Langite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Langite
Viktor von Lang (1838 – 1921)
Formula:
Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 · 2H2O
Colour:
Blue, greenish-blue
Lustre:
Vitreous, Silky
Hardness:
2½ - 3
Specific Gravity:
3.48 - 3.5
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
Named by Nevil Story-Maskelyne in 1864 in honor of Victor von Lang (2 March 1838, Vienna, Austrian Empire - 3 July 1921, Vienna, Austria), physicist and crystallographer, Professor of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. At the time of the mineral's discovery von Lang was employed at the British Museum (1862-1864). He became a pioneer of crystal physics.
Co-Type Localities:
Dimorph of:
A secondary copper mineral formed from the oxidation of copper sulphides.
Often forms pseudohexagonal twins. Some habits are easily confused with posnjakite and wroewolfeite.
May be altered to brochantite.
Often forms pseudohexagonal twins. Some habits are easily confused with posnjakite and wroewolfeite.
May be altered to brochantite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2322
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2322:7
IMA Classification of Langite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1864
Classification of Langite
7.DD.10
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
D : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, with H2O
D : With only medium-sized cations; sheets of edge-sharing octahedra
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
D : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, with H2O
D : With only medium-sized cations; sheets of edge-sharing octahedra
31.4.3.1
31 : HYDRATED SULFATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
4 : (AB)4(XO4)Zq·xH2O
31 : HYDRATED SULFATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
4 : (AB)4(XO4)Zq·xH2O
25.2.9
25 : Sulphates
2 : Sulphates of Cu and Ag
25 : Sulphates
2 : Sulphates of Cu and Ag
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Lgt | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Lgt | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Langite
Vitreous, Silky
Transparency:
Translucent
Comment:
Crusts somewhat silky.
Colour:
Blue, greenish-blue
Hardness:
2½ - 3 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
On {001} and {010}.
On {001} and {010}.
Density:
3.48 - 3.5 g/cm3 (Measured)
Comment:
Measured values on Cornwall material.
Optical Data of Langite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.708 nβ = 1.76 nγ = 1.798
2V:
Measured: 65° , Calculated: 78°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.090
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
r > v weak
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X = c = Light yellowish green
Y = b = Blue-green
Z = a = Sky-blue
Y = b = Blue-green
Z = a = Sky-blue
Chemistry of Langite
Mindat Formula:
Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 · 2H2O
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Langite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
m - Domatic
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.118 Å, b = 6.031 Å, c = 11.209 Å
β = 90°
β = 90°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.18 : 1 : 1.859
Unit Cell V:
481.19 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Crystals small; equant or elongated [100]; lath-like, scales; fibro-lamellar crusts; earthy.
Twinning:
Common on {110}. Repeated in part as aggregates flattened {001} rendering star-shaped twins.
Comment:
Space group Pc; metrically pseudo-orthorhombic
Crystallographic forms of Langite
Crystal Atlas:
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Langite no.1 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Langite no.2 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Langite no.3 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
www.smorf.nl.
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Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0009993 | Langite | Gentsch M, Weber K (1984) Structure of langite, Cu4[(OH)6|SO4]*2H2O Acta Crystallographica C40 1309-1311 |  | 1984 | Allihies mine, County Cork, Ireland | 0 | 293 |
| 0012082 | Langite | Galy J, Jaud J, Pulou R, Sempere R (1984) Structure cristalline de la langite, Cu4[SO4(OH)6H2O]*H2O Bulletin de Mineralogie 107 641-648 | 1984 | Mazega, Aveyrone, France | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 7.063 Å | (10) |
| 3.567 Å | (9) |
| 2.662 Å | (7) |
| 2.616 Å | (7) |
| 2.493 Å | (8) |
| 2.134 Å | (9) |
| 1.773 Å | (7) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47b : [Sulfates and sulfites] | |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals | |
| 56 : Slag and smelter minerals (see also #51 and #55) |
Type Occurrence of Langite
Co-Type Localities:
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Natural History Museum, Vienna, Austria, A.a.4353.
Other Language Names for Langite
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 151 photos of Langite associated with Brochantite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 107 photos of Langite associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 62 photos of Langite associated with Linarite | PbCu(SO4)(OH)2 |
| 58 photos of Langite associated with Anglesite | PbSO4 |
| 51 photos of Langite associated with Connellite | Cu19(SO4)(OH)32Cl4 · 3H2O |
| 51 photos of Langite associated with Cerussite | PbCO3 |
| 49 photos of Langite associated with Posnjakite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 · H2O |
| 48 photos of Langite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 39 photos of Langite associated with Devilline | CaCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 33 photos of Langite associated with Cuprite | Cu2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.DD. | Asagiite | NiCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.05 | Felsőbányaite | Al4(SO4)(OH)10 · 4H2O |
| 7.DD.07 | Llantenesite | Cu6Al[SeO4](OH)12Cl · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.10 | Fehrite | MgCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.10 | Posnjakite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 · H2O |
| 7.DD.10 | Wroewolfeite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| 7.DD.10 | Gobelinite | CoCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.15 | Kobyashevite | Cu5(SO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O |
| 7.DD.15 | Spangolite | Cu6Al(SO4)(OH)12Cl · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.15 | Unnamed (Dimorph of Devilline) | CaCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.20 | Ktenasite | ZnCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.25 | Christelite | Cu2Zn3(SO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O |
| 7.DD.30 | Edwardsite | Cu3Cd2(SO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O |
| 7.DD.30 | Niedermayrite | CdCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O |
| 7.DD.30 | Serpierite | Ca(Cu,Zn)4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.30 | Campigliaite | Mn2+Cu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O |
| 7.DD.30 | Orthoserpierite | Ca(Cu,Zn)4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.30 | Devilline | CaCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Shigaite | Mn6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Zincaluminite | (Zn1-xAlx)(SO4)x/2(OH)2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Zincowoodwardite | Zn1-xAlx(OH)2[SO4]x/2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Natroglaucocerinite | Zn6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Hydrowoodwardite | (Cu1-xAlx)(OH)2[SO4]x/2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Honessite | (Ni1-xFe3+x)(OH)2[SO4]x/2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Carrboydite | (Ni1-xAlx)(SO4)x/2(OH)2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Glaucocerinite | (Zn1-xAlx)(OH)2(SO4)x/2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Wermlandite | Mg7Al2(OH)18[Ca(H2O)6][SO4]2 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Nikischerite | Fe2+6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Hydrohonessite | (Ni1-xFe3+x)(OH)2(SO4)x/2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Woodwardite | Cu1-xAlx(OH)2(SO4)x/2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Motukoreaite | Mg6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6][SO4]2 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Mountkeithite | [(Mg1-xFe3+x)(OH)2][SO4]x/2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.40 | Lawsonbauerite | (Mn2+,Mg)9Zn4(SO4)2(OH)22 · 8H2O |
| 7.DD.40 | Torreyite | (Mg,Mn2+)7◻2Mn2+2Zn4(SO4)2(OH)22 · 8H2O |
| 7.DD.40 | Isselite | Cu6(SO4)(OH)10(H2O)4 · H2O |
| 7.DD.45 | Mooreite | Mg9◻2Mn2Zn4(SO4)2(OH)26 · 8H2O |
| 7.DD.45 | Hodgesmithite | (Cu,Zn)6Zn(SO4)2(OH)10 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.47 | Lahnsteinite | Zn4(SO4)(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.50 | Namuwite | Zn4(SO4)(OH)6 · 4H2O |
| 7.DD.50 | Minohlite | (Cu,Zn)7(SO4)2(OH)10 · 8H2O |
| 7.DD.52 | Lauraniite | Cu6Cd2(SO4)2(OH)12 · 5H2O |
| 7.DD.55 | Bechererite | Zn7Cu(OH)13[(SiO(OH)3(SO4)] |
| 7.DD.60 | Ramsbeckite | (Cu,Zn)15(SO4)4(OH)22 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.65 | Vonbezingite | Ca6Cu3(SO4)3(OH)12 · 2H2O |
| 7.DD.70 | Redgillite | Cu6(SO4)(OH)10 · H2O |
| 7.DD.75 | Nickelalumite | NiAl4(SO4)(OH)12(H2O)3 |
| 7.DD.75 | Kyrgyzstanite | ZnAl4(SO4)(OH)12 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.75 | Chalcoalumite | CuAl4(SO4)(OH)12 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.80 | Schulenbergite | (Cu,Zn)7(SO4)2(OH)10 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.80 | UM1992-30-SO:CCuHZn | (Zn,Cu)7(SO4,CO3)2(OH)10 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.80 | Thérèsemagnanite | NaCo4(SO4)(OH)6Cl · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.80 | Guarinoite | Zn6(SO4)(OH)10 · 5H2O |
| 7.DD.85 | Montetrisaite | Cu6(SO4)(OH)10 · 2H2O |
Other Information
Notes:
Insoluble in water. Readily soluble in acids or ammonia.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Langite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2322.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
References for Langite
Reference List:
(1862) XVI. On some of the basic salts of copper. The London, Edinburgh, And Dublin Philosophical Magazine And Journal Of Science, S. 4 Vol. 24 (159) 123-126 doi:10.1080/14786446208643325
Maskelyne, N. S. (1864) New British mineral. The London, Edinburgh, And Dublin Philosophical Magazine And Journal Of Science, S. 4 Vol. 27 (182) 316 doi:10.1080/14786446408643673
(1864) Analysis of Langite, a new mineral from Cornwall. The London, Edinburgh, And Dublin Philosophical Magazine And Journal Of Science, S. 4 Vol. 28 (190) 403-404 doi:10.1080/14786446408643787
Church, A. H. (1865) On some hydrated cupric oxysulphates from Cornwall. Journal of the Chemical Society, 18. 83-88 doi:10.1039/js8651800083
Maskelyne, N. S. (1865) On new Cornish minerals of the brochantite group. The London, Edinburgh, And Dublin Philosophical Magazine And Journal Of Science, S. 4 Vol. 29 (198) 473-476
Maskelyne, N. S. (1865) On new Cornish minerals of the brochantite group. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 14. 392-400 doi:10.1098/rspl.1865.0074
Maskelyne, N. S. (1865) II. On new Cornish minerals of the brochantite group. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 14. 86-89 doi:10.1098/rspl.1865.0024
Aristides, Brezina (1879) Herrengrundit, ein neues basisches Kupfersulfat. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie und Mineralogie, 3 (1). 359-380 doi:10.1524/zkri.1879.3.1.359
Galy, Jean, Jaud, Joël, Pulou, Raymond, Sempère, Rodolphe (1984) Structure cristalline de la langite, Cu4[SO4(OH)6H2O].H2O. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 107 (5) 641-648 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1984.7808
Gentsch, M., Weber, K. (1984) Structure of langite, Cu4[(OH)6|SO4]·2H2O. Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications, 40 (8) 1309-1311 doi:10.1107/s0108270184007769
Martens, Wayde, Frost, Ray L., Kloprogge, J. Theo, Williams, Peter A. (2003) Raman spectroscopic study of the basic copper sulphates - implications for copper corrosion and 'bronze disease'. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 34 (2) 145-151 doi:10.1002/jrs.969
Frost, R. L. (2003) Raman spectroscopy of selected copper minerals of significance in corrosion. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 59 (6) 1195-1204 doi:10.1016/s1386-1425(02)00315-3
Frost, Ray L., Williams, Peter A., Martens, Wayde, Leverett, Peter, Kloprogge, J. Theo (2004) Raman spectroscopy of basic copper(II) and some complex copper(II) sulfate minerals: Implications for hydrogen bonding. American Mineralogist, 89 (7) 1130-1137 doi:10.2138/am-2004-0726
Bloise, Andrea, Dattola, Luigi, De Luca, Raffaella, Miriello, Domenico (2023) Anglesite, Cerussite, Gypsum, Langite, Malachite, and Posnjakite: New Occurrences in the Calabria Region (Southern Italy) Applied Sciences, 13 (4) 2200 doi:10.3390/app13042200("new Raman bands, which have not been mentioned before in the literature, were identified")
Localities for Langite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| McQueen +2 other references |
| Leverett et al. (2004) |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Kolitsch et al. (1999) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill |
| M. Latham Collection 2011 |
Austria | |
| C.Auer (2014) |
| Taucher (1996) |
| Niedermayr et al. (2006) |
| Blass et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Auer & Kolitsch (2017) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2013) |
| Blaß et al. (1997) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Puttner (1994) | |
| Leute (1999) +1 other reference |
| Niedermayr et al. (1998) | |
| Auer (1995) |
| Puttner (1996) |
| Meixner (1976) |
| G. Niedermayr: Carinthia II 191./111.:97-102 (2001) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2014) |
| Huber et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| Hackenberg (2003) |
| Kirchner et al. (2007) |
| Mrazek (1992) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Fritz Schreiber collection |
| Putz (2003) |
| Auer (1995) |
| Steinwender et al. (2012) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2009) |
| Kirchner et al. (2004) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| R.Poeverlein (2016) | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| R.Poeverlein (2016) | |
| R.Poeverlein (2016) | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Lewandowski et al. (2006) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Niedermayr et al. (2009) | |
| Schebesta (Autoren) +1 other reference | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Auer et al. (2017) |
| C.Auer (2019) |
| Auer (2023) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Auer (2024) |
| Schebesta (1992) |
| C.Auer (2013) |
| MEIXNER (1941) +3 other references |
| Heider et al. (2019) | |
| Taucher (1997) |
| Jakely (Hrsg.) |
| C.Auer (2012) |
| Jakely (2008) |
| Gröbner et al. (2012) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2010) |
| Kolitsch (2014) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2005) |
| Schnorrer+Poeverlein (2005) | |
| - (1994, July) | |
| - (1994, July) | |
| Schnorrer et al. (2002) |
| Der Aufschluß (2006) |
| Lapis 2007 +1 other reference | |
| Putz et al. (2007) |
| 58. +1 other reference |
| Poeverlein et al. (2010) |
| Poeverlein et al. (2010) | |
| Bauer (1997) |
| Arlt et al. (1994) | |
| Schnorrer et al. (2007) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2022) |
Belgium | |
| |
| Hatert et al. (2014) |
| van Tassel (1979) +1 other reference |
| Michel Blondieau. +4 other references |
| Van Der Meersche (1993) +2 other references |
| Dehove et al. (2006) |
| de Koninck (1871) +3 other references | |
| Blondieau (2005) | |
| Blondieau (2005) | |
| |
Bolivia | |
| XRD by Dr. Jaroslav Hyrsl |
Canada | |
| Ingelson (1984) |
| Sabina (2015) |
| Sabina (2015) |
| Norman Wilson personal collection |
| Sabina (1965) |
| nsminerals.atspace.com (2005) |
| Sabina (2015) +1 other reference |
| Reiner Mielke 2016 |
| Reiner Mielke 2015 | |
| Mielke (n.d.) |
| Sabina (1992) |
| Sabina (1992) |
| Sabina (1992) |
| HORVÁTH et al. (2000) |
Czech Republic | |
| RÜSENBERG et al. (1996) |
| C.Auer (2016) |
| Ondruš et al. (1989) |
| Kohout et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Bulletin mineralogicko-petrologického ... |
| Lapis 2002 (7/8) |
| Sejkora et al. (2006) |
| Malec J. et al.: Jacutingait (podkrkonošská pánev) |
| Žáček |
| Pauliš et al. (2004) |
| Kuttna +1 other reference | |
| Slavíček |
| Sejkora (1998) |
| |
Egypt | |
| Natural History Museum Vienna (rock) |
Europe | |
| |
France | |
| Pierre Le Roch & Jean-Marc Johannet ... +1 other reference |
| Boisson et al. (2000) | |
| Yannick Vessely collection |
| Blondieau et al. (2025) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| De Ascenção Guedes (2014) |
| Vernay (1997) +1 other reference |
| Yannick Vessely collection |
| P.-C. Guiollard (2002) +1 other reference | |
| Chollet Pascal Collection |
| Coueille (1988) |
| Paul Poulain | |
| Vessely Collection |
| Favreau G. et al. (1996) |
| Vessely Collection |
| Valverde J. (1999) | |
| Y. Vessely collection | |
| Pascal Chollet collection |
| Sarp et al. (1980) |
| De Ascencao Guedes R. (2001) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| OLLIC Pascal Collection |
| Vessely Collection |
| Kolitsch (1997) |
| Germain C. et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Thierry Brunsperger collection. |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| T. Brunsperger collection |
| T. Brunsperger observations | |
| Weil et al 1975 | |
| Hohl (1994) |
| Mines +1 other reference |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Escande et al. (1973) +6 other references |
| Escande et al. (1973) +6 other references | |
| Hohl (1994) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Remy Ph. (2003) |
| Self collected Jean-Marie LAURENT - ... +1 other reference |
| Patrice Queneau Collection and ... | |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| www.zampano.com (n.d.) |
| Queneau (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Lheur (2023) |
| Favreau et al. (2010) |
| |
| Queneau (n.d.) | |
| Jean Claude Dol specimens |
| |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Gol et al. (2010) |
| Yannick Vessely collection | |
| JM Johannet. |
| De Ascenção Guedes et al. (2002) |
| Gol et al. (2010) | |
| Lheur et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Queneau (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| BERBAIN et al. (2010) |
| Berbain et al. (2007) |
| Jean Claude Dol |
| INVENTAIRE MINERALOGIQUE DE LA FRANCE ... |
| Bernadi et al. (2014) |
| desescaut.jy@voila.fr |
| Chollet Pascal Collection |
| Sarp et al. (1996) |
| Jean-Luc Portes Collection |
| Y. Vessely collection |
| www.mine-capgaronne.fr (2003) +2 other references |
| Favreau et al. (2024) | |
| Valérie Galéa-Clolus collection - EDX ... +2 other references | |
| Favreau et al. (2024) | |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Emser Hefte 15 (3) |
| Markl (2017) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1998) |
| Walenta (1996) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2021) | |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| [Wittern (1995) |
| Anneliese Schwarz collection (visually identified by Uwe Kolitsch) +1 other reference | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Klaus Jäger Collection |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Markl (1992) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Walenta (1992) |
| |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Markl (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) +1 other reference |
| Hanneberg et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Joachim et al. (1993) |
| Habel (1998) +1 other reference |
| Habel (1998) |
| Obermüller et al. (1993) |
| Meier (1995) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Lapis 2002 (11) |
| Weiß (1990) +2 other references |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| web.archive.org (2001) |
| Schwarzmeier et al. (2015) +2 other references |
| Dill et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski | |
| Blessing et al. (1991) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Joachim Gröbner (2019) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Gröbner et al. (2009) |
| Neschen (n.d.) | |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1981) +1 other reference |
| Ko Jansen | |
| "Lithothek" collection of the ... | |
| 70. +1 other reference |
| Steinkamm et al. (1988) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) | |
| Baumgärtl (2014) |
| |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| van den Berg et al. (1990) |
| van den Berg et al. (1990) |
| Neschen (n.d.) | |
| |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Ko Jansen collection | |
| Gröbner (2007) |
| Gröbner (2001) | |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1984) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) |
| Günther Schnorrer Köhler (1985) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1986) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Mills et al. (2020) | |
| Henrich (2009) |
| Rolf Golze +3 other references |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Lapis (12) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1987) |
| Hucko et al. (2009) |
| Rolf Golze +3 other references |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Ko Jansen +1 other reference |
| Blaß et al. (1995) | |
| Blaß et al. (1995) | |
| Graf et al. (1982) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| min max |
| Lapis 1988 (1) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) | |
| Manfred Hermes collection |
| Volker Reppke Collection |
| Schüller et al. (2013) |
| Vetter (1991) |
| Wittern (2001) +1 other reference |
| Emser Hefte 1990 (1) |
| Reinhardt et al. (2005) | |
| Weiß (1990) +1 other reference |
| Schnorrer et al. (2000) | |
| Emser Hefte 1987 (4) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Henrich (2007) | |
| www.mgas.de (2003) |
| Günter Frenz collection +1 other reference |
| Graf (1991) |
| Lapis (2) | |
| Heidtke (2001) |
| Heidtke (2001) |
| Noll (1984) |
| Noll (1984) | |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Blaß et al. (2004) |
| Graf (1991) |
| Markl et al. (1990) |
| Lapis (9) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Habel (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Der Aufschluss Vol.55 |
| 58 (in German) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Thomas Kleser Collection |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| C.Auer (2019) |
| C.Auer (2019) |
| Knoll (2004) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Knoll (2004) | |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Lapis (4) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Loomis (1999) |
| Gröbner et al. (2006) |
| Witzke (1993) |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Witzke (1993) |
| Gröbner et al. (2006) |
| 43-47 +2 other references |
| Gröbner et al. (2008) |
| Witzke et al. (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
Greece | |
| Ritter (1978) |
| Fritz Schreiber collection | |
| Lapis (May 2003) |
| Gröbner (2003) | |
| Blaß et al. (1998) |
Hungary | |
| coll. Gábor Koller analysed by ... |
Ireland | |
| Flannery (n.d.) |
| de Haller |
| Moreton et al. (1992) |
| Moreton et al. (1993) |
| BMS Collection 116 | |
| Flannery (n.d.) |
| Dr Richard Unitt Collection |
| Dr Richard Unitt Collection |
| |
| Moreton (1991) |
| Green (1998) +1 other reference | |
| Fernando Brederodes collection (see photo) | |
Italy | |
| Georges FAVREAU collection and EDX ... |
| Giovanni Fraccaro collection | |
| Bloise et al. (2023) |
| Russo et al. (2004) |
| Adorni F. (1997) |
| Adorni F. (1997) | |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2017) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2018) | |
| Analysis by Andrea Palenzona |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2015) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Antofilli et al. (1983) |
| Ciuffardi et al. (2008) |
| Biagioni et al. (2020) |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana (Avril/Juin) |
| Redazionale (2005) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) | |
| Pagano et al. (2001) | |
| Redazione (2005) |
| Camarda et al. (2013) +1 other reference | |
| Marchesini M. (1999) |
| AA.VV. (1998) |
| probed by Prof. P. Orlandi (2001) |
| M.E. Ciriotti Probed 2005 |
| Paolangelo Cerea et al. (†) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Luigi Possenti Collection |
| Maida (2002) |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana |
| Carmagnola et al. (2019) |
| Luigi Possenti Collection | |
| Vergani et al. (2021) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Orlandi et al. (1) |
| Giovanni Fraccaro collection +1 other reference |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Bindi et al. (2016) |
| Ciriotti et al. (2019) | |
| Bindi et al. (2016) +1 other reference | |
| Ciriotti et al. (2019) | |
| |
| Orlandi et al. (2005) | |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Luigi Chiappino data |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Jean-Vincent Coureau collection |
| Stara P. (1996) | |
| |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1994) | |
| Preite et al. (2007) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| //doi.org/10.57635/MICRO.2025.23.16 |
| IR analysis at Zannato Museum of Montecchio Maggiore (Vicenza) |
| Mair (1996) |
| - (2023) | |
| Ferretti et al. (2017) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| IR analysis at Zannato Museum of Montecchio Maggiore (Vicenza) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) | |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2022) |
| Ferretti et al. (2018) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2021) |
| Rocchetti I. (1992) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) | |
| M.E. Ciriotti (2006) |
| Campostrini et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| IR analysis |
| Gasparetto et al. (2014) | |
| Raman Spectroscopy | |
| Erica Bittarello +3 other references | |
| Ferretti et al. (2019) |
| Bardi et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
| Jansen et al. (1998) |
| Giovanni Scapin Collection |
| Jansen et al. (1998) |
| Bonifazi (2021) |
| Muenchener Micromounter-Lithothek |
| Biagioni (2009) |
| Capperi M. et al. (FI) |
| Capperi M. et al. (FI) | |
| Orlandi P. |
| Pegoraro S. et al. (2009) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) | |
| Pegoraro S. et al. (2009) | |
| Pegoraro S. et al. (2009) | |
| Saccardo D. et al. (Torrebelvicino, Vicenza) |
| Maini et al. (2000) |
| Zordan et al. (2001) +2 other references |
Japan | |
| Ohnishi et al. (2011) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Takada et al. (1982) +1 other reference |
| |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| Masutomi Geology Museum (Kyoto) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Akira Kato (2009) |
| Uehara et al. (2014) |
Moldova | |
| Chris Mavris collection | |
Morocco | |
| Favreau (n.d.) |
Namibia | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| Gebhard (1999) |
New Zealand | |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
| Essence of Microscope |
Norway | |
| Nordrum (2012) +1 other reference |
| Raade et al. (1990) |
| Peter Andresen collection |
| Raade (1972) +2 other references | |
| Nilsen (1993) | |
| Nilsen (1993) | |
| Neumann (1985) | |
| Raade (1972) +1 other reference |
| Raade (1995) | |
| Garmo (1974) +1 other reference |
| Nordrum (2002) |
| Raade et al. (1990) |
| Uwe Kolitsch (SXRD analysis of specimen in the collection of Knut Edvard Larsen) +1 other reference |
Poland | |
| Siuda (2004) |
| Siuda (2001) | |
| Ciesielczuk +6 other references |
| Łukasz Kruszewski PXRD & EPMA data (2018) |
Portugal | |
| Antonio Jesus Pimentel specimens +1 other reference |
| Pedro Alves analytical data |
| Pedro Alves analytical data and ... |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
| |
| |
Romania | |
| collector: Gábor Koller (XRD and EDS) |
Russia | |
| webmineral.ru (2020) |
Slovakia | |
| Majzlan et al. (2018) |
| Majzlan et al. (2018) | |
| Števko et al. (2016) |
| Pauliš +1 other reference |
| Figuschová (1978) | |
| Martin Števko-unpublished | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Háber et al. (SGR) |
| Pauliš et al. (2002) | |
| Pauliš et al. (2002) | |
| Martin Števko-unpublished |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Martin Števko-unpublished |
| Martin Števko |
| Martin Števko-unpublished | |
| Števko M. et al. (in Slovak) |
| Řídkošil (1978) |
Slovenia | |
| Žorž et al. (2002) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
Spain | |
| García Guirado (2016) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2014) |
| Calvo (2008) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2014) |
| www.foro-minerales.com (2022) |
| www.foro-minerales.com (2022) +1 other reference | |
| Joan Rosell |
| Xevi Ortiz collection. +2 other references |
| Joan Abella i Creus (2008) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2014) |
| Casanova Honrubia |
| Collection and photos of Adrian Pesudo |
Sweden | |
| Natural History Museum |
| Persson (2000) +1 other reference |
Switzerland | |
| |
| Meisser (1999) |
| Langite or posnjakite +1 other reference | |
| Meisser (1999) | |
| Gröbner J. (2017) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Gröbner J. (2018) |
| Schmutz et al. (1986) |
| WULSER (2002) |
| Cuchet et al. (2012) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| EDXS analyses |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Meisser (2012) |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| EDXS analyses et al. (could also be posnjakite or wroewolfeite) |
| 86. (in German) +2 other references | |
UK | |
| |
| Knight et al. (1970) +1 other reference |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Richard de Nul collection |
| Richard de Nul collection | |
| Tony Aldworth collection | |
| |
| Virginia Maine collection | |
| Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society (1870) +2 other references | |
| Jason Evans collection |
| P Haas (2007) |
| P |
| Richard de Nul collection |
| Rudler (1905) +1 other reference | |
| Martin Stolworthy Collection | |
| Collins (1871) +1 other reference |
| LeBoutillier et al. (2003) | |
| S. Rust collection. |
| LeBoutillier et al. (2000) |
| Ian Jones collection |
| Crystal Classics specimen. |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Steve Rust collection |
| Tony Aldworth collection |
| Lavinsky (n.d.) |
| Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society (1870) +2 other references |
| |
| Collection Richard De Nul |
| Mike Rothwell specimens |
| Virginia Maine collection | |
| Virginia Maine collection | |
| Virginia Maine collection | |
| Robin Selley and Roger Eslick (2004) |
| Virginia Maine collection |
| |
| P Haas (collected 2008) | |
| C.R.Acad.Sci. Paris (1864) +1 other reference | |
| Haas (n.d.) |
| Richard de Nul collection | |
| - (various uploaded photos) | |
| P Haas |
| De Bondt (n.d.) | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| |
| Colelction Richard De Nul |
| Embrey (1978) +1 other reference |
| Braithwaite et al. (2006) |
| Jarvis +2 other references |
| S. Rust collection | |
| - (2006) +1 other reference |
| - (2006) | |
| Mike Leppington collection (visual ID) |
| Cooper et al. (1990) |
| Cooper et al. (1990) | |
| Cooper et al. (1990) +1 other reference | |
| Bridges et al. (2011) | |
| Cooper et al. (1990) | |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| [BMS] |
| Briscoe et al. (2008) |
| Personal collection of David Clayton |
| Andrew Hodgson collection. |
| Day (1999) |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) |
| S. Rust collection |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| |
| Conroy (2023) | |
| |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Braithwaite (1982) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Steve Rust collection |
| Steve Rust collection |
| |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Livingstone et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Braithwaite et al. (1990) | |
| R. S. W. Braithwaite and J. R. Knight (1990) +1 other reference |
| Green (1987) +2 other references |
| S. Rust collection |
| S.Rust Collection | |
| S.Rust Collection | |
| S Rust collection | |
| Steve Rust collection |
| |
| Day (1999) |
| Rust et al. (1988) | |
| Steve Rust collection |
| Mason et al. (1996) |
| Chris Popham Collection |
| S. Rust collection |
| |
| S. Rust collection |
| Chris Popham Collection | |
| Day (1999) | |
| Jones (1987) | |
| |
| Green et al. (1996) +2 other references |
| S.Rust Collection |
| Day (1999) |
| Mason et al. (1997) |
| Day (1999) |
| ref: Goldmining in Western Merioneth (undated) |
| Day (1999) | |
| Dave Evans collection |
| S. Rust collection |
| Render (n.d.) |
| S.Rust Collection | |
| S.Rust Collection |
| Day (1999) |
| Cotterell et al. (2011) |
Ukraine | |
| Dvoichenko (1914) +1 other reference |
USA | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Leicht (1971) +1 other reference |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Rocks & Minerals 82:368-380 |
| David Busha collection |
| former Ronald Januzzi collection. |
| former Ronald Januzzi collection. |
| Cook (1978) |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Weiner et al. (1996) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Reed (1967) |
| |
| Bowell et al. (2005) |
| Dick Thomssen collection +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Holmwood (2023) |
| Jensen (1993) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. +1 other reference | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Rocks & Min.:8:61-65. |
| A. Kampf 2-2018 |
| Gordon (1922) +1 other reference |
| Smith et al. (1984) |
| Smith and Hioff (1984) |
| Barnes (1973) +2 other references |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Washington Geology |
| Robert O. Meyer collection |
| Weiner et al. (1996) |
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Tistoulet mine, Padern, Narbonne, Aude, Occitanie, France