Chalcophanite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Chalcophanite
Formula:
ZnMn4+3O7 · 3H2O
Zn may be replaced by minor Fe and/or Mn.
Colour:
Iron-black, bluish black, dark red (in thin plates)
Lustre:
Metallic, Sub-Metallic
Hardness:
2½
Specific Gravity:
3.907 - 4.1
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1875 by Gideon Emmet Moore from the Greek χαλκός ("chalkos"), "brass", and φαίυεσθαι ("phainestai"), "to appear" in allusion to the change of color on ignition.
Type Locality:
Isostructural with:
Frequently in thin platy crystals in open rosettes, also isolated tablets. Pseudo-octahedral habits may be confused with hetaerolite with which it is often associated.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
947
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:947:8
IMA Classification of Chalcophanite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1875
Type description reference:
Classification of Chalcophanite
4.FL.20
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
F : Hydroxides (without V or U)
L : Hydroxides with H2O +- (OH); sheets of edge-sharing octahedra
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
F : Hydroxides (without V or U)
L : Hydroxides with H2O +- (OH); sheets of edge-sharing octahedra
7.8.2.1
7 : MULTIPLE OXIDES
8 : AB3X7
7 : MULTIPLE OXIDES
8 : AB3X7
7.5.8
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
5 : Oxides of Zn, Cd and Hg
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
5 : Oxides of Zn, Cd and Hg
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Cph | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Cph | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Pronunciation of Chalcophanite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Chalcophanite
Metallic, Sub-Metallic
Transparency:
Transparent, Opaque
Colour:
Iron-black, bluish black, dark red (in thin plates)
Comment:
Deep red-brown to opaque in transmitted light.
Streak:
Dark brown, red-brown
Hardness:
2½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
On {0001}
On {0001}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
3.907 - 4.1 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.85 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Chalcophanite
Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nω = 2.72 nε = 2.72
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.000
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Anisotropism:
Extremely high
Bireflectance:
Well defined; in gray and white.
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 (%) | R2 (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 400nm | 11.4% | 38.0% |
| 420nm | 11.0% | 36.6% |
| 440nm | 10.6% | 35.2% |
| 460nm | 10.3% | 33.8% |
| 480nm | 10.0% | 32.2% |
| 500nm | 9.8% | 30.7% |
| 520nm | 9.8% | 29.2% |
| 540nm | 9.7% | 28.0% |
| 560nm | 9.5% | 26.9% |
| 580nm | 9.3% | 26.2% |
| 600nm | 9.3% | 25.8% |
| 620nm | 9.2% | 25.4% |
| 640nm | 9.2% | 24.8% |
| 660nm | 9.0% | 24.4% |
| 680nm | 8.9% | 24.0% |
| 700nm | 8.9% | 23.8% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 38.0%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
White
Internal Reflections:
Deep red
Pleochroism:
Strong
Comments:
O = nearly opaque
E = deep red
E = deep red
Chemistry of Chalcophanite
Mindat Formula:
ZnMn4+3O7 · 3H2O
Zn may be replaced by minor Fe and/or Mn.
Zn may be replaced by minor Fe and/or Mn.
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Chalcophanite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3 - Rhombohedral
Space Group:
R3
Setting:
R3
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.541 Å, c = 20.824 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 2.761
Unit Cell V:
1,025.54 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
6
Morphology:
Minute crystals tabular {0001}, or with {0001} and {1011} equally developed, exhibiting a pseudo-octahedral habit. Commonly in drusy, botryoidal or stalactitic crusts with the tabular crystals arranged on edge. Massive; dense, granular, or platy, fibrous.
Crystal Structure
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2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0001204 | Chalcophanite | Post J E, Appleman D E (1988) Chalcophanite, ZnMn3O7.3(H2O): New crystal-structure determinations American Mineralogist 73 1401-1404 |  | 1988 | Bisbee, Arizona | 0 | 293 |
| 0001205 | Chalcophanite | Post J E, Appleman D E (1988) Chalcophanite, ZnMn3O7.3(H2O): New crystal-structure determinations American Mineralogist 73 1401-1404 | | 1988 | Sterling Hill, New Jersey | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 6.96 Å | (100) |
| 6.23 Å | (10) |
| 4.08 Å | (50) |
| 3.50 Å | (60) |
| 3.32 Å | (10) |
| 3.23 Å | (5) |
| 2.77 Å | (20) |
| 2.71 Å | (5) |
| 2.57 Å | (40) |
| 2.46 Å | (20) |
| 2.41 Å | (20) |
| 2.24 Å | (50) |
| 2.13 Å | (20) |
| 1.986 Å | (5) |
| 1.900 Å | (30) |
| 1.849 Å | (10) |
| 1.795 Å | (20) |
| 1.750 Å | (5) |
| 1.715 Å | (5) |
| 1.668 Å | (10) |
| 1.597 Å | (40) |
| 1.563 Å | (5) |
| 1.507 Å | (10) |
| 1.431 Å | (30) |
| 1.402 Å | (5) |
| 1.324 Å | (5) |
| 1.308 Å | (5) |
| 1.279 Å | (10) |
Comments:
ICDD 15-807 (Sterling Mine, Ogdensburg, New Jersey, USA); XRD nearly identical to aurorite.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47e : [Vanadates, chromates, manganates] |
Type Occurrence of Chalcophanite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Druses of crystals and foliated aggregates lining cavities. Also stalactitic and plumose forms.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
No defined type material.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Oxidation zone of a franklinite and zincite deposit.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Chalcophanite
Other Language Names for Chalcophanite
Dutch:Chalcophaniet
German:Chalkophanit
Chalcophanit
Chalcophanit
Russian:Халькофанит
Simplified Chinese:黑锌锰矿
Spanish:Calcofanita
Relationship of Chalcophanite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Chalcophanite Group:
| Aurorite | Mn2+Mn4+3O7 · 3H2O | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Ernienickelite | NiMn3O7 · 3H2O | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Jianshuiite | (Mg,Mn,Ca)Mn3O7 · 3H2O | Trig. 3 : R3 |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 68 photos of Chalcophanite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 44 photos of Chalcophanite associated with Hemimorphite | Zn4Si2O7(OH)2 · H2O |
| 28 photos of Chalcophanite associated with Hetaerolite | ZnMn2O4 |
| 25 photos of Chalcophanite associated with Limonite | |
| 20 photos of Chalcophanite associated with Adamite | Zn2(AsO4)(OH) |
| 19 photos of Chalcophanite associated with Smithsonite | ZnCO3 |
| 18 photos of Chalcophanite associated with Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| 15 photos of Chalcophanite associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| 14 photos of Chalcophanite associated with Scholzite | CaZn2(PO4)2 · 2H2O |
| 10 photos of Chalcophanite associated with Hydrohetaerolite | Zn(Mn,◻)2(O,OH)4 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 4.FL. | Trébeurdenite | Fe2+2Fe3+4O2(OH)10CO3 · 3H2O |
| 4.FL. | Mariakrite | [Ca4Al2(OH)12(H2O)4][Fe2S4] |
| 4.FL.05 | Muskoxite | Mg7Fe4O13 · 10H2O |
| 4.FL.05 | Jamborite | Ni2+1-xCo3+x(OH)2-x(SO4)x · nH2O |
| 4.FL.05 | Mössbauerite | Fe3+6O4(OH)8[CO3] · 3H2O |
| 4.FL.05 | Meixnerite | Mg6Al2(OH)16(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 4.FL.05 | Woodallite | Mg6Cr2(OH)16Cl2 · 4H2O |
| 4.FL.05 | Fougèrite | Fe2+4Fe3+2(OH)12[CO3] · 3H2O |
| 4.FL.05 | Dritsite | Li2Al4(OH)12Cl2 · 3H2O |
| 4.FL.05 | Rotemite | Ca4Cr2(OH)12Cl2 · 4H2O |
| 4.FL.05 | Iowaite | Mg6Fe3+2(OH)16Cl2 · 4H2O |
| 4.FL.10 | Hydrocalumite | Ca4Al2(OH)12(Cl,CO3,OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 4.FL.15 | Kuzelite | Ca4Al2(OH)12[SO4] · 6H2O |
| 4.FL.20 | Jianshuiite | (Mg,Mn,Ca)Mn3O7 · 3H2O |
| 4.FL.20 | Ernienickelite | NiMn3O7 · 3H2O |
| 4.FL.20 | Aurorite | Mn2+Mn4+3O7 · 3H2O |
| 4.FL.25 | Woodruffite | Zn2+x/2(Mn4+1-xMn3+x)O2 · yH2O |
| 4.FL.30 | Asbolane | (Ni,Co)2-xMn4+(O,OH)4 · nH2O |
| 4.FL.30 va | Lampadite | Cu, Mn, O, H |
| 4.FL.35 | Buserite | Na4Mn14O27 · 21H2O |
| 4.FL.40 | Takanelite | (Mn,Ca)Mn4O9 · H2O |
| 4.FL.40 | Ranciéite | (Ca,Mn2+)0.2(Mn4+,Mn3+)O2 · 0.6H2O |
| 4.FL.45 | Birnessite | (Na,Ca)0.5(Mn4+,Mn3+)2O4 · 1.5H2O |
| 4.FL.55 | Cianciulliite | Mn(Mg,Mn)2Zn2(OH)10 · 2-4H2O |
| 4.FL.60 | Jensenite | Cu3[TeO6] · 2H2O |
| 4.FL.65 | Leisingite | Cu2MgTe6+O6 · 6H2O |
| 4.FL.70 | Akdalaite | Al10O14(OH)2 |
| 4.FL.75 | Cafetite | CaTi2O5 · H2O |
| 4.FL.80 | Mourite | UMo5O12(OH)10 |
| 4.FL.85 | Deloryite | Cu4(UO2)(MoO4)2(OH)6 |
| 4.FL.90 | Lagalyite | Ca2xMn1-xO2 · 1.5-2H2O |
| 4.FL.95 | Tunnerite (of Cornu) | |
| 4.FL.100 | Carbocalumite | Ca4Al2(OH)12(CO3) · 6H2O |
| 4.FL.100 | Mampsisite | Ca4Al2(CO3)(OH)12 · 5H2O |
Fluorescence of Chalcophanite
Not fluorescent in UV,
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
Heated in a closed tube, it gives off water and oxygen, exfoliates slowly and becomes a golden bronze color. Before the blowpipe, the color becomes yellowish bronze to copper-red and it fuses slightly at the edges.
Notes:
Dissolves in HCl, producing chlorine.
Etch/stain tests: A drop of HCl is colored brown; the surface does not stain. HNO3, KCN, FeCl3 , KOH, and HgCl2 negative. H2O2 effervesces vigorously, but surface does not stain. A drop of aqua regia is colored brown; the surface stains differentially light brown.
Etch/stain tests: A drop of HCl is colored brown; the surface does not stain. HNO3, KCN, FeCl3 , KOH, and HgCl2 negative. H2O2 effervesces vigorously, but surface does not stain. A drop of aqua regia is colored brown; the surface stains differentially light brown.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Chalcophanite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-947.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
References for Chalcophanite
Reference List:
Orcel, Jean, Pavlovitch, Stoyan (1931) Les caractères microscopiques des oxydes de manganèse et des manganites naturels (Détermination de leurs pouvoirs réflecteurs) Bulletin de Minéralogie, 54 (5) 108-179 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1931.4130
Wadsley, A. D. (1950) Synthesis of some hydrated manganese minerals. American Mineralogist, 35 (7-8) 485-499
Wadsley, A. D. (1955) The crystal structure of chalcophanite, ZnMn3O7.3H2O. Acta Crystallographica, 8 (3) 165-172 doi:10.1107/s0365110x55000613
Ramdohr, Paul (1969) The Ore Minerals and their Intergrowths. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 1174pp. doi:10.1016/c2013-0-10027-x
Ostwald, J. (1981) Some observations on the mineralogy and genesis of chalcophanite. Mineralogical Magazine, 44 (333) 109-111 doi:10.1180/minmag.1981.44.333.19
Ostwald, J. (1984) A low-zinc chalcophanite from Norseman, Western Australia. Mineralogical Magazine, 48 (349) 556-558 doi:10.1180/minmag.1984.048.349.14
Ostwald, J. (1985) Some observations on the chemical composition of chalcophanite. Mineralogical Magazine, 49 (354) 752-755 doi:10.1180/minmag.1985.049.354.18
Ostwald, J. (1986) A Note on Chalcophanite Formation in a Recent Lake. Mineralogical Magazine, 50 (357) 538-541 doi:10.1180/minmag.1986.050.357.21
Ostwald, J. (1987) Chemical variation in a single crystal of chalcophanite. Mineralogical Magazine, 51 (360) 321-325 doi:10.1180/minmag.1987.051.360.17
Localities for Chalcophanite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Brodtkorb (2002) +1 other reference |
| Sureda (1978) |
| Galliski et al. (2011) |
Australia | |
| Prof Ken McQueen presentation to New ... |
| |
| MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE |
| Mason (1976) |
| Birch et al. (1997) | |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Ostwald (1981) +1 other reference |
| Raymond (1992) |
| Kolitsch et al. (1999) |
| SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ... |
| |
| SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ... +1 other reference |
| Museum Victoria collection |
| Haupt (1988) |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill et al. (2006) | |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE |
| Nickel et al. (1993) |
| Nickel et al. (1993) | |
| Nickel et al. (1993) | |
| MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE |
| Jones et al. (2013) |
| tngltd.com.au (2011) |
Austria | |
| Exel (1993) |
| Paar et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Kolitsch (2013) |
| Hartmut R. Hiden (2006) |
| Auer (2023) |
Belgium | |
| Michel BLONDIEAU et al. (2018) |
| Blondieau et al. (2016) |
| Blondieau et al. (2012) |
Bulgaria | |
| Dobrev et al. (2004) |
| Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Annual ... |
Canada | |
| Robinson et al. (1992) |
| Personal Collection |
| Mauthner Collection | |
| Watson et al. (1996) | |
Chile | |
| Camus et al. (1991) |
| samples analysed by Gerhard Mohn and ... |
| samples analysed by Anthony Kampf +1 other reference |
China | |
| Jiuling Zhang (1982) |
| Nanlai Zheng et al. (1986) +2 other references |
| Liangkai Gu (1986) |
| Liangkai Gu (1986) |
| Liangkai Gu (1986) |
| Renxian Zheng (1994) +1 other reference |
| Broili et al. (2010) |
| Diankai Chen and Danshen Zhou (1984) |
| Diankai Chen and Danshen Zhou (1984) | |
| Junping Dong (1992) |
| Jiuling Zhang (1982) |
| Zhao et al. (2024) |
| Baisheng Zhang (1998) |
| Jiuling Zhang (1982) |
| Qingrong Zheng et al. (2012) |
| Liyan Zhang and Xihui Yang (1986) +1 other reference |
Egypt | |
| Afify et al. (2022) |
France | |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| François GARRIC collection - EDX ... |
| Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ... | |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Mücke et al. (1989) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Bender et al. (1994) |
| Blaß et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
| Henrich (2009) |
| Graf (1991) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Der Aufschluss Vol.55 |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) |
Greece | |
| |
| Kolitsch et al. (2014) | |
| LAPIS 24 (7/8) +1 other reference | |
| Schnorrer (1995) +2 other references |
| - (n.d.) | |
| NHM Vienna collection |
| Rieck (n.d.) | |
| Gröbner (2003) |
| Rieck (n.d.) |
| Steve Rust collection |
| Fritz Schreiber and NHM Wien collections (SXRD-analysis Uwe Kolitsch) +1 other reference |
| Uwe Kolitsch (SXRD-analysed) | |
| Schusser et al. (2022) | |
| NHM Vienna collection (collected and SEM-EDS-analysed by Uwe Kolitsch) |
| Zwicker et al. (1962) |
| Michailidis et al. (1997) |
| Soulamidis et al. (2024) | |
| Fornadel et al. (2011) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll S. +1 other reference |
| Sándor et al. (2005) | |
Indonesia | |
| Nur et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
Iran | |
| USGS database |
Italy | |
| Pipino (1984) |
| Parola et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Fiori et al. (1995) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| EDX analysis by Italo Campostrini |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Lecca et al. (2024) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Exel (1987) |
| Ferretti et al. (2018) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Bazzoni C. et al. (2011) |
| Sabelli C. et al. (1996) | |
| Biagioni C. et al. (2016) |
| Biagioni et al. (2013) |
| Gianfranco Ciccolini collection (analysed by SEM-EDS and Raman spectroscopy) |
| Saccardo D. (2002) |
Japan | |
| - (n.d.) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Nambu & Kitamura (1969) |
Kosovo | |
| Féraud J. (1979) |
Mexico | |
| Megaw (2023) |
| Megaw (2023) |
| Dr. Jeffrey Post |
| Rocks & Min.: 56:247. +3 other references |
| Moore (2008) | |
| Moore (2008) | |
Mongolia | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data 2009 |
Namibia | |
| Bezing et al. (2007) |
| [MinRec 8:Tsumeb 22] |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| Jahn (2007) +1 other reference |
North Macedonia | |
| Pavlovic (1948) |
Norway | |
| Raade (1993) +1 other reference |
Peru | |
| Arfè et al. (2017) +2 other references |
| Mondillo et al. (2014) |
Poland | |
| Kulig (1973) |
Portugal | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves et al. (2017) |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
Romania | |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) |
Russia | |
| Belogub et al. (2007) |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Testard et al. (1979, June) |
Serbia | |
| Pavlovic (1948) |
South Africa | |
| Wilson et al. (1978) |
Spain | |
| Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ... |
| Favreau (n.d.) |
| Calvo (2009) |
| Sainz de Baranda et al. (2009) |
| Menor (2010) |
| Menor (2010) |
| Menor (2010) | |
| Joan Rosell. RosellMinerals (2021) |
| Joan Rosell et al. (2022) |
| Gonzalez Del Tanago +3 other references |
| Calvo Rebollar (2009) | |
| Rewitzer et al. (2018) |
| Calvo (1996) +1 other reference |
| Calvo (1996) +1 other reference |
| Calvo (1994) | |
| |
Tunisia | |
| Decrée et al. (2008) |
| Dill |
Turkey | |
| TEKER et al. (2006) |
| Kines (1969) |
UK | |
| |
| Cotterell et al. (2003) |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| Graeme (1981) |
| Graeme (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Patrick E. Haynes |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Allen et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Wilson (1984) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| XRD determination by Dr. Anthony Kampf. |
| Anderson (1977) +2 other references |
| Dr. Housley |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Shannon et al. (1985) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Anderson |
| Prinz (1967) +1 other reference |
| Prinz (1967) +1 other reference |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Prinz (1967) +1 other reference | |
| Prinz (1967) +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Jensen et al. (1995) |
| Jensen et al. (1995) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Collection of Kelly Starnes | |
| - (2005) |
| Vikre (1981) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Sassen (1978) |
| Dunn (1995) |
| Moore G E (1875) +3 other references | |
| Palache (1935) | |
| M Massis collection |
| 3rd Annual New Mexico Mineral Symposium (1983) +1 other reference | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| DeMark (1989) | |
| Lueth et al. (2004) |
| Gibbs (1989) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Patrick Haynes collection | |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) |
| Patrick Haynes. Some ID'd by Tony Kampf | |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) | |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) | |
| USGS Professional Paper 614-A +2 other references |
| USGS Prof Paper 1024 +1 other reference |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
Yemen | |
| Mondillo et al. (2011) +2 other references |
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Hilarion Mine, Kamariza Mines, Agios Konstantinos, Lavreotiki, East Attica, Attica, Greece