Schreibersite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Schreibersite
Karl Franz Anton von Schreibers
Formula:
(Fe,Ni)3P
Colour:
Silver-white to tin-white, tarnishes to brass yellow or brown
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
6½ - 7
Specific Gravity:
7.0 - 7.3
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Name:
Named in 1847 by Wilhelm Karl Ritter von Haidinger in honor of Karl Franz Anton von Schreibers (15 August 1775 – 21 May 1852) of Bratislava, Slovakia (which at the time was known as Pressburg, Hungary, Habsburg Empire).
He earned his medical doctorate from Vienna in 1798 but also studied botany, mineralogy, and zoology at the University. For a brief period of time, he assisted his uncle, Joseph Ludwig von Schreibers, with his medical practice in Vienna. As a young man, he also toured museums throughout Europe. In 1802 he was an assistant of natural history and agricultural sciences at the University of Vienna. In 1806 he was appointed the director of the Viennese natural history collections (Naturalienkabinette), which became his life's work.
Schreibers was involved with all aspects of natural sciences, and he embarked upon a total organizational overhaul of the museum's natural history collections. During his time as director, the size of the museum's library grew from a few scientific books to a collection of over 30,000 volumes. Here, he stored the results of his personal research work, as well as a collection of meteorites — Schreibers' main interest of study. On 31 October 1848, some parts of the collections of the museum were destroyed by fire during the course of the bombardment of Viennese revolutionaries by the Austrian Imperial Army. Schreibers was devastated by the loss and retired soon afterward. Fortunately, his collection of meteorites was saved from destruction. [Source: Wikipedia]
He earned his medical doctorate from Vienna in 1798 but also studied botany, mineralogy, and zoology at the University. For a brief period of time, he assisted his uncle, Joseph Ludwig von Schreibers, with his medical practice in Vienna. As a young man, he also toured museums throughout Europe. In 1802 he was an assistant of natural history and agricultural sciences at the University of Vienna. In 1806 he was appointed the director of the Viennese natural history collections (Naturalienkabinette), which became his life's work.
Schreibers was involved with all aspects of natural sciences, and he embarked upon a total organizational overhaul of the museum's natural history collections. During his time as director, the size of the museum's library grew from a few scientific books to a collection of over 30,000 volumes. Here, he stored the results of his personal research work, as well as a collection of meteorites — Schreibers' main interest of study. On 31 October 1848, some parts of the collections of the museum were destroyed by fire during the course of the bombardment of Viennese revolutionaries by the Austrian Imperial Army. Schreibers was devastated by the loss and retired soon afterward. Fortunately, his collection of meteorites was saved from destruction. [Source: Wikipedia]
Recently suggested by Pasek (2016) as a potentially important prebiotic mineral of the early Earth, possibly standing for a reactive source of phosphorus and a precursor to some phosphorylated molecules. The mineral is estimated to stand for 1-10% of the total crustal phosphorus during the Hadean.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3582
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3582:4
IMA Classification of Schreibersite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1848
Classification of Schreibersite
1.BD.05
1 : ELEMENTS (Metals and intermetallic alloys; metalloids and nonmetals; carbides, silicides, nitrides, phosphides)
B : Metallic Carbides, Silicides, Nitrides, Phosphides and Hydrides
D : Phosphides
1 : ELEMENTS (Metals and intermetallic alloys; metalloids and nonmetals; carbides, silicides, nitrides, phosphides)
B : Metallic Carbides, Silicides, Nitrides, Phosphides and Hydrides
D : Phosphides
Dana 7th ed.:
1.1.31.2
1.1.21.2
1 : NATIVE ELEMENTS AND ALLOYS
1 : Metals, other than the Platinum Group
1 : NATIVE ELEMENTS AND ALLOYS
1 : Metals, other than the Platinum Group
2.14
2 : Carbides, Nitrides, Silicides and Phosphides
2 : Carbides, Nitrides, Silicides and Phosphides
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Scb | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Scb | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
Physical Properties of Schreibersite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Silver-white to tin-white, tarnishes to brass yellow or brown
Hardness:
6½ - 7 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Very brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {001}
imperfect on {010} or {110}
Perfect on {001}
imperfect on {010} or {110}
Density:
7.0 - 7.3 g/cm3 (Measured) 7.28(16) g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Schreibersite
Type:
Uniaxial
Chemistry of Schreibersite
Mindat Formula:
(Fe,Ni)3P
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Cr
Crystallography of Schreibersite
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Class (H-M):
4 - Disphenoidal
Space Group:
I4
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.05 Å, c = 4.47 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 0.494
Unit Cell V:
366.10 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
8
Morphology:
Rarely in crystals, hoppered, plates, tablets, rods or needles.
Crystal Structure
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2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0008924 | Schreibersite | Skala R, Cisarova I (2005) Crystal structure of meteoritic schreibersites: determination of absolute structure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 31 721-732 | 2005 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0008925 | Schreibersite | Skala R, Cisarova I (2005) Crystal structure of meteoritic schreibersites: determination of absolute structure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 31 721-732 | 2005 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0008926 | Schreibersite | Skala R, Cisarova I (2005) Crystal structure of meteoritic schreibersites: determination of absolute structure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 31 721-732 | 2005 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0008927 | Schreibersite | Skala R, Cisarova I (2005) Crystal structure of meteoritic schreibersites: determination of absolute structure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 31 721-732 | 2005 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0008928 | Schreibersite | Skala R, Cisarova I (2005) Crystal structure of meteoritic schreibersites: determination of absolute structure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 31 721-732 | 2005 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0008929 | Schreibersite | Skala R, Cisarova I (2005) Crystal structure of meteoritic schreibersites: determination of absolute structure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 31 721-732 | 2005 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0008930 | Schreibersite | Skala R, Cisarova I (2005) Crystal structure of meteoritic schreibersites: determination of absolute structure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 31 721-732 | 2005 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0008931 | Schreibersite | Skala R, Cisarova I (2005) Crystal structure of meteoritic schreibersites: determination of absolute structure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 31 721-732 | 2005 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0010710 | Schreibersite | Doenitz F D (1970) Die kristallstruktur des meteoritischen rhabdits (Fe,Ni)3P Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 131 222-236 |  | 1970 | meteorite of Buei Muerto, Tocopilla, Chile | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.20 Å | (100) |
| 1.978 Å | (100) |
| 2.03 Å | (80) |
| 1.115 Å | (80) |
| 1.281 Å | (65) |
| 1.127 Å | (65) |
| 1.762 Å | (55) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Pre-terrestrial "Ur-minerals" | >4.57 |
| 1 : Stellar atmosphere condensates | |
| Stage 1: Primary nebular phases | 4.567-4.561 |
| 4 : Primary chondrule phases | 4.566–4.561 |
| Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
| 5 : Primary asteroid phases | 4.566–4.560 |
| 6 : Secondary asteroid phases | 4.566-4.560 |
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 29 : Lightning-generated minerals | |
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
| 53 : Other minerals with taphonomic origins | <0.4 |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) |
Geological Setting:
Meteorites, reduced differentiated lenses in basalts, hydrothermal replacement in petrified wood.
Type Occurrence of Schreibersite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Light steel-gray flakes.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Natural History Museum, Vienna, Austria (Magura meteorite).
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Iron meteorite.
Synonyms of Schreibersite
Other Language Names for Schreibersite
Dutch:Schreibersiet
German:Schreibersit
Dyslytit
Rhabdit
Dyslytit
Rhabdit
Russian:Шрейберзит
Spanish:Dyslytita
Rhabdita
Schreibersita
Rhabdita
Schreibersita
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 25 photos of Schreibersite associated with Kamacite | (Fe,Ni) |
| 18 photos of Schreibersite associated with Taenite | (Ni,Fe) |
| 17 photos of Schreibersite associated with Troilite | FeS |
| 8 photos of Schreibersite associated with Native Iron | Fe |
| 7 photos of Schreibersite associated with Lawrencite | (Fe2+,Ni)Cl2 |
| 6 photos of Schreibersite associated with Akaganeite | (Fe3+,Ni2+)8(OH,O)16Cl1.25 · nH2O |
| 6 photos of Schreibersite associated with Plessite | |
| 5 photos of Schreibersite associated with Forsterite | Mg2SiO4 |
| 5 photos of Schreibersite associated with Barringerite | (Fe,Ni)2P |
| 4 photos of Schreibersite associated with Brezinaite | Cr3S4 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 1.BD. | Murashkoite | FeP |
| 1.BD. | Orishchinite | Ni2P |
| 1.BD. | Nickolayite | FeMoP |
| 1.BD. | Grammatikopoulosite | NiVP |
| 1.BD. | Negevite | NiP2 |
| 1.BD. | Halamishite | Ni5P4 |
| 1.BD. | Transjordanite | Ni2P |
| 1.BD. | Zuktamrurite | FeP2 |
| 1.BD.05 | Nickelphosphide | (Ni,Fe)3P |
| 1.BD.10 | Barringerite | (Fe,Ni)2P |
| 1.BD.10 | Monipite | MoNiP |
| 1.BD.15 | Allabogdanite | (Fe,Ni)2P |
| 1.BD.15 | Florenskyite | FeTiP |
| 1.BD.15 | Andreyivanovite | FeCrP |
| 1.BD.20 | Melliniite | (Ni,Fe)4P |
| 1.BD.35 | Nazarovite | Ni12P5 |
| 1.BD.45 | Polekhovskyite | MoNiP2 |
| 1.BD.50 | Tsikourasite | Mo3Ni2P1+x |
| 1.BD.60 | Badengzhuite | TiP |
Other Information
Notes:
Strongly magnetic
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Schreibersite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Schreibersite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3582.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
References for Schreibersite
Reference List:
Chao, E.C.T, Dwornik, Edward J, Littler, Janet (1964) New data on the nickel-iron spherules from Southeast Asian tektites and their implications. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 28 (6) 971-980 doi:10.1016/0016-7037(64)90044-4
Pasek, Matthew A. (2017) Schreibersite on the early Earth: Scenarios for prebiotic phosphorylation. Geoscience Frontiers, 8 (2) 329-335 doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2016.06.008
Walton, Craig R., Shorttle, Oliver, Jenner, Frances E., Williams, Helen M., Golden, Joshua, Morrison, Shaunna M., Downs, Robert T., Zerkle, Aubrey, Hazen, Robert M., Pasek, Matthew (2021) Phosphorus mineral evolution and prebiotic chemistry: From minerals to microbes. Earth-Science Reviews, 221. 103806pp. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103806
Britvin, Sergey N., Krzhizhanovskaya, Maria G., Zolotarev, Andrey A., Gorelova, Liudmila A., Obolonskaya, Edita V., Vlasenko, Natalia S., Shilovskikh, Vladimir V., Murashko, Mikhail N. (2021) Crystal chemistry of schreibersite, (Fe,Ni)3P. American Mineralogist, 106 (9) 1520-1529 doi:10.2138/am-2021-7766
Localities for Schreibersite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Algeria | |
| Endress et al. (1994) |
| Bischoff et al. (1992) +1 other reference | |
| Buchwald (1975) |
Antarctica | |
| Lee et al. (2019) |
| Grossman et al. (1993) | |
| Weisberg (1993) | |
| Lin et al. (1991) | |
| Meteoritics 25 (1990) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Kimura et al. (1992) |
| Buchwald (1975) +1 other reference |
| El Gorsey et al. (1988) |
| Lin et al. (1998) | |
| Bouvier et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Rosenshein et al. (2006) |
| Edward R. D. Scott (1988) | |
| Clarke Jr. +2 other references | |
| Gannoun et al. (2011) | |
| Han et al. (2012) | |
| Beard et al. (2009) |
| Meteoritical Bulletin 84 (Aug.2000) | |
| Enstatite +3 other references |
| _Meteoritical Bulletin Database +1 other reference |
| Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Volume ... +1 other reference | |
| McCoy (2005) +1 other reference |
Argentina | |
| Frederick R. Park +2 other references |
| Ulff-Møller et al. (1998) |
| Gerarduzzi et al. (2016) |
Australia | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Axon (1968) |
| Reed (1969) |
| Madigan (1939) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Grady et al. (2015) |
| Bunch et al. (1970) +1 other reference |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Birch et al. (2001) |
| Cohen (1897) +1 other reference |
| Ma et al. (2010) |
| Edwards (1953) |
| Buseck et al. (1972) |
| White et al. (1967) |
| Buchwald (1975) +1 other reference |
| A.W.R. Bevan (1992) |
| Ramdohr (1972) +1 other reference |
| E. Simpson +2 other references |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| E. Simpson +2 other references | |
| Mineralogical Magazine +4 other references |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Watters et al. (1979) | |
| The Redfields Meteorite +2 other references |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
Azerbaijan | |
| rruff.geo.arizona.edu (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Ramdohr (1972) +1 other reference |
Bangladesh | |
| Powell (1971) +1 other reference |
Belarus | |
| Dymkin et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
Bolivia | |
| Nazarov et al. (2009) | |
| Anthony (1997) |
Brazil | |
| Scott (1977) |
| www.igc.usp.br/museu/artigos05.htm. |
| Clarke et al. (1978) |
| The Meteoritical Bulletin |
| Meteoritics (ISSN 0026-1114) |
| Buchwald (1975) +2 other references |
Burkina Faso | |
| Buchwald (1975) |
Cameroon | |
| 489-492. (July 1997) +1 other reference |
Canada | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Alan E. Rubina (1983) |
| Wasson et al. (2003) |
| Keil (1968) +1 other reference |
| Nininger (1932) |
Chile | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| British Natural History Museum online ... |
China | |
| www.greatwallct.com/nantan.htm +1 other reference |
| Lin et al. (2007) |
| Kejie Tao and Peishan Zhang (1987) |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
| Xu et al. (2015) |
| Xinzhi Zhan (1978) |
| Lin et al. (2008) |
| Connolly et al. (2006) |
| Lin Xu et al. (2008) |
Costa Rica | |
| Farrington (1915) |
Croatia | |
| Buchwald (1975) |
Czech Republic | |
| Ramdohr (1972) +1 other reference |
| Tuček K.: Meteority a jejich výskyt v ... |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Tuček K.: Meteority a jejich výskyt v ... |
| Tuček K.: Meteority a jejich výskyt v ... |
| Tuček K.: Meteority a jejich výskyt v ... |
| Skála R. |
Denmark | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
Egypt | |
| tin.er.usgs.gov (2010) |
Estonia | |
| Mason (1966) +1 other reference |
Finland | |
| Rubin +1 other reference |
| K. J. Neuvonen et al. (1972) |
France | |
| Bariand et al. (n.d.) |
| Watters et al. (1979) +1 other reference |
| - (2010) |
| Kurat et al. (2005) |
| Hewins (2014) |
| R. Pierrot |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Keil (1968) |
Germany | |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Wadsworth (1884) |
| Simon (2004) +2 other references |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Buchner (1863) +1 other reference |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) +1 other reference |
| Cohen (1903) +3 other references |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| New York +6 other references |
Greece | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
Greenland | |
| Kracher et al. (1977) |
| Contrib.Mineral Petrol (1981) |
| ULFF-MØLLER (1985) | |
| Vereshchagin et al. (2024) | |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll & Gatter: Hun. Min. Spec. |
India | |
| Buchwald (1975) +1 other reference |
| Nehru et al. (1984) | |
| Bourot-Denise et al. (1993) |
| Bapna et al. (1991) |
| Buchwald (1975) +1 other reference |
| Ray et al. (2014) |
| Kurat et al. (2005) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Wai et al. (1972) +1 other reference |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
| Buchwald (1975) +1 other reference |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
Indonesia | |
| Nazarov et al. (1999) |
Iran | |
| Powell (1971) +1 other reference |
Israel | |
| Juroszek et al. (2025) |
| Galuskin EV +1 other reference | |
| Galuskin +1 other reference |
| Futrzyński et al. (2023) | |
| Galuskin et al. (2025) | |
Italy | |
| Gattacceca et al. (2020) |
| |
| Carapezza et al. (1975) +1 other reference |
| Fioretti et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Zucchini et al. (2018) |
| Bonatti et al. (1970) +1 other reference |
| Meteoritical Bulletin Database +2 other references |
Japan | |
| Buchwald (1975) +1 other reference |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Shima et al. (1980) |
| Shima (1965) |
Jordan | |
| Vereshchagin et al. (2024) |
Kazakhstan | |
| 2: 322-324 +2 other references |
| geosci.uchicago.edu (n.d.) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data of ... | |
| Sharygin (2019) |
Latvia | |
| Kuhlberg (1865) |
| Kuhlberg (1865) +1 other reference |
Libya | |
| Ikeda et al. (2000) |
Malawi | |
| Keil (1968) |
Mali | |
| Cohen (1905) +1 other reference |
| www.lpi.usra.edu (n.d.) |
Mauritania | |
| Lapaz et al. (1954) +1 other reference |
| - (2010) |
| - (2010) |
| - (2010) |
Mexico | |
| Papanastassiou et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Scott et al. (1977) |
| Tassin (1902) +2 other references |
| Cohen (1903) +1 other reference |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Rose (1864) +1 other reference |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Kurat et al. (1991) |
| Henderson (1941) +1 other reference | |
| Ramdohr (1972) +3 other references |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Bunch et al. (1970) +1 other reference |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Fletcher (1890) +3 other references |
| Farrington (1909) +1 other reference |
| Ramdohr (1972) +1 other reference |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Ruzicka et al. (2006) |
| Meteoritical Bulletin: MB 107 (2018) |
| Buchwald (1975) | |
Middle East | |
| Vapnik et al. (2006) | |
Mongolia | |
| Savina et al. (2020) +1 other reference |
Morocco | |
| Harold C. Connally (2007) |
Namibia | |
| CanRockhound v.4 +1 other reference |
New Zealand | |
| Kimura et al. (1998) |
| Challis (1984) |
Nigeria | |
| Watters et al. (1979) |
| PROCEEDINGS OF THE SIXTEENTH LUNAR AND ... +1 other reference |
| Bunch et al. (1970) +1 other reference |
North Africa | |
| - (2010) |
| Gannoun et al. (2011) | |
| Piani et al. (2016) | |
Northwest Africa | |
| Meteoritical Bulletin | |
Northwest Africa Meteorites | |
| ... | |
| Bunch et al. (2008) | |
| Weisberg et al. (2008) | |
| Weisberg et al. (2008) | |
| www.lpi.usra.edu (2010) | |
| Farley et al. (2015) | |
Norway | |
| Bryhni (2002) |
| Cohen (1903) +2 other references |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
Oman | |
| Ivanova et al. (2002, March) +1 other reference |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Astakhova et al. (2014) |
| Astakhova et al. (2014) | |
Pakistan | |
| Keil (1968) |
| Keil (1968) |
| Bild et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Keil et al. (1965) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Mason et al. (1973) |
Philippines | |
| Ramdohr (1972) +2 other references |
Poland | |
| Stankowski (2001) +2 other references |
| Szopa et al. (2015) |
| The Meteoritical Bulletin et al. (August, 2000) +2 other references |
| Karwowski Ł. 2003: The new ... +3 other references |
Portugal | |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Minerais de Portugal Continental por Amílcar Mário de Jesus (Prof. Mineralogia IST) +1 other reference |
Romania | |
| Udubaşa S.S. (2004) |
Russia | |
| Krot et al. (1992) |
| Buchwald (1975) +1 other reference |
| Sharygin (IIAB) +1 other reference |
| Sharygin et al. (2010) |
| Pliashkevich et al. (1980) |
| Goryunov et al. (2023) |
| Kvasnytsya et al. (2013) |
| L. N. Novoselova (1986) |
| Vereshchagin et al. (2025) |
| Watters et al. (1979) |
| Plyashkevich et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Litasov et al. (2018) |
| Nazarov et al. (1999) |
| Erokhin et al. (2018) |
| O. Richard Norton “ Rocks From Space ... +2 other references |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Mason (1962) +1 other reference |
| Am. Min. 87:5-1245-1249 +1 other reference |
| Litasov et al. (2017) +2 other references |
| Bezaeva et al. (2010) |
| Lorenz et al. (2000) |
| Rappenglück (2022) +1 other reference |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Meteoritics |
Slovakia | |
| Tuček K. |
| W Haidinger Ber.Mitt. Freunde Naturwiss. (1847) |
Somalia | |
| Millosevich (1924) |
South Africa | |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Mason (1966) |
| Stanley (1914) +1 other reference |
| Clarke et al. (1978) |
| Keil (1968) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Reed (1969) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
Spain | |
| Bunch et al. (1970) |
| Ramdohr (1972) +1 other reference |
| Buchwald (1975) |
Sudan | |
| Watters et al. (1979) |
| Addi Bischoff et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
Sweden | |
| Buchwald (1975) +1 other reference |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Syria | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
Tanzania | |
| Keil (1968) |
Turkey | |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Buchwald (1975) +1 other reference |
Uganda | |
| Buchwald (1975) |
UK | |
| Buchwald (1975) +1 other reference |
Ukraine | |
| A. W. R. Bevan (1979) +1 other reference |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
| M. A. Nazarov et al. (1996) | |
| Ramdohr (1972) +1 other reference |
USA | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Buchwald (1975) +1 other reference |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Merrill (1927 ) +1 other reference |
| Mallet (1906) +1 other reference |
| Space Science Reviews Volume 14 +3 other references |
| Mead et al. (1965) +2 other references | |
| Benedix et al. (1998) |
| Galbraith (1947) |
| Meteoritics & Planetary Science 36 (2001) |
| Galbraith (1947) |
| Bunch et al. (1969) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Buseck (1968) |
| Kunz (1887) +1 other reference |
| Zolensky (2014) |
| Goldstein et al. (1967) +4 other references |
| Buchwald (1975) +3 other references |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| Pemberton (1983) +2 other references |
| Wasson et al. (1969) +2 other references |
| Casanova +2 other references |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Henderson et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Bunch et al. (1970) +1 other reference |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1967 36 : 120-126 +1 other reference |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Fuchs L H (1967) +2 other references |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Watters et al. (1979) |
| Weisberg et al. (2010) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Farrington +1 other reference |
| Nazarov et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Farrington +1 other reference |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Tassin (1905) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Oliver Cummings Farrington (1915) +1 other reference |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| C. W. Neal & M. E. Lipschutz (1981) |
| Mason (1966) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| www.rasny.org/V4P89-91.HTM |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Farrington (1915) +2 other references |
| Ramdohr (1972) +1 other reference |
| Olsen et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Ramdohr (1972) +2 other references |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| 69th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting (2006) |
| Britvin et al. (2020) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Buchwald (1975) +2 other references |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Cohen (1903) +2 other references | |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Buchwald (1975) | |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Genth (1891) | |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Henderson et al. (1950) |
| Buchwald (1975) | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Bunch et al. (1970) +1 other reference |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Cohen (1903) +1 other reference |
| www.rasny.org/baldeagl.htm |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Buchwald (1975) +1 other reference |
| Buchwald (1975) | |
| Hewins et al. (1977) +2 other references |
| Smith (1855) +1 other reference |
| Ramdohr (1972) +1 other reference |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Paris (2011) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Stuart H. Perry and E.P. Henderson (1948) |
| Ramdohr (1972) +2 other references |
| Am Min (1940) |
| Rubin et al. (1983) |
| Crystal Research and Technology Volume ... +3 other references |
| www.meteorlab.com +1 other reference | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Buchwald (1975) +1 other reference |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Meteoritics (ISSN 0026-1114) +1 other reference |
| AmMin 17:357-359 |
| Clarke et al. (1978) |
| Meteoritics |
| Ramdohr (1972) +1 other reference |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| www.meteorlab.com (n.d.) |
| Meteoritics |
| Berquist et al. (ed.) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| www.uwrf.edu/~wc01/meteorite.html +1 other reference |
| Bunch et al. (1970) |
| Buseck (1977) |
Western Sahara | |
| Patzer et al. (2001) |
Yemen | |
| Zolensky et al. (2003) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
162173 Ryugu | |
Northwest Africa Meteorites | |
| www.cometshopnew.com (n.d.) | |
Outer Space | |
| Lauretta et al. (2024) |
The Moon | |
| Dowty et al. (1974) |
| El Goresy et al. (1971) |
| Meteoritical Bulletin |
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