Stephanite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Stephanite
Formula:
Ag5SbS4
Colour:
Lead gray or black
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
2 - 2½
Specific Gravity:
6.26
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Name:
Named after the Austrian Mining Director/engineer and life-long mineral collector, Archduke Stephan Franz Victor von Habsburg-Lothringen (14 September 1817, Buda, Kingdom of Hungary - 17 February 1867, Menton, France).
Type Locality:
A less common Ag-rich silver sulphosalt.
Stephanite is stable below 197 +/- 5°C (Keighin & Honea, 1969).
Stephanite is stable below 197 +/- 5°C (Keighin & Honea, 1969).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3764
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3764:4
IMA Classification of Stephanite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Stephanite
2.GB.10
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
G : Sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites
B : Neso-sulfarsenites, etc. with additional S
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
G : Sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites
B : Neso-sulfarsenites, etc. with additional S
3.2.4.1
3 : SULFOSALTS
2 : ø = 4
3 : SULFOSALTS
2 : ø = 4
5.2.11
5 : Sulphosalts - Sulpharsenites and Sulphobismuthites (those containing Sn, Ge,or V are in Section 6)
2 : Sulpharsenites etc. of Ag
5 : Sulphosalts - Sulpharsenites and Sulphobismuthites (those containing Sn, Ge,or V are in Section 6)
2 : Sulpharsenites etc. of Ag
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Sph | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Sph | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Stephanite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Lead gray or black
Comment:
Occasionally has a dull blue iridescence.
Streak:
Iron black
Hardness:
2 - 2½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Imperfect/Fair
[010] Imperfect, [021] Poor
[010] Imperfect, [021] Poor
Fracture:
Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
6.26 g/cm3 (Measured) 6.28 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Stephanite
Anisotropism:
Strong, in vivid colors
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 (%) |
|---|---|
| 400nm | 32.0–33.0% |
| 420nm | 32.1–33.2% |
| 440nm | 32.2–33.4% |
| 460nm | 31.5–33.2% |
| 480nm | 30.7–32.6% |
| 500nm | 30.0–32.0% |
| 520nm | 29.0–31.3% |
| 540nm | 28.4–30.6% |
| 560nm | 28.0–30.2% |
| 580nm | 27.6–29.8% |
| 600nm | 27.5–29.6% |
| 620nm | 27.6–29.6% |
| 640nm | 27.8–29.5% |
| 660nm | 28.0–29.2% |
| 680nm | 28.5–28.7% |
| 700nm | 28.2–28.2% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 32.2–33.4%.
Colour in reflected light:
White-grey
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
White to pink-white
Chemistry of Stephanite
Mindat Formula:
Ag5SbS4
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
As,Cu,Fe
Crystallography of Stephanite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mm2 - Pyramidal
Space Group:
Cmc21
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.837(3) Å, b = 12.467(6) Å, c = 8.538(2) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.629 : 1 : 0.685
Unit Cell V:
834.20 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals short prismatic to tabular
Twinning:
On {110}; less common on {130}{100}{010}.
Crystallographic forms of Stephanite
Crystal Atlas:
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0009367 | Stephanite | Ribar B, Nowacki W (1970) Die kristallstruktur von stephanit, [SbS3|S|Ag5] Acta Crystallographica B26 201-207 | ![]() | 1970 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0014585 | Stephanite | Leitl M, Pfitzner A, Bindi L (2009) Preferred ion diffusion pathways and activation energies for Ag in the crystal structure of stephanite, Ag5SbS4 Mineralogical Magazine 73 17-26 | 2009 | Freiberg District, Saxony, Germany | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.56 Å | (30) |
| 3.08 Å | (100) |
| 2.89 Å | (60) |
| 2.58 Å | (90) |
| 2.19 Å | (40) |
| 2.13 Å | (50) |
| 1.834 Å | (40) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) |
Geological Setting:
Late stage mineral in hydrothermal silver deposits.
Type Occurrence of Stephanite
Synonyms of Stephanite
Other Language Names for Stephanite
Dutch:Stephaniet
German:Stephanit
Antimonsilberglanz
Melanglanz
Prismatischer Melanglanz
Schwarzgültigerz
Schwarzsilberglanz
Sprödes Silberglanzerz (of Emmerling)
Sprödglanzerz
Stefanit
Tigererz
Schwarzerz (in part)
Sprödglaserz (in part)
Antimonsilberglanz
Melanglanz
Prismatischer Melanglanz
Schwarzgültigerz
Schwarzsilberglanz
Sprödes Silberglanzerz (of Emmerling)
Sprödglanzerz
Stefanit
Tigererz
Schwarzerz (in part)
Sprödglaserz (in part)
Italian:Stefanite
Russian:Стефанит
Simplified Chinese:脆银矿
Swedish:Svartgylden
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 111 photos of Stephanite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 101 photos of Stephanite associated with Polybasite | [Ag6Sb2S7][Ag9CuS4] |
| 100 photos of Stephanite associated with Acanthite | Ag2S |
| 95 photos of Stephanite associated with Pyrargyrite | Ag3SbS3 |
| 72 photos of Stephanite associated with Native Silver | Ag |
| 65 photos of Stephanite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 42 photos of Stephanite associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| 38 photos of Stephanite associated with Galena | PbS |
| 31 photos of Stephanite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 20 photos of Stephanite associated with Rammelsbergite | NiAs2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 2.GB. | Polybasite-Tac | [Ag6Sb2S7][Ag9CuS4] |
| 2.GB. | Kenoargentotetrahedrite-(Zn) | [Ag6]4+(Cu4Zn2)Sb4S12◻ |
| 2.GB. | Argentotetrahedrite-(Hg) | Ag6(Cu4Hg2)Sb4S12S |
| 2.GB. | Annivite-(Zn) | Cu6(Cu4Zn2)Bi4S12S |
| 2.GB. | Pošepnýite | (Cu+3◻3)(Hg2+4Cu+2)Sb4Se12(Se0.5◻0.5) |
| 2.GB. | Tennantite-(Cu) | Cu6(Cu4Cu2)As4S12S |
| 2.GB. | Argentopolybasite | [Ag6Sb2S7][Ag9AgS4] |
| 2.GB. | Tennantite-(Mn) | Cu6(Cu4Mn2)As4S12S |
| 2.GB. | Argentotetrahedrite-(Cd) | Ag6(Cu4Cd2)Sb4S12S |
| 2.GB. | Stibioústalečite | (Cu4Cu2)(Cu4Cu+2)(Sb2Te2)Se12Se |
| 2.GB. | Stibiogoldfieldite | (Cu4Cu2)(Cu4Cu+2)(Sb2Te2)S12S |
| 2.GB. | Argentotetrahedrite-(Zn) | Ag6(Cu4Zn2)Sb4S12S |
| 2.GB. | Tetrahedrite-(Cd) | Cu6(Cu4Cd2)Sb4S12S |
| 2.GB. | Arsenogoldfieldite | (Cu4Cu2)(Cu4Cu+2)(As2Te2)S12S |
| 2.GB. | Arsenoústalečite | (Cu4Cu2)(Cu4Cu+2)(As2Te2)Se12Se |
| 2.GB. | Tennantite-(In) | Cu6(Cu4(In3+Cu+))As4S12S |
| 2.GB. | Zvěstovite-(Fe) | Ag6(Ag4Fe2+2)As4S12S |
| 2.GB. | Hakite-(Fe) | Cu6(Cu4Fe2+2)Sb4Se12Se |
| 2.GB. | Tennantite-(Cd) | Cu6(Cu4Cd2)As4S12S |
| 2.GB.X | Kenorozhdestvenskayaite-(Fe) | [Ag6]4+(Ag4Fe2+2)Sb4S12◻ |
| 2.GB. | Tetrahedrite-(Cu) | Cu6(Cu4Cu2+2)Sb4S12S |
| 2.GB. | Hakite-(Zn) | Cu6(Cu4Zn2)Sb4Se12Se |
| 2.GB. | Zvěstovite-(Zn) | Ag6(Ag4Zn2)As4S12S |
| 2.GB. | Hakite-(Cd) | Cu6(Cu4Cd2)Sb4Se12Se |
| 2.GB. | Kenoargentotennantite-(Fe) | [Ag6]4+(Cu4Fe2)As4S12◻ |
| 2.GB. | Tennantite-(Hg) | Cu6(Cu4Hg2)As4S12S |
| 2.GB. | Tetrahedrite-(Mn) | Cu6(Cu4Mn2)Sb4S12S |
| 2.GB. | Tennantite-(Ni) | Cu6(Cu4Ni2)As4S12S |
| 2.GB. | Tetrahedrite-(Ni) | Cu6(Cu4Ni2)Sb4S12S |
| 2.GB.05 | Hakite-(Hg) | Cu6(Cu4Hg2)Sb4Se12Se |
| 2.GB.05 | Rozhdestvenskayaite-(Zn) | Ag6(Ag4Zn2)Sb4S12S |
| 2.GB.05 | Argentotennantite-(Zn) | Ag6(Cu4Zn2)As4S12S |
| 2.GB.05 | Argentotennantite-(Fe) | Ag6(Cu4Fe2)As4S12S |
| 2.GB.05 | Freibergite Subgroup | (Ag6,[Ag6]4+)(Cu4 C2+2)Sb4S12S0-1 |
| 2.GB.05 | Tennantite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C2+2)As4S12S |
| 2.GB.05 | Tennantite-(Zn) | Cu6(Cu4Zn2)As4S12S |
| 2.GB.05 | Tetrahedrite-(Zn) | Cu6(Cu4Zn2)Sb4S12S |
| 2.GB.05 | Tetrahedrite Subgroup | Cu6(Cu4C2+2)Sb4S12S |
| 2.GB.05 | Tennantite-(Fe) | Cu6(Cu4Fe2+2)As4S12S |
| 2.GB.05 | Tetrahedrite-(Fe) | Cu6(Cu4Fe2+2)Sb4S12S |
| 2.GB.05 | Tetrahedrite-(Hg) | Cu6(Cu4Hg2)Sb4S12S |
| 2.GB.05 | Kenoargentotetrahedrite-(Fe) | [Ag6]4+(Cu4Fe2+2)Sb4S12◻ |
| 2.GB.05 | Giraudite-(Zn) | Cu6(Cu4Zn2)As4Se12Se |
| 2.GB.05 | Argentotetrahedrite-(Fe) | Ag6(Cu4Fe2)Sb4S12S |
| 2.GB.05 | Goldfieldite | (Cu4◻2)(Cu4Cu+2)Te4S12S |
| 2.GB.05 | UM1992-21-S:AgFeSb | Ag6(Ag4Fe2+2)Sb4S12S |
| 2.GB.10 | Selenostephanite | Ag5SbSe4 |
| 2.GB.15 | UM2003-14-S:AgBiFeTe | Ag16FeBiTe3S8 |
| 2.GB.15 | UM1979-17-S:BiCuFe | ~Cu18Fe4BiS16 |
| 2.GB.15 | Pearceite | [Ag6As2S7][Ag9CuS4] |
| 2.GB.15 | Argentopearceite | Ag16As2S11 |
| 2.GB.15 | Cupropolybasite | [Cu6Sb2S7][Ag9CuS4] |
| 2.GB.15 | Fengruiite | [Ag6Sb2S7][Ag9CuS2Te2] |
| 2.GB.15 | Auropearceite | [Ag9AuS4][Ag6As2S7] |
| 2.GB.15 | Selenopolybasite | [(Ag,Cu)6(Sb,As)2(S,Se)7][Ag9Cu(S,Se)2Se2] |
| 2.GB.15 | Polybasite | [Ag6Sb2S7][Ag9CuS4] |
| 2.GB.15 | Auropolybasite | [Ag9AuS4][Ag6Sb2S7] |
| 2.GB.15 | Cupropearceite | [Cu6As2S7][Ag9CuS4] |
| 2.GB.20 | Vorontsovite | (Hg5Cu)Σ6TlAs4S12 |
| 2.GB.20 | Ferrovorontsovite | (Fe5Cu)Σ6TlAs4S12 |
| 2.GB.20 | Galkhaite | (Hg5Cu)CsAs4S12 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
Silver ore
Internet Links for Stephanite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3764.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
References for Stephanite
Reference List:
Morton, Carl (1884) XI. Stephanit yon Kongsberg (Norwegen). Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 9 (1). 238-242 doi:10.1524/zkri.1884.9.1.238
Spencer, L. J. (1897) The Crystallography of Plagionite: New Crystal Forms on Stephanite, Enargite and Anglesite. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 11 (52) 192-197 doi:10.1180/minmag.1897.011.52.07
Poitevin, Eugene (1919) Crystallography of some Canadian minerals: stephanite, epidote, and calamine. American Mineralogist, 4 (3) 22-25
Murdoch, Joseph (1942) Crystallographic notes: cristobalite, stephanite, natrolite. American Mineralogist, 27 (7) 500-506
Keighin, C.William; Honea, R.M. (1969) The system Ag-Sb-S from 600°C to 200°C. Mineralium Deposita, 4 (2). 153-171 doi:10.1007/bf00208050
Localities for Stephanite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Sureda (1978) |
| Paar et al. (2016) |
| Coira et al. (1995) |
| De Brodtkorb (2009) |
| Brodtkorb (2002) | |
| ROBL +1 other reference |
| Brodtkorb (2002) | |
| P&E Mining Consultants Inc. (2007) |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Melekestseva et al. (2022) |
Australia | |
| Henley et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Quan et al. (2025) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| McClatchie & Sylvester (1970) | |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| Graham et al. (2021) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Worner et al. (et al) |
| Lawrence et al. (1999) +1 other reference | |
| Birch et al |
| Teals et al. (2006) | |
| Mines of the Broken Hill District |
| Harris et al. (1984) |
| Haupt (2012) |
| Singer et al. (2009) |
| A. R. Seymon |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Feitzinger et al. (1995) |
| Paar (1986) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Paar et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Jakely (2008) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2016) |
| Kolitsch (2015) |
Bolivia | |
| Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) |
| USGS Bulletin # 1975 |
| USGS Bulletin # 1975 | |
| USGS Bulletin # 1975 |
| Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) |
| USGS Bulletin # 1975 | |
| Pastor et al. (2015) |
| USGS Bulletin # 1975 |
| Federico Ahlfeld y Jorge Muñoz Reyes (1955) |
| Bernard et al. (2004) |
| Kempff et al. (La Paz, 2009) | |
| Kempff et al. (La Paz, 2009) +1 other reference | |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) | |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| Wilson (2001) |
| Agustin Arando specimen |
| Wilson (2001) |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) | |
| Geology and Mineral Resources of the Altiplano and Cordillera Occidental (USGS Bulletin no. 1975) |
| Lindgren et al. (1928) +1 other reference |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Radosavljević et al. (2016) |
Bulgaria | |
| Petrova et al. (2007) |
| Bogdanov et al. (2005) +2 other references |
Canada | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Ingelson et al. (1989) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Montgomery (n.d.) | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Macdonald et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Mauthner et al. (1996) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Waterloo No. #3 report +1 other reference |
| Brueckner et al. (2015) |
| Badham (1975) |
| Rich et al. (1977) |
| Harris et al. (1984) |
| Grant (2009) |
| Can Mineral May 1976 v. 14 no. 2 p. ... |
| Geoffrey Khalil Abdallah (1990) |
| Wilson (1986) |
| 159-161. +1 other reference |
| Petruk et al. (1969) |
| Traill (1983) |
| Traill (1983) | |
| Miller | |
| Can Min (1971) | |
| Traill (1983) | |
| Traill (1983) | |
| the Canadian Mineralogist V 11 Part 1 ... | |
| Reiner Mielke 2016 | |
| Traill (1983) | |
| Thirty - First Annual Report of the ... +1 other reference | |
| Petruk (1971) | |
| Sabina (1974) +1 other reference | |
| Petruk (1971) | |
| Petruk (1971) +2 other references |
| Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous ... +1 other reference |
| Tomkins (2007) |
| Economic Geology (1996) |
| Williams (1990) |
| Dawson Creek +1 other reference |
| THOMPSON (1951) |
| Sack et al. (2003) +1 other reference | |
| Färber (n.d.) | |
| Dawson Creek +1 other reference | |
Chile | |
| A.G. García Z. +2 other references |
| Cecioni et al. (2000) |
| A. Moesta +3 other references |
| A. Moesta +3 other references | |
| I. Domeyko collection Mineralogical ... |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Chinchilla et al. (2013, August) +1 other reference |
| - (2003) |
China | |
| Feng Chengyou et al. (2005) |
| He Zhang et al. (2018) |
| Weining Zhou (1994) |
| Puritch et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Weining Zhou (1994) |
| Guicheng Huang et al. (2001) |
| Dequan Shuai (1992) |
| Yunying Shu and Peiling Zhou (1990) |
| Hongzhong Xu et al. (1997) |
| Weining Zhou (1994) |
| Peixue Ma and Anguo Chen (1994) +1 other reference |
| Dianhao Huang et al. (1991) +2 other references |
| Fanglin Yang et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
| |
| Erchen Gong (2008) |
| Jingchun Wang et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Youxun Liu et al. (2003) |
| Weining Zhou (1994) |
| Yi Li and Youbin Liang (1991) | |
| Bosheng Zhou et al. (2002) |
| Wang et al. (2024) |
| Yuhua Xie and Jiayin Zhang (1990) +2 other references |
| Qian Zhang et al. (2002) +3 other references |
| 张中俭 et al. (2017) |
| Liu et al. (2022) | |
| Libo Hao et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Wang et al. (2025) |
| Weining Zhou (1994) |
| Leiming Xu et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Rengui Wu and Dagan Yu (2000) |
| Dong Zhensheng et al. (1996) |
| Hui Luo and Junjian Li (2002) +1 other reference |
| Wentao Sun et al. (2008) | |
| Zhao et al. (2003) |
| Zhao et al. (2003) | |
| Zhao et al. (2003) | |
| Guoxing Wu (1990) |
| Jiyuan Zhou et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
| Weining Zhou (1994) |
| Xinpei Jiang (1994) |
| Yaoguo Hu et al. (2000) |
| Pirajno et al. (1997) |
| Pirajno et al. (1997) |
Colombia | |
| Nichols (1895) |
| Nichols (1895) | |
Cuba | |
| Lastra-Rivero et al. (2018) |
Czech Republic | |
| |
| Pažout et al. (2019) | |
| Pažout (2025) | |
| Pažout et al. (2017) | |
| Sejkora |
| [Bull.N.M.Praha 2002 |
| [Bull.N.M.Praha 2002 | |
| |
| Kašpar |
| Ondruš et al. (2003) |
| 86. +1 other reference | |
| Fengl (1.) |
| Scharm +7 other references | |
| Fojt |
| Sejkora (1994) |
| Pauliš et al. (2019) |
| Veselovský (2019) | |
| Pauliš P. Nejzajímavější ... |
| ČECH V et al. (1952) |
| ČECH V et al. (1952) | |
| Vrtiskova et al. (2024) |
| |
| Hyrsl et al. (2009) | |
| |
| Doležalová H. |
Ecuador | |
| Econ Geol (1997) +1 other reference |
Egypt | |
| Faisal et al. (2022) |
| Shalaby et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
Europe | |
| www.geologija-revija.si (n.d.) +3 other references | |
Finland | |
| Hietanen (2015) |
France | |
| |
| J.-J. Périchaud: Les Minéraux d'Auvergne et al. (1986) |
| De Ascençao Guedes (2003) |
| Confirmed by Quantitative Micro Analysis (N. MEISSER 2013) |
| Bari (1982) | |
| N. MEISSER 2013 analysis. |
| Bernadi et al. (2014) |
| Mari (2002) |
Germany | |
| Aufschluss 71 (6) |
| Lieber et al. (1986) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| |
| Kolitsch et al. (2019) |
| |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1991) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Nickerl et al. (2000) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Gerstenberg (n.d.) | |
| Haas (n.d.) |
| RWMW specimen mined before 1965 |
| Lapis (4) |
| Baumann et al. (2000) | |
| |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Hajek (2010) |
| Massanek et al. (2005) |
| Massanek et al. (2005) |
| Massanek et al. (2005) | |
| Massanek et al. (2005) | |
| Massanek et al. (2005) | |
| Dr. Günter Grundmann collection | |
| Dr. Günter Grundmann collection | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Lapis (2008) |
| Haake et al. (1994) | |
| St. Michalski collection - checked by ... |
| Baumann et al. (2000) |
| |
| Haas (n.d.) | |
| Baumann et al. (1997) |
| Klaproth (1795) |
| Encyclopedia of Mins. |
| Lapis 11 (7/8) |
| L. Baumann et al. (Stuttgart) |
| Lapis 11 (7/8) |
| J.C. Freiesleben (1847) |
| Baumann et al. (2000) |
| Frenzel (1874) |
Greece | |
| Voudouris et al. (2008) |
| Voudouris et al. (2018) | |
| Voudouris et al. (2019) |
| Rieck et al. (1999) |
| M. Grossou-Valta et al. (1990) +2 other references |
| Wagner et al. (1980) |
| Tombros et al. (2008) |
Honduras | |
| - (2005) |
| D E Russell (personal communication, 2004) | |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Koch (1985) |
India | |
| Höller et al. (1997) +2 other references |
| Mukherjee et al. (1998) |
Iran | |
| Topa et al. (2013) |
Ireland | |
| Andrew et al. (2025) |
Italy | |
| Gentile et al. (2023) |
| Pirargirite e stefanite in paragenesi ... |
| Traverso (1898) +3 other references |
| Traverso (1898) +2 other references | |
| Fenoglio (1928) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| - (n.d.) |
| De Michele (1974) |
| Bombicci (1877) +7 other references |
| Bombicci (1877) +9 other references |
| Traverso (1898) +2 other references | |
| Richard (1879) +5 other references | |
| Funedda et al. (2018) |
| Dessau G. |
| De Michele (1974) |
Japan | |
| Petrov (n.d.) +3 other references |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Kotaro Watanabe collection |
| Ishiyama (1982) |
| 矢島淳吉 (1979) |
| Tsushima et al. (1999) |
| Sugaki et al. (1982) |
| Thomas (2019) |
| Information displayed at Mitsubishi ... |
| Imai et al. (1975) |
| Imai et al. (1975) |
| Imai et al. (1975) +1 other reference |
| ... +3 other references |
| Tharalson +5 other references |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) +1 other reference |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Litvinovich et al. (1960) |
| Baibatsha et al. (2015) |
| Evseev (1995) +1 other reference |
Kosovo | |
| Pršek (2012) +2 other references |
Laos | |
| Takayuki Manaka et al. (2014) |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Megaw (2023) |
| Wilson et al. (1986) |
| King (n.d.) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Querol +1 other reference |
| Arthur L. Flagg Collection No. 1316 |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Lou Rector collection - obtained from Dennis Beals (Xtal, Colorado, USA) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Osterman (1984) | |
| Manhattanville College Mineral ... |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Dana 7:I:360. |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Camprubi |
| Can Mineral June 1965 v. 8 no. 2 p. ... |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Dana 7:I:360. +2 other references |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Richard Dale specimen +2 other references |
| Gemmell et al. (1988) +1 other reference | |
| Hoffay |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
Morocco | |
| Samira et al. (2015) |
| Uwe Kolitsch collection (analysed by single-crystal XRD) +1 other reference | |
New Zealand | |
| Fyfe (2014) |
| Fyfe (2014) | |
Nigeria | |
| Wolfgang Hampel |
Norway | |
| Naik (1975) |
| Kullerud et al. (2020) |
| Münster (1882) +3 other references |
| Neumann (1944) |
| Neumann (1944) | |
| Kullerud et al. (2016) | |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Brandl et al. (2025) |
Peru | |
| Imai et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
| Gibson (1992) |
| www.sec.gov (n.d.) |
| Gamarra-Urrunaga et al. (2013) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Hyrsl et al. (2003) |
| Betts (n.d.) |
| King (n.d.) | |
| EDS Analysis Frank Keutsch |
| Benites et al. (2022) |
Philippines | |
| Gardner (1939) |
Poland | |
| Mederski et al. (2020) |
| Siuda (2012) |
| Mochnacka et al. (2012) | |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) |
| Mederski et al. (2020) |
| Madziarz (2006) +1 other reference |
| Muszer et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
Portugal | |
| Mateus et al. (2005) |
| |
| Bussink (1984) +1 other reference | |
Romania | |
| www.gl.rhbnc.ac.uk (2003) |
| Marias Francisc |
| Marias Francisc | |
| 1-Rădulescu Dan +7 other references |
| Marias Francisc | |
Russia | |
| Eremin +3 other references |
| Damdinov et al. (2018) |
| Orsoev (2019) |
| Orsoev (2019) | |
| Gregory Levitan (2008) |
| Глухов et al. (2021) +2 other references | |
| Bortnikov et al. (2023) |
| Kostin (2021) +1 other reference |
| Okrugin et al. (an Example of Mutnovsky Geothermal Area, Southern Kamchatka) | |
| Okrugin (2004) | |
| Макшаков et al. (СЕВЕРНОЕ ПРИОХОТЬЕ) |
| Volkov et al. (2015) |
| Makshakov +2 other references |
| Makshakov +2 other references | |
| Makshakov et al. (2024) | |
| Makshakov et al. (2024) | |
| Strujkov et al. (1996) |
| T. V. Zhuravkova et al. (2015) +2 other references | |
| Volkov et al. (2023) |
| Tauson et al. (2017) | |
| Savva et al. (2014) |
| Savva et al. (2007) | |
| Karpov S.M. et al. (2012) |
| Kalinin et al. (2020) |
| Vasilenko (2001) +1 other reference |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
| Simanenko et al. (2015) | |
| ROGULINA et al. (2004) | |
| Simanenko (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Ivin et al. (2021) |
| Rogulina +4 other references |
| Gamyanin G.N. et al. (2001) |
| unpublished SEM/EDS analysis | |
| Goryachev et al. (2011) | |
| Chernyshev et al. (2011) |
| Bortnikov et al. (1998) +1 other reference | |
| Pavlova et al. (2009) |
| Pavlova et al. (2009) | |
| Gamyanin et al. (1998) +1 other reference | |
| Anikina et al. (2016) |
| Vikentyev (2015) |
Slovakia | |
| Berkh et al. (2014) |
| Smithsonian Institution USNM ... | |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Haas (n.d.) |
| Lipold M. et al. (in German) | |
| Lipold M. et al. (in German) | |
| Lipold M. et al. (in German) | |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Koděra (1986) +1 other reference |
| Vlasáč et al. (2025) +1 other reference | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Ďuďa (1993) |
| Luptáková J. et al. (Malé Karpáty Mts., Slovakia) |
| Pauliš et al. (2002) |
| Grecula (1995) +1 other reference | |
| Nikischer (2023) |
| Duda et. all. |
| Ďuďa R. (2001) | |
| Mikuš M. |
South Korea | |
| Choi et al. (2005) |
| Choi et al. (2005) |
| Chi et al. (1989) |
| Chi et al. (1989) | |
| Choi et al. (2005) |
Spain | |
| Carmona Ruiz et al. (2018) |
| Carmona Ruiz +2 other references |
| Doblas et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Calvo (2003) | |
| Calvo et al. (1992) | |
| Col. Agustin Agudo Espinosa. | |
| Calvo et al. (1992) | |
| Jordi Fabre collection | |
| Calvo et al. (1992) | |
| Fanlo et al. (2010) |
| Joan Abella i Creus (2008) |
Sweden | |
| Grensman et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Barbosa (2021) | |
| Jasinski (1983) |
| Canadian Mineralogist (1984) | |
| NJMAh 165 |
| |
| Andersson et al. (2014) |
| Rincon (2022) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Rüegg et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Graeser et al. (1978) +3 other references | |
Tajikistan | |
| Moralev et al. (1999) |
| Badalov et al. (1975) |
Turkey | |
| Blanks et al. (2014) |
| Arik (2012) |
UK | |
| Lewis (1882) +2 other references |
| Henwood (1871) |
| Dana 7:I:360.] +1 other reference |
| Rudler (1905) +1 other reference |
| Ixer et al. (1987) |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) | |
| USGS OFR 2004-1200 (Hawley,2004) |
| - (2008) |
| Taylor |
| - (2008) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10039562 |
| Schrader (1917) +2 other references |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10026974 +1 other reference |
| Lindgren (1926) +3 other references |
| Eakle (1919) +6 other references |
| Hanks (1884) +6 other references |
| Hanks (1886) +1 other reference |
| Tucker (1921) +3 other references |
| Goodyear (1888) +1 other reference |
| 258 pp.: 170 +3 other references |
| Sampson (1940) +3 other references |
| King (n.d.) |
| Cal Div of Mines "Journal Vol.53 No. ... |
| Hollister et al. (1995) |
| Hanks (1884) +2 other references | |
| Hanks (1884) +2 other references | |
| Whiting (1888) +1 other reference | |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 26 (map 2-14) +3 other references |
| Tucker (1940) +3 other references |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| USGS PP 610 (Koschman,1968) |
| USGS PP 223 (Lovering,1950) | |
| Professional Paper 63: 253. +1 other reference |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Holmes et al. (1983) |
| Barnes (1985) | |
| USGS PP 1017 (Lovering,1978) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Dings et al. (1957) +1 other reference |
| Dings et al. (1957) | |
| - (2005) |
| Emmons et al. (1885) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| USGS Bull 1434 | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Dana 6: 1090. |
| Dana 6: 1090. | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Foley +4 other references | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Emmons et al. (1885) |
| U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Emmons et al. (1885) | |
| Emmons et al. (1885) +1 other reference | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Emmons et al. (1885) |
| Emmons et al. (1885) +1 other reference |
| Emmons et al. (1885) +1 other reference | |
| Emmons et al. (1885) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Emmons et al. (1885) | |
| Lovering et al. (1950) |
| Lovering et al. (1950) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| USGS PP 223 (Lovering,1950) | |
| Emmons et al. (1885) |
| Rocks & Minerals 75:339 | |
| Shannon et al. (1971) |
| Shannon et al. (1971) | |
| Ream (1995) +1 other reference |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Ream (2004) |
| Ream (1995) | |
| Ream (1995) |
| Ream (1995) | |
| Ream (1995) |
| Allen (1990) | |
| - (2005) |
| Ream (1995) | |
| Collins (2012) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Rocks & Min. 70:255 | |
| - (2005) | |
| Ream (1995) | |
| - (2005) +1 other reference | |
| Ream (1995) |
| - (2005) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Morrill et al. 1958. +1 other reference | |
| Baird et al. (1876) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| Krohn et al. (1977) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Rocks & Min.: 16: 247. |
| Rocks & Min.: 16: 244 | |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Winchell (1914) +1 other reference |
| NBMG Bull 83 Geology and Mineral ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| J.V. Tingley and J. Quade (1987) +1 other reference | |
| J.V. Tingley and J. Quade (1987) +1 other reference | |
| NBMG Open File Report 87-2 +2 other references | |
| - (2005) | |
| USBM Inf Circ 7093 (1939) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| NBMG Bull 73 Geology and Mineral ... +1 other reference |
| LaPointe et al. (199) |
| - (2005) |
| LaPointe et al. (199) +1 other reference | |
| LaPointe et al. (199) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| LaPointe et al. (199) +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| NBMG Bull 64 Geology and Mineral ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Ranta (1967) +2 other references |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. | |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| Kleinhampl et al. (1984) +2 other references |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. +1 other reference |
| Dana 7:I:459. | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) | |
| NBMG Bull 77 Geology and Mineral ... +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) | |
| Kleinhampl et al. (1984) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Johnson (1977) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| H F Bonham report in NBMG files +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Pullman et al. (1999) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Dana 6:145. | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| NBMG Bull 14 +1 other reference |
| Am Min 50:1498-1500 | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Lindgren et al. (1910) |
| NMGS 21st Field Conference |
| NMBGMR Open-file Report OF-459 +1 other reference |
| NMBGMR Open-file Report OF-459 | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| - (2005) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| USGS PP 1644C +1 other reference | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Lasky (1932) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Lasmanis (1995) |
| - (2005) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Simon et al. (1997) | |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +2 other references |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) +1 other reference |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +3 other references | |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +3 other references |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +3 other references | |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +3 other references | |
| Cannon (1975) +2 other references |
| Cannon (1975) +1 other reference | |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +2 other references |
| Cannon (1975) +2 other references |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +1 other reference | |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Cannon (1975) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +2 other references |
| - (2005) |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) +1 other reference |
| Lambe et al. (1987) |
| Hausel et al. (2001) |
Uzbekistan | |
| Koneev et al. (2005) |
| Сайитов et al. (2023) |
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The
St Andreasberg, Braunlage, Goslar District, Lower Saxony, Germany