ Wright, W. (1896), A Grammar of the Arabic Language, 3rd edition, volume 1, Beirut: Librairie du Liban, § 48, rem. a, page 38
  6. ^ Wright, W. (1896), A Grammar of the Arabic Language, 3rd edition, volume 1, Beirut: Librairie du Liban, § 47, footnote, page 37
  7. ^ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Fischer47
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Wright, W. (1896), A Grammar of the Arabic Language, 3rd edition, volume 1, Beirut: Librairie du Liban, § 52, pages 40–41
  9. ^ Wright, W. (1896), A Grammar of the Arabic Language, 3rd edition, volume 1, Beirut: Librairie du Liban, § 53, page 41
  10. ^ Wright, W. (1896), A Grammar of the Arabic Language, 3rd edition, volume 1, Beirut: Librairie du Liban, § 53, rem. a, page 41
  11. ^ Wright, W. (1896), A Grammar of the Arabic Language, 3rd edition, volume 1, Beirut: Librairie du Liban, § 53, rem. b, page 41
  12. ^ Haywood, J.A.; Nahmad, H.M. (1962), A New Arabic Grammar of the Written Language by Haywood, Harvard University Press, page 185

See also

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