Parisite-(Ce)
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Parisite-(Ce)
Formula:
CaCe2(CO3)3F2
Colour:
Brown, brownish-yellow, waxy yellow, gray-yellow; colourless to yellow in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Resinous, Pearly
Hardness:
4½
Specific Gravity:
4.33 - 4.39
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named parisite in honor of José Ignacio París Ricaurte, former manager of the Muzo emerald mine, Muzo, Colombia (lessee of the mine from 1828-1848). The suffix/modifier was added by the IMA in 1987 to conform to the Levinson rule for species with essential REE, indicating, in this case, predominant cerium.
Crystals pseudohexagonal, oscillatory and sceptered due to intergrowths parallel to the pseudo-{0001) with Bastnäsite-(Ce), Synchysite-(Ce), Röntgenite-(Ce) and Cordylite.
Polytypes 2M (very common), 3R and 6R are known or proposed.
The Ce-analogue of Parisite-(Nd) and Parisite-(La).
Very rare; can be distinguished from Synchysite-(Ce) only by analytical methods. Also chemically similar to röntgenite-(Ce).
Compare UM1998-04-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-05-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-06-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-07-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-08-CO:CaCeF, and UM1998-09-CO:CaCeF.
Polytypes 2M (very common), 3R and 6R are known or proposed.
The Ce-analogue of Parisite-(Nd) and Parisite-(La).
Very rare; can be distinguished from Synchysite-(Ce) only by analytical methods. Also chemically similar to röntgenite-(Ce).
Compare UM1998-04-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-05-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-06-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-07-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-08-CO:CaCeF, and UM1998-09-CO:CaCeF.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3120
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3120:8
IMA Classification of Parisite-(Ce)
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA status notes:
Renamed by the IMA
Approval year:
1987
Classification of Parisite-(Ce)
5.BD.20b
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
B : Carbonates with additional anions, without H2O
D : With rare earth elements (REE)
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
B : Carbonates with additional anions, without H2O
D : With rare earth elements (REE)
16a.1.5.1
16a : ANHYDROUS CARBONATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
1 : (AB)(XO3)Zq
16a : ANHYDROUS CARBONATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
1 : (AB)(XO3)Zq
12.1.11
12 : Carbonates with other anions
1 : Carbonates with halides
12 : Carbonates with other anions
1 : Carbonates with halides
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Pst-Ce | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Pst | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Parisite-(Ce)
Vitreous, Resinous, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
Lustre pearly on the {0001} parting.
Colour:
Brown, brownish-yellow, waxy yellow, gray-yellow; colourless to yellow in transmitted light.
Hardness:
4½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
On {0001} (or parting) present at times apparently due to alteration.
On {0001} (or parting) present at times apparently due to alteration.
Fracture:
Splintery, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
4.33 - 4.39 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.38 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Parisite-(Ce)
Type:
Uniaxial (+)
RI values:
nω = 1.676 nε = 1.757
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.081
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
O = Light yellow
E = Golden yellow
Absorption E > O.
E = Golden yellow
Absorption E > O.
Chemistry of Parisite-(Ce)
Mindat Formula:
CaCe2(CO3)3F2
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
Y,Sr
Crystallography of Parisite-(Ce)
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
m - Domatic
Space Group:
Bb
Setting:
Cc
Cell Parameters:
a = 12.305 Å, b = 7.1056 Å, c = 28.2478 Å
β = 98.246°
β = 98.246°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.732 : 1 : 3.975
Unit Cell V:
2,444.30 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
12
Morphology:
Crystals commonly acute double hexagonal pyramids; prismatic in appearance at times due to oscillatory combination of steep pyramids. True prism faces are either lacking or are very small. Also trigonal (or possibly rhombohedral in development). Elongated crystals have locally enlarged portions at times, or have sceptre-like terminations. Lateral faces are striated or deeply grooved. {0001} very commonly present as small faces, large at times.
Comment:
Space group Cc. Pseudohexagonal.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000060 | Parisite-(Ce) | Donnay G, Donnay J D H (1953) The crystallography of bastnaesite, parasite, roentgenite, and synchisite American Mineralogist 38 932-963 |  | 1953 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002349 | Parisite-(Ce) | Ni Y, Post J E, Hughes J M (2000) The crystal structure of parisite-(Ce), Ce2CaF(CO3)3 sample: from Muso Mine, Columbia American Mineralogist 85 251-258 | | 2000 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 14.03 Å | (40) |
| 3.565 Å | (100) |
| 2.838 Å | (100) |
| 2.060 Å | (80) |
| 1.938 Å | (60) |
| 1.882 Å | (50) |
| 1.658 Å | (50) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites | |
| 35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks | |
| 36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks |
Geological Setting:
It occurs as an accessory mineral in differentiated alkalic massifs, granite pegmatites, and REE-rich carbonatites. It distributes in many localities, for example the carbonatite orebody of Mountain Pass, California, the carbonatite complex Amba Dongar, India, the alkaline granite-syenite pegmatites of the Mount Malosa pluton in Malawi the ultramafic lamprophyre–carbonatite complex near Delitzsch, Germany, the Bayan Obo Fe–Nb–RE deposit, Inner Mongolia, China.
Type Occurrence of Parisite-(Ce)
Co-Type Localities:
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Intensely folded, carbonaceous shale beds.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Other Language Names for Parisite-(Ce)
Relationship of Parisite-(Ce) to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Parisite:
| Parisite-(La) | CaLa2(CO3)3F2 | Mon. |
| Parisite-(Nd) | Ca(Nd,Ce,La)2(CO3)3F2 | Mon. m : Bb |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 51 photos of Parisite-(Ce) associated with Aegirine | NaFe3+Si2O6 |
| 51 photos of Parisite-(Ce) associated with Synchysite-(Ce) | CaCe(CO3)2F |
| 36 photos of Parisite-(Ce) associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 27 photos of Parisite-(Ce) associated with Anatase | TiO2 |
| 25 photos of Parisite-(Ce) associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 25 photos of Parisite-(Ce) associated with Bastnäsite-(Ce) | Ce(CO3)F |
| 25 photos of Parisite-(Ce) associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| 17 photos of Parisite-(Ce) associated with Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| 16 photos of Parisite-(Ce) associated with Microcline | K(AlSi3O8) |
| 15 photos of Parisite-(Ce) associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 5.BD. | Cordylite-(La) | (Na,Ca)Ba(La,Ce,Sr)2(CO3)4F |
| 5.BD.05 | Cordylite-(Ce) | NaBaCe2(CO3)4F |
| 5.BD.05 | Unnamed (Cordylite-like Calcium-Barium-Cerium Carbonate-Fluoride) | Ca◻Ba2Ce4[CO3]8F2 |
| 5.BD.05 | Lukechangite-(Ce) | Na3Ce2(CO3)4F |
| 5.BD.10 | Zhonghuacerite-(Ce) | Ba2Ce(CO3)3F |
| 5.BD.10 | Kukharenkoite-(Ce) | Ba2Ce(CO3)3F |
| 5.BD.10 | Kukharenkoite-(La) | Ba2(La,Ce,Th)(CO3)3F |
| 5.BD.15 | Cebaite-(Ce) | Ba3Ce2(CO3)5F2 |
| 5.BD.15 | Cebaite-(Nd) | Ba3(Nd,Ce)2(CO3)5F2 |
| 5.BD.18 | Arisite-(Ce) | NaCe2(CO3)2[F2x(CO3)1-x]F |
| 5.BD.18 | Arisite-(La) | NaLa2(CO3)2[F2x(CO3)1-x]F |
| 5.BD.20c | Synchysite-(Ce) | CaCe(CO3)2F |
| 5.BD.20c | Synchysite-(Nd) | CaNd(CO3)2F |
| 5.BD.20c | Synchysite-(Y) | CaY(CO3)2F |
| 5.BD.20a | Bastnäsite-(Ce) | Ce(CO3)F |
| 5.BD.20a | Bastnäsite-(La) | La(CO3)F |
| 5.BD.20b | Parisite-(Nd) | Ca(Nd,Ce,La)2(CO3)3F2 |
| 5.BD.20a | Bastnäsite-(Y) | Y(CO3)F |
| 5.BD.20b | Parisite-(La) | CaLa2(CO3)3F2 |
| 5.BD.20d | Röntgenite-(Ce) | Ca2(Ce,La)3(CO3)5F3 |
| 5.BD.20a | Thorbastnäsite | ThCa(CO3)2F2 · 3H2O |
| 5.BD.20a | Hydroxylbastnäsite-(Ce) | Ce(CO3)(OH) |
| 5.BD.20a | Hydroxylbastnäsite-(Nd) | Nd(CO3)(OH) |
| 5.BD.20c | Hydroxylsynchysite-(Ce) | Ca(Ce,La)(CO3)2(OH) |
| 5.BD.20c | Synchysite-(La) | Ca(La,Nd)(CO3)2F |
| 5.BD.20a | Bastnäsite-(Nd) | Nd(CO3)F |
| 5.BD.20a | Hydroxylbastnäsite-(La) | (La,Nd,Ce)(CO3)(OH,F) |
| 5.BD.25 | Qaqarssukite-(Ce) | Ba(Ce,REE)(CO3)2F |
| 5.BD.25 | Horváthite-(Y) | NaY(CO3)F2 |
| 5.BD.35 | Huanghoite-(Ce) | BaCe(CO3)2F |
| 5.BD.35 | Huanghoite-(Nd) | BaNd(CO3)2F |
| 5.BD.45 | Bayanoboite-(Y) | Ba2Y(CO3)2F3 |
Other Information
Notes:
Soluble in hot strong acids.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
Major economic mineral for rare earth elements
Internet Links for Parisite-(Ce)
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3120.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
References for Parisite-(Ce)
Reference List:
Nickel, Ernest H., Mandarino, Joseph A. (1987) Procedures involving the IMA Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names and guidelines on mineral nomenclature. American Mineralogist, 72 (9-10) 1031-1042
Ni, Yunxiang, Hughes, John M., Mariano, Anthony N. (1993) The atomic arrangement of bastnäsite-(Ce), Ce(CO3)F, and structural elements of synchysite-(Ce), röntgenite-(Ce), and parisite-(Ce) American Mineralogist, 78 (3-4) 415-418
Jambor, John L., Pertsev, Nikolai N., Roberts, Andrew C. (1996) New mineral names. American Mineralogist, 81. 249-254 pp.253-254
Ni, Yunxiang, Post, Jeffrey E., Hughes, John M. (2000) The crystal structure of parisite-(Ce), Ce2CaF2(CO3)3. American Mineralogist, 85 (1) 251-258 doi:10.2138/am-2000-0126
Localities for Parisite-(Ce)
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Tucker et al. (2012) |
| Brandstätter et al. (2000) |
Andorra | |
| in Collection Joachim Esche |
Angola | |
| Amores-Casals et al. (2019) |
Argentina | |
| Colombo et al. (2011) |
Australia | |
| Ciobanu et al. (2017) |
| Downes et al. (2014) |
Brazil | |
| Manfredi (2013) +1 other reference |
Canada | |
| Dalsin (2013) +1 other reference |
| Ducharme (2020) |
| Feng et al. (2015) |
| Sheard et al. (2012) | |
| Sheard (2010) +2 other references |
| McLaughlin (1990) |
| Platt & Wooley (1990) |
| Matte et al. (2025) |
| Gold (1969) +1 other reference |
| Cheang (1977) |
| HORVÁTH (2010) |
| Laferrière (2011) |
| Petrella (2013) | |
| Martin et al. (2018) |
| Fournier (1993) +1 other reference |
| FOURNIER (1993) | |
| BROSSEAU-LIARD (2012) | |
China | |
| Yu et al. (2023) |
| Wang et al. (2010) |
| Qu et al. (2019) |
| Li (1982) +3 other references |
| Diao et al. (2022) |
| Liu et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| Smith et al. (2000) +1 other reference | |
| Smith et al. (2000) | |
| Yang et al. (2003) |
| Jingzhan Zhu et al. (2013) |
| Guoneng Chen and Grapes (2007) |
| Huang et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| Jingxiang et al. (2002) |
| Yang et al. (2025) |
| Yang et al. (2006) |
| Ge et al. (2017) |
| Dawei Meng et al. (2001) | |
| Liu et al. (2024) |
| Wang et al. (2024) |
Colombia | |
| Zeug et al. (2021) |
| Pogue (1917) +3 other references |
| Am Min 85:251-258 +1 other reference | |
Czech Republic | |
| GOLIÁŠ (2002) |
| Novák et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Filip et al. (2002) |
DR Congo | |
| Nasraoui et al. (2000) |
Finland | |
| Ilkka Järvelä collection |
| Al Ani |
| Al Ani Thair and Torppa Akseli 2011. ... |
France | |
| Gatel (1990) |
| Queneau (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
Germany | |
| Habel (2011) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Haack et al. (1987) |
| Witzke et al. (2013) |
| Witzke et al. (2013) |
Greece | |
| Theye +4 other references |
Greenland | |
| Weiner et al. (1994) |
India | |
| Patel et al. (2023) |
Iran | |
| Abedini et al. (2024) |
Italy | |
| Putzolu et al. (2018) |
| Putzolu et al. (2018) | |
| Mongelli et al. (2014) |
| analysed by Dr. Anthony Kampf |
| Preite et al. (1995) |
| Mattioli V. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Tacconi E. (1905) +5 other references |
| Vecchi et al. (2013) |
Madagascar | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Estrade (2014) |
| Estrade et al. (2014) | |
Malawi | |
| Broom-Fendley et al. (2017) |
| Ngwenya (1994) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1999) +3 other references |
| Dowman et al. (2017) | |
Mauritania | |
| Livrable 87 +1 other reference |
Mexico | |
| Nikischer (2023) |
Mongolia | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Namibia | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2012) |
| Bodeving (2015) |
Norway | |
| Kvamsdal (1998) |
| Berg (1994) |
| Bancroft et al. (2001) |
| Vogt (1922) +1 other reference |
| Pršek et al. (2010) |
| Kristiansen (1974) +1 other reference |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Andersen et al. (1996) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection (ID: XRD Alf Olav Larsen) +1 other reference | |
| Burvald (1993) +1 other reference | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-3121 | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Hermann Fylling |
| Raade (1969b, p. 237) +1 other reference | |
| P. Andresen |
| Brøgger (1890, January) +1 other reference |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Larsen (2024) | |
| Kamphaug (1987) +1 other reference | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) +1 other reference |
| Berge (2013) | |
| Berge et al. (2002) | |
| Selbekk et al. (2006) |
Pakistan | |
| Mielke (n.d.) |
| Herb Obodda |
| www.mindat.org (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Poland | |
| Cegiełka et al. (2018) |
| Bartłomiej Kajdas (SEM-EDS) |
| Grabarczyk et al. (2022) |
Portugal | |
| Samples collected by Luigi Chiappino ... +1 other reference |
| Alves (n.d.) |
Romania | |
| Hirtopanu (2006) |
| Szakáll et al. (2010) | |
Russia | |
| Bulnaev et al. (2007) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2020) |
| Попова et al. (2019) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2019) +1 other reference | |
| Попова et al. (2019) | |
| Burlakov (1995) |
| Sharygin +10 other references |
| Kolotilina et al. (2024) |
| ... |
| Zaitsev et al. (1998) +1 other reference | |
| Putintseva et al. (2017) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Victor V. Sharygin analytycal data (2012) +1 other reference |
Slovakia | |
| Ďuďa R. et al. (1993) |
| Ondrejka M. et al. (Western Carpathians, Slovakia) |
South Africa | |
| Giebel et al. (2017) |
| Atanasova et al. (2016) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| VERWOERD (1986) |
South Korea | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
Spain | |
| Ковальчук et al. (2014) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2012) |
Sweden | |
| Andersson et al. (2024) |
| Holtstam et al. (2007) |
| Andersson et al. (2024) |
| Andersson et al. (2024) | |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| van der Burgt et al. (2005) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Ukraine | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Sharygin et al. (2014) |
| Dubyna O.V. et al. (2020) | |
| Kogarko et al. (1995) |
| Lyckberg et al. (2009) |
USA | |
| Cook (2000) |
| Cook (2000) | |
| Cook (2000) | |
| Wright et al. (1953) +4 other references |
| Färber (n.d.) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Ream (2004) |
| with Notes on Microcline et al. (Amer. Jour. Sci. 4th Series, 31:533-557) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Travis Olds collection |
| Lasmanis (1977) +2 other references |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Michael C Michayluk Collection |
| Bjareby (1964) +2 other references |
| csmres.jmu.edu (n.d.) |
Vietnam | |
| Färber (n.d.) |
| Feldman l.G. et al. (1987) | |
| Dumańska-Słowik et al. (2023) |
Quick NavTopAbout Parisite-(Ce)Unique IdentifiersIMA Classification Classification Mineral SymbolsPhysical Properties Optical Data Chemistry Crystallography Crystal StructureX-Ray Powder DiffractionGeological EnvironmentType Occurrence Other LanguagesRelationshipsCommon AssociatesStrunz-MindatOther InformationInternet Links References Localities Locality List
Boyacá Department, Colombia