Ludwigite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Ludwigite
Ernst Ludwig
Formula:
Mg2Fe3+(BO3)O2
Colour:
Dark-green to black
Lustre:
Silky, Sub-Metallic
Hardness:
5
Specific Gravity:
3.80
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Named in honor of Ernst Ludwig (19 January 1842, Freudenthal, Austrian Silesia - 14 October 1915 Vienna), Professor of Chemistry, University of Vienna. He worked in the areas of mineral chemistry, mineral water analysis, food chemistry and forensic chemistry. He first analyzed the material.
Type Locality:
Ludwigite Group. Ludwigite-Vonsenite Series. The magnesium analogue of Vonsenite and Marinaite.
A high-temperature mineral occurring in contact metamorphic deposits.
A high-temperature mineral occurring in contact metamorphic deposits.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2454
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2454:5
IMA Classification of Ludwigite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Mg2Fe3+O2(BO3)
First published:
1874
Classification of Ludwigite
6.AB.30
6 : BORATES
A : Monoborates
B : BO3, with additional anions; 1(D) + OH, etc.
6 : BORATES
A : Monoborates
B : BO3, with additional anions; 1(D) + OH, etc.
24.2.1.1
24 : ANHYDROUS BORATES
2 : A2BO2[XO3]
24 : ANHYDROUS BORATES
2 : A2BO2[XO3]
9.8.2
9 : Borates
8 : Borates of Fe
9 : Borates
8 : Borates of Fe
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Ldw | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Ludwigite
Silky, Sub-Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Dark-green to black
Streak:
Black, blackish green
Hardness:
5 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
None Observed
Fracture:
Fibrous
Comment:
tenacity - tough
Density:
3.80(3) g/cm3 (Measured) 3.78 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Ludwigite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.83 - 1.85 nβ = 1.83 - 1.90 nγ = 1.97 - 2.03
2V:
Measured: 20° to 45°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.140 - 0.180
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Anisotropism:
yellowish brown to bluish violet gray.
Bireflectance:
Pinkish gray to dark greenish gray
Dispersion:
r greater than v, extreme
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 (%) | R2 (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 400nm | 10.1% | 13.8% |
| 420nm | 9.7% | 13.2% |
| 440nm | 9.3% | 12.6% |
| 460nm | 9.0% | 12.1% |
| 480nm | 8.7% | 11.8% |
| 500nm | 8.5% | 11.5% |
| 520nm | 8.2% | 11.3% |
| 540nm | 8.1% | 11.2% |
| 560nm | 7.9% | 11.0% |
| 580nm | 7.8% | 10.9% |
| 600nm | 7.6% | 10.8% |
| 620nm | 7.5% | 10.8% |
| 640nm | 7.4% | 10.8% |
| 660nm | 7.3% | 10.8% |
| 680nm | 7.2% | 10.8% |
| 700nm | 7.2% | 10.9% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 13.8%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Pleochroism:
Strong
Comments:
X = Dark green
Y = Dark green
Z = Dark reddish brown (may be opaque)
Y = Dark green
Z = Dark reddish brown (may be opaque)
Chemistry of Ludwigite
Mindat Formula:
Mg2Fe3+(BO3)O2
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Al
Chemical Analysis
Empirical formulas:
| Sample ID | Empirical Formula |
|---|---|
| 1 | (Mg1.88,Fe0.11)1.99 (Fe0.78,Al0.21)0.99 O2 BO3 |
| 2 | (Mg1.95,Fe0.05)2.00 (Fe0.68,Al0.25,Ti0.06)0.99 O2 BO3 |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Gabbro Quarry, Radau valley, Bad Harzburg, Goslar District, Lower Saxony, Germany | Polished grain mount. Calibrated quantitative analysis, O and B by stoichiometry. | |
| 2 | " " | Polished grain mount. Calibrated quantitative analysis, O and B by stoichiometry. |
Crystallography of Ludwigite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Pbam
Setting:
Pbam
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.2411(6) Å, b = 12.2948(9) Å, c = 3.0213(3) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.752 : 1 : 0.246
Unit Cell V:
343.27 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals prismatic [001], rare, with a rhombic cross-section and lacking terminal faces. As fibrous masses, radiating to dense felted aggregates; sheaf-like aggregates; rosettes of needle-like crystals. Granular.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0005628 | Ludwigite | Irwin M B, Peterson R C (1999) The crystal structure of ludwigite The Canadian Mineralogist 37 939-943 |  | 1999 | Crestmore quarry, California, USA | 0 | 293 |
| 0018467 | Ludwigite | Brovkin A A, Rozhdestvenskaya I V, Rykova E A (2002) Cation distribution in the structure of titanium-containing ludwigite Crystallography Reports 47 412-414 | 2002 | Tazheran massif | 0 | 293 | |
| 0014914 | Ludwigite | Holtstam D (2001) Crystal chemistry of a manganian ludwigite Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 2001 520-528 | 2001 | Jakobsberg Fe-Mn oxide deposit, Filipstad, Varmland, Sweden | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 5.12 Å | (100) |
| 2.547 Å | (70) |
| 2.515 Å | (70) |
| 2.027 Å | (50) |
| 2.167 Å | (35) |
| 2.990 Å | (25) |
| 1.903 Å | (25) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 23 : Subaerial aqueous alteration by non-redox-sensitive fluids (see also #47) | |
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 45b : [Other oxidized fumarolic minerals] |
Geological Setting:
In contact metamorphic deposits as high-temperature phases.
Type Occurrence of Ludwigite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Natural History Museum, Vienna, Austria, A.a.6315.
Synonyms of Ludwigite
Other Language Names for Ludwigite
Varieties of Ludwigite
| Alumoludwigite | Aluminian Ludwigite |
| Tin-bearing Ludwigite | A tin-rich variety of Ludwigite, which may contain up to 12.0% (w/w) of Sn. |
Relationship of Ludwigite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Ludwigite Group:
| Azoproite | (Mg,Fe2+)2(Fe3+,Ti,Mg)(BO3)O2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbam |
| Bonaccordite | Ni2Fe3+(BO3)O2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbam |
| Fredrikssonite | Mg2(Mn3+,Fe3+)(BO3)O2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbam |
| Marinaite | Cu2Fe3+O2(BO3) | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Savelievaite | Mg2Cr3+O2(BO3) | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbam |
| Vonsenite | Fe2+2Fe3+(BO3)O2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbam |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 48 photos of Ludwigite associated with Peridot | Mg2SiO4 |
| 37 photos of Ludwigite associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| 26 photos of Ludwigite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 25 photos of Ludwigite associated with Szaibélyite | MgBO2(OH) |
| 19 photos of Ludwigite associated with Spinel | MgAl2O4 |
| 17 photos of Ludwigite associated with Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| 16 photos of Ludwigite associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 16 photos of Ludwigite associated with Forsterite | Mg2(SiO4) |
| 15 photos of Ludwigite associated with Lizardite | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 14 photos of Ludwigite associated with Chestermanite | Mg2(Fe3+,Mn3+,Al,Sb3+)(BO3)O2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 6.AB. | Chubarovite | KZn2(BO3)Cl2 |
| 6.AB. | Rhabdoborite-(Mo) | Mg12Mo6+1.33O6(BO3)6F2 |
| 6.AB.05 | Hambergite | Be2(BO3)(OH) |
| 6.AB.10 | Berborite | Be2(BO3)(OH,F) · H2O |
| 6.AB.15 | Jeremejevite | Al6(BO3)5(F,OH)3 |
| 6.AB.20 | Yuanfuliite | Mg(Fe3+,Al)O(BO3) |
| 6.AB.20 | Warwickite | (Mg,Ti,Fe,Al)2O(BO3) |
| 6.AB.25 | Karlite | (Mg,Al)6.5(BO3)3(OH)4(◻,Cl)0.5 |
| 6.AB.30 | Marinaite | Cu2Fe3+O2(BO3) |
| 6.AB.30 | Savelievaite | Mg2Cr3+O2(BO3) |
| 6.AB.30 | Fredrikssonite | Mg2(Mn3+,Fe3+)(BO3)O2 |
| 6.AB.30 | Vonsenite | Fe2+2Fe3+(BO3)O2 |
| 6.AB.30 | Azoproite | (Mg,Fe2+)2(Fe3+,Ti,Mg)(BO3)O2 |
| 6.AB.30 | Bonaccordite | Ni2Fe3+(BO3)O2 |
| 6.AB.35 | Folvikite | Sb5+Mn3+(Mg,Mn2+)10O8(BO3)4 |
| 6.AB.35 | Pinakiolite | (Mg,Mn2+)2Mn3+(BO3)O2 |
| 6.AB.40 | Takéuchiite | (Mg,Mn2+)2(Mn3+,Fe3+)(BO3)O2 |
| 6.AB.40 | Blatterite | Sb5+3(Mn3+,Fe3+)9(Mn2+,Mg)35(BO3)16O32 |
| 6.AB.40 | Orthopinakiolite | (Mg,Mn2+)2Mn3+(BO3)O2 |
| 6.AB.40 | Chestermanite | Mg2(Fe3+,Mn3+,Al,Sb3+)(BO3)O2 |
| 6.AB.45 | Aluminomagnesiohulsite | (Mg,Fe2+)2(Al,Mg,Sn)(BO3)O2 |
| 6.AB.45 | Hulsite | Fe2+2Fe3+O2(BO3) |
| 6.AB.45 | Magnesiohulsite | Mg2Fe3+O2(BO3) |
| 6.AB.50 | Fluoborite | Mg3(BO3)(F,OH)3 |
| 6.AB.50 | Hydroxylborite | Mg3(BO3)(OH)3 |
| 6.AB.55 | Shabynite | Mg5(BO3)(OH)5(Cl,OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 6.AB.55 | Wightmanite | Mg5(BO3)O(OH)5 · 2H2O |
| 6.AB.60 | Gaudefroyite | Ca4Mn3+2-3(BO3)3(CO3)(O,OH)3 |
| 6.AB.65 | Sakhaite | Ca48Mg16(BO3)32(CO3)16 · 2(H2O,HCl) |
| 6.AB.70 | Harkerite | Ca48Mg16[AlSi4O15(OH)]4(BO3)16(CO3)16 · 2(H2O,HCl) |
| 6.AB.75 | Pertsevite-(F) | Mg2(BO3)(F,OH) |
| 6.AB.75 | Pertsevite-(OH) | Mg2(BO3)(OH) |
| 6.AB.80 | Jacquesdietrichite | Cu2(H2BO3)(OH)3 |
| 6.AB.85 | Rhabdoborite-(V) | Mg12(V5+,Mo6+,W6+)1.5O6{[BO3]6-x[(P,As)O4]xF2-x} (x < 1) |
| 6.AB.85 | Rhabdoborite-(W) | Mg12(W6+,V5+)1.5O6{[BO3]6-x[(P,As)O4]xF2-x} |
| 6.AB.85 | Painite | CaZrAl9(BO3)O15 |
| 6.AB.90 | Mengxianminite | (Ca,Na)2Sn2(Mg,Fe)3Al8[(BO3)(BeO4)O6]2 |
Other Information
Magnetism:
Ferromagnetic
Notes:
Slowly soluble in acids.
Alters to Limonite.
Alters to Limonite.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
None
Ludwigite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Ludwigite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2454.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
References for Ludwigite
Reference List:
Schaller, Waldemar Theodore (1910) Ludwigite from Montana. American Journal of Science: 30: 146-150.
Butler, B. S.; Schaller, W. T. (1917) Magnesioludwigite, a new mineral. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 7. 29-31as Magnesioludwigite
Eakle, Arthur S. (1920) Vonsenite. A preliminary note on a new mineral. American Mineralogist, 5 (8) 141-143
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.102
Shannon, Earl V. (1921) The identity of "collbranite" with ludwigite. American Mineralogist, 6 (5) 86-88
Knopf, Adolph (1942) Ludwigite from Colorado Gulch, near Helena, Montana. American Mineralogist, 27 (12) 824
Takéuchi, Y., Watanabé, T., Ito, T. (1950) The crystal structures of warwickite, ludwigite and pinakiolite. Acta Crystallographica, 3 (2) 98-107 doi:10.1107/s0365110x50000252
Bertaut, E. F. (1950) Structures des boroferrites. Acta Crystallographica, 3 (6) 473-474 doi:10.1107/s0365110x50001312
Schaller, W. T., Vlisidis, A. C. (1961) The composition of the aluminian lugwigite from Crestmore, California. American Mineralogist, 46 (3-4) 335-339
Vlisidis, Angelina C.; Schaller, Waldemar T. (1974) The identity of paigeite with vonsenite, and chemical analyses of vonsenite, ludwigite, and hulsite. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Monatshefte, 1974 (3-4). 95-105 doi:10.1127/njmm/1974/1974/95
Bovin, J.-O., O'Keeffe, M., O'Keefe, M. A. (1981) Electron microscopy of oxyborates. I. Defect structures in the minerals pinakiolite, ludwigite, orthopinakiolite and takéuchiite. Acta Crystallographica Section A, 37 (1) 28-35 doi:10.1107/s0567739481000065
Norrestam, R., Kritikos, M., Nielsen, K., Søtofte, I., Thorup, N. (1994) Structural Characterizations of Two Synthetic Ni-Ludwigites, and Some Semiempirical EHTB Calculations on the Ludwigite Structure Type. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 111. 217-223 doi:10.1006/jssc.1994.1220
Appel, P. W. U., Brigatti, M. F. (1999) Ludwigite from central Sweden: new data and crystal structure
refinement. Mineralogical Magazine, 63 (4) 511-518 doi:10.1180/002646199548682
Leite, C. A. F., Guimarães, R. B., Fernandes, J. C., Continentino, M. A., Paschoal, C. W. A., Ayala, A. P., Guedes, I. (2002) Temperature-dependent Raman scattering study of Fe3O2BO3 ludwigite. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 33 (1). 1-5 doi:10.1002/jrs.801
Girgsdies, Frank, Behrens, Malte (2012) On the structural relations of malachite. I. The rosasite and ludwigite structure families. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, 68 (2) 107-117 doi:10.1107/s0108768112005125
Bilohuščin, Vladimír, Uher, Pavel, Koděra, Peter, Milovská, Stanislava, Mikuš, Tomáš, Bačík, Peter (2017) Evolution of borate minerals from contact metamorphic to hydrothermal stages: Ludwigite-group minerals and szaibélyite from the Vysoká – Zlatno skarn, Slovakia. Mineralogy and Petrology, 111 (4) 643-658 doi:10.1007/s00710-017-0518-y
Biryukov, Yaroslav P., Zinnatullin, Almaz L., Levashova, Irina O., Shablinskii, Andrey P., Bubnova, Rimma S., Vagizov, Farit G., Ugolkov, Valery L., Filatov, Stanislav K., Pekov, Igor V. (2023) Crystal structure refinement, low- and high-temperature X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy study of the oxoborate ludwigite from the Iten'yurginskoe deposit. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials, 79 (5) 368-379 doi:10.1107/s2052520623006455
Localities for Ludwigite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
Argentina | |
| Brodtkorb (2002) |
Australia | |
| Bottrill & Taheri |
| Tested by XRD and SEM-EDS by R Bottrill +1 other reference |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| Patterson |
Austria | |
| Franz et al. (1981) |
Bulgaria | |
| Marcus Voigt Collection |
Canada | |
| 162-165. +1 other reference |
| Sabina (1982) |
| Sabina (1987) |
| Hull-Maniwaki +1 other reference |
China | |
| Zhao et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| Chen et al. (2007) |
| Zhao et al. (1999) | |
| Yiming Zhao and Daxin Li (2003) | |
| Gu et al. (2007) |
| Jianxiong Zhou and Jinyan Lu (1981) +1 other reference |
| Zhenhai Wang (2000) |
| Chang Zhaoshan and Feng Zhongyan (1996) +1 other reference |
| Rongwen Zhou and Zhishun Chen (1991) |
| Yang Guangming et al. (1985) +1 other reference | |
| Rongwen Zhou and Zaixi Li (1992) | |
| Fushun Li et al. (2012) |
| Ottens et al. (2014) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Zongkai Lu (1984) +1 other reference |
| Keevil et al. (2022) | |
| Mingshou Yang (1983) |
| Matsuda (1969) +2 other references |
| Rongge Xiao et al. (2003) +4 other references |
| Rongge Xiao et al. (2003) +2 other references |
| Guoqiang Tian et al. (2006) |
| Fuquan Yang et al. (2003) |
| Feibao Wu and Zongyu Li (1986) +1 other reference |
Czech Republic | |
| Šrein +2 other references |
| Robert Vaňo specimens |
| Gramblička (n.d.) | |
Finland | |
| Virtasalmi-Copper Database. Geological Survey of Finland (2009) |
France | |
| Goujou et al. (2000) |
Germany | |
| Dennis Harries Collection |
| Mädler (1992) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2016) |
| Reinhardt et al. (2022) | |
| Gröbner J. +1 other reference |
| Collection of Chester S. Lemanski | |
Italy | |
| Bachechi et al. (1966 a) +3 other references |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) |
| Bedognè +2 other references | |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) |
| Campostrini (2001) |
| //doi.org/10.57635/MICRO.2025.23.18 |
| Meli R. (1997) |
Japan | |
| Petrov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Watanabe et al (1963) +1 other reference |
Kazakhstan | |
| Pekov (1998) |
North Korea | |
| |
| watanabe (in: Geology and Mineral Resources of the Far East, University of Tokyo Press, 1969) +1 other reference |
| watanabe (in: Geology and Mineral Resources of the Far East, University of Tokyo Press, 1969) +1 other reference | |
| watanabe (in: Geology and Mineral Resources of the Far East, University of Tokyo Press, 1969) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Norway | |
| Bøe (1997) +1 other reference |
Pakistan | |
| Jan et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
Peru | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Romania | |
| Ş +1 other reference |
| Ş +2 other references | |
| Marincea et al. (2023) | |
| www.minerals-of-the-carpathians |
| Cook et al. (2001) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +3 other references |
| Marincea (1999) +1 other reference | |
| Marincea (1999) +1 other reference | |
| Stefan Nicolescu (1996) +2 other references | |
| Marincea (1999) +1 other reference | |
| Marincea (1999) +1 other reference | |
| Marincea (1999) +1 other reference | |
| Cook et al. (2001) | |
| Stefan Nicolescu (1996) +2 other references | |
| Marincea (2000) |
| MARINCEA (2000) +2 other references | |
Russia | |
| American Mineralogist +2 other references |
| webmineral.ru (n.d.) |
| Frank K. Mazdab collection +2 other references |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Mazurov et al. (2007) |
| Kalashnikov et al. (2024) |
| M.O. Bulakh et al. (2021) |
| M.O. Bulakh et al. (2021) +3 other references |
| Galuskina et al. (2008) |
| Shevko et al. (2019, September) |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
| Aleksandrov et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| American Mineralogist 42:582-583 | |
| USGS Open File Report 2005-1252: 23. +3 other references |
| Aleksandrov (1998) +2 other references |
| Pertsev +1 other reference |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
| Schreyer et al. (2004) |
| Pekov et al. (2024) |
| Kovalev et al. (2019) |
Slovakia | |
| Vladimír Bilohuščin (2016) +1 other reference |
Spain | |
| Curras et al. (1992) +1 other reference |
Sweden | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stenberg (2005) |
| Appel et al. (1999) | |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
| Gatedal (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Gatedal (2003) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # 3913 (visually identified, ex- H. Fylling collection) | |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
| Sandström et al. (2009) |
| Gatedal (n.d.) | |
| Holtstam (2001) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Bjernulf et al. (2021) |
UK | |
| |
| Livingstone (2002) |
USA | |
| USGS Bull 358 +1 other reference |
| www.excaliburmineral.com |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Vlisidis et al. (1974) +2 other references |
| Erd et al. (1988) | |
| Chesterman (1959) +3 other references |
| Page (1946) +3 other references |
| - (2005) |
| Page (1946) +6 other references | |
| Chesterman (1966a) +2 other references |
| Woodford et al. (1941) +2 other references |
| Woodford et al. (1941) | |
| Woodford et al. (1941) | |
| Cooney (1956) +3 other references |
| Woodford et al. (1941) |
| Cooney (1956) +2 other references |
| Lamey (1961) +3 other references |
| Lamey (1961) +2 other references |
| Micro Probe |
| Ream (2004) | |
| Ream (2004) | |
| Ream (2004) |
| Lavinsky (n.d.) |
| ex-Bosse collection (1960s-70s) | |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Gillerman (1982) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| American Mineralogist 10:137-139 | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Martin Jensen (2011) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Calkins +3 other references | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Woodford et al. (2001) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Calkins +2 other references | |
| Calkins +2 other references | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Field (1917) |
| Cannon (1975) +1 other reference |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +2 other references |
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Unnamed Skarn occurrence [1], Kaiser Wilderness area, Fresno County, California, USA