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Kësterite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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09166020017271924227630.jpg
Kësterite, etc.

Mount Xuebaoding, Songpan Co., Ngawa Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan, China
08497590017271924257613.jpg
Kësterite

Fantiscritti, Miseglia quarrying basin, Carrara, Massa-Carrara Province, Tuscany, Italy
08144090017271924389903.jpg
Kësterite, etc.

Pingwu beryl mine, Huya township, Mount Little Xuebaoding, Pingwu Co., Mianyang, Sichuan, China
09166020017271924227630.jpg
Kësterite, etc.

Mount Xuebaoding, Songpan Co., Ngawa Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan, China
08497590017271924257613.jpg
Kësterite

Fantiscritti, Miseglia quarrying basin, Carrara, Massa-Carrara Province, Tuscany, Italy
08144090017271924389903.jpg
Kësterite, etc.

Pingwu beryl mine, Huya township, Mount Little Xuebaoding, Pingwu Co., Mianyang, Sichuan, China
09166020017271924227630.jpg
Kësterite, etc.

Mount Xuebaoding, Songpan Co., Ngawa Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan, China
08497590017271924257613.jpg
Kësterite

Fantiscritti, Miseglia quarrying basin, Carrara, Massa-Carrara Province, Tuscany, Italy
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About KësteriteHide

Formula:
Cu2ZnSnS4
Colour:
Greenish black
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
4½
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Member of:
Stannite Group
Name:
First described as "silver-zinc stannite" in 1948. Named by V.N. Soboleva in 1956 as kësterite, after the discovery locality.
Stannite Group. The zinc analogue of ferrokësterite and its dimorph stannite.
Compare 'UM1981-19-S:CuSnZn'.


Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:
2189
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2189:6

IMA Classification of KësteriteHide

IMA status:
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)

Classification of KësteriteHide

Strunz-mindat (2025):
2.CB.15a

2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
C : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 1: 1 (and similar)
B : With Zn, Fe, Cu, Ag, etc.
Dana 8th ed.:
2.9.2.9

2 : SULFIDES
9 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 1:1
Hey's CIM Ref.:
6.1.11

6 : Sulphosalts - Sulphostannates, Sulphogermanates,Sulpharsenates, Sulphantimonates, Sulphovanadates and Sulphohalides
1 : Sulphostannates and other sulfides containing Sn

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

SymbolSourceReference
KësIMA–CNMNCWarr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
KstThe Canadian Mineralogist (2019)The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download

Physical Properties of KësteriteHide

Lustre:
Metallic
Colour:
Greenish black
Streak:
Black
Hardness:
4½ on Mohs scale

Optical Data of KësteriteHide

Reflectivity:
WavelengthR1 (%)R2 (%)
400nm23.7%24.5%
420nm24.4%25.2%
440nm24.9%25.8%
460nm25.4%26.0%
480nm25.6%26.0%
500nm25.6%25.9%
520nm25.2%25.7%
540nm24.9%25.6%
560nm24.6%25.5%
580nm24.5%25.5%
600nm24.4%25.4%
620nm24.3%25.3%
640nm24.2%25.1%
660nm24.2%25.1%
680nm24.3%25.2%
700nm24.6%25.4%


Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 26.0%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red

Chemistry of KësteriteHide

Mindat Formula:
Cu2ZnSnS4
Element Weights:
Element% weight
S29.187 %
Cu28.921 %
Sn27.014 %
Zn14.878 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.
Elements listed:
Cu, S, Sn, Zn - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Crystallography of KësteriteHide

Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Class (H-M):
4 - Disphenoidal
Space Group:
I4
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.427 Å, c = 10.871 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 2.003
Unit Cell V:
320.18 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Comment:
Space group possibly I-42m (Bonazzi et al., 2003). Pseudocubic.

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
3.15 Å(100)
1.929 Å(70)
1.645 Å(50)
1.113 Å(40)
2.73 Å(30)
1.248 Å(30)
0.860 Å(30)

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic ModeEarliest Age (Ga)
Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere>4.45
12 : Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits (see also #33)

Type Occurrence of KësteriteHide

Synonyms of KësteriteHide

Other Language Names for KësteriteHide

Relationship of Kësterite to other SpeciesHide

Member of:
Stannite Group
Other Members of Stannite Group:
BriartiteCu2FeGeS4Tet.
ČernýiteCu2CdSnS4Tet. 4 2m : I4 2m
FamatiniteCu3SbS4Tet. 4 2m : I4 2m
FerrokësteriteCu2FeSnS4Tet. 4 : I4
HocartiteAg2(Fe2+,Zn)SnS4Tet. 4 2m : I4 2m
KeutschiteCu2AgAsS4Tet. 4 2m : I4 2m
KuramiteCu3SnS4Tet. 4 2m : I4 2m
LuzoniteCu3AsS4Tet. 4 2m : I4 2m
OmariniiteCu8Fe2ZnGe2S12Orth. 2 2 2 : I2 2 2
PermingeatiteCu3SbSe4Tet. 4 2m : I4 2m
Petrukite(Cu,Fe,Zn,Ag)3(Sn,In)S4Orth. mm2 : Pmn21
PirquitasiteAg2ZnSnS4Tet. 4 : I4
RichardsiteZn2CuGaS4Tet. 4 2m : I4 2m
StanniteCu2FeSnS4Tet. 4 2m : I4 2m
StannoiditeCu+6Cu2+2(Fe2+,Zn)3Sn2S12Orth. 2 2 2 : I2 2 2
UM1984-30-S:CuFeSnCu2Fe2Sn3S7
Unnamed (Cu-Zn-In Sulphide)CuZn2InS4
VelikiteCu2HgSnS4Tet. 4 : I4
ZincobriartiteCu2(Zn,Fe)(Ge,Ga)S4Tet. 4 2m : I4 2m
Structurally related to group(s):
Kësterite SubgroupUnnecessary name for a "subgroup" (of the stannite group) comprising kësterite and ...
Forms a series with:
StanniteKësterite-Stannite Series

Common AssociatesHide

Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
127 photos of Kësterite associated with Mushistonite(Cu,Zn,Fe2+)[Sn(OH)6]
79 photos of Kësterite associated with MuscoviteKAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
26 photos of Kësterite associated with ArsenopyriteFeAsS
22 photos of Kësterite associated with MalachiteCu2(CO3)(OH)2
22 photos of Kësterite associated with BerylBe3Al2(Si6O18)
21 photos of Kësterite associated with SphaleriteZnS
19 photos of Kësterite associated with CassiteriteSnO2
18 photos of Kësterite associated with QuartzSiO2
13 photos of Kësterite associated with ChalcopyriteCuFeS2
12 photos of Kësterite associated with AquamarineBe3Al2Si6O18

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat GroupingHide

2.CB.RichardsiteZn2CuGaS4Tet. 4 2m : I4 2m
2.CB.OkruginiteCu2SnSe3Mon. m : Bb
2.CB.HanswilkeiteKFeS2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
2.CB.AuroselenideAuSeMon. 2/m : B2/m
2.CB.Ruizhongite(Ag2◻)Pb3Ge2S8Iso. 4 3m : I4 3d
2.CB.AgmantiniteAg2MnSnS4Orth.
2.CB.TolstykhiteAu3S4Te6Tric. 1 : P1
2.CB.GachingiteAu(Te1-xSex)Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m)
2.CB.05aHawleyiteCdSIso. 4 3m : F4 3m
2.CB.05UM1998-15-S:CuFeZnCu2Fe3Zn5S10
2.CB.05aColoradoiteHgTeIso. 4 3m : F4 3m
2.CB.05aMetacinnabarHgSIso. 4 3m : F4 3m
2.CB.05aTiemanniteHgSeIso. 4 3m : F4 3m
2.CB.05aSphaleriteZnSIso. 4 3m : F4 3m
2.CB.05bSakuraiite(Cu,Zn,Fe)3(In,Sn)S4 Iso.
2.CB.05cPolhemusite(Zn,Hg)STet.
2.CB.05aRudashevskyite(Fe,Zn)SIso. 4 3m : F4 3m
2.CB.05aStilleiteZnSeIso. 4 3m : F4 3m
2.CB.05aIshiharaite(Cu,Ga,Fe,In,Zn)SIso. 4 3m : F4 3m
2.CB.07aUnnamed (Cu-Mn-Sn Sulphide)Cu2MnSnS4
2.CB.07aShenzhuangiteNiFeS2Tet. 4 2m : I4 2d
2.CB.10bTalnakhiteCu9(Fe,Ni)8S16Iso. 4 3m : I4 3m
2.CB.10bHaycockiteCu4Fe5S8Orth. 2 2 2
2.CB.10aLenaiteAgFeS2Tet. 4 2m : I4 2d
2.CB.10aGalliteCuGaS2Tet. 4 2m : I4 2d
2.CB.10aRoquesiteCuInS2Tet. 4 2m : I4 2d
2.CB.10aEskeborniteCuFeSe2Tet. 4 2m : P4 2c
2.CB.10aUM1984-30-S:CuFeSnCu2Fe2Sn3S7
2.CB.10cOmariniiteCu8Fe2ZnGe2S12Orth. 2 2 2 : I2 2 2
2.CB.10aChalcopyriteCuFeS2Tet. 4 2m : I4 2d
2.CB.10aUnnamed (Cu-Zn-In Sulphide)CuZn2InS4
2.CB.10bMooihoekiteCu9Fe9S16Tet. 4 2m : P4 2m
2.CB.10aLaforêtiteAgInS2Tet. 4 2m : I4 2d
2.CB.10bPutoraniteCu1.1Fe1.2S2Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Pn3m
2.CB.15aVelikiteCu2HgSnS4Tet. 4 : I4
2.CB.15cUM2006-11-S:CuFeGeZnCu8(Fe,Zn)3Ge2S12 (?)
2.CB.15aHocartiteAg2(Fe2+,Zn)SnS4Tet. 4 2m : I4 2m
2.CB.15aPirquitasiteAg2ZnSnS4Tet. 4 : I4
2.CB.15aStanniteCu2FeSnS4Tet. 4 2m : I4 2m
2.CB.15cStannoiditeCu+6Cu2+2(Fe2+,Zn)3Sn2S12Orth. 2 2 2 : I2 2 2
2.CB.15bMohiteCu2SnS3Mon.
2.CB.15aČernýiteCu2CdSnS4Tet. 4 2m : I4 2m
2.CB.15aIdaiteCu5FeS6Hex.
2.CB.15aFerrokësteriteCu2FeSnS4Tet. 4 : I4
2.CB.15aKuramiteCu3SnS4Tet. 4 2m : I4 2m
2.CB.17a vArsenic-bearing RenieriteCu11GeAsFe4S16
2.CB.20MawsoniteCu6Fe2SnS8Tet. 4 2m : P4m2
2.CB.20ChatkaliteCu6FeSn2S8Tet. 4 2m : P4m2
2.CB.30FrieseiteAg2Fe5S8 (?)
2.CB.30NekrasoviteCu26V2(Sn,As,Sb)6S32Iso. 4 3m : P4 3n
2.CB.30Argyropyritenear Ag2Fe7S11
2.CB.30MaikainiteCu20(Fe,Cu)6Mo2Ge6S32Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m)
2.CB.30ColusiteCu13VAs3S16Iso. 4 3m : P4 3n
2.CB.30GermaniteCu13Fe2Ge2S16Iso. 4 3m : P4 3n
2.CB.30GermanocolusiteCu26V2(Ge,As)6S32Iso. 4 3m : P4 3m
2.CB.30StibiocolusiteCu13V(Sb,Sn,As)3S16Iso. 4 3m : P4 3m
2.CB.30Ovamboite Cu20(Fe,Cu,Zn)6W2Ge6S32Iso. 4 3m : P4 3n
2.CB.35aMorozeviczite(Pb,Fe)3Ge1-xS4Iso.
2.CB.35aRenierite(Cu1+,Zn)11Fe4(Ge4+,As5+)2S16Tet. 4 2m : P4 2c
2.CB.35aHemusiteCu6SnMoS8Iso.
2.CB.35bCatamarcaiteCu6GeWS8Hex. 6mm : P63mc
2.CB.35aVincienniteCu+7Cu2+3Fe2+2Fe3+2Sn(As,Sb)S16Tet.
2.CB.35aKiddcreekiteCu6SnWS8Iso. 4 3m : F4 3m
2.CB.35aPolkovicite(Fe,Pb)3(Ge,Fe)1-xS4Iso.
2.CB.40LautiteCuAsSOrth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma
2.CB.42LingbaoiteAgTe3Trig. 3m : R3m
2.CB.45CadmoseliteCdSeHex. 6mm : P63mc
2.CB.45RambergiteMnSHex. 6mm : P63mc
2.CB.45Buseckite(Fe,Zn,Mn)SHex. 6mm : P63mc
2.CB.45MaletoyvayamiteAu3Se4Te6Tric. 1 : P1
2.CB.45GreenockiteCdSHex. 6mm : P63mc
2.CB.45Wurtzite(Zn,Fe)SHex. 6mm : P63mc
2.CB.47MurchisiteCr5S6Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3 1c
2.CB.50ZincselenideZnSe
2.CB.50WassoniteTiSTrig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m
2.CB.52DzhezkazganiteReMoCu2PbS6 ?Trig. 3m : R3m
2.CB.55bIsocubaniteCuFe2S3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m
2.CB.55aCubaniteCuFe2S3Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m)
2.CB.60RaguiniteTlFeS2Orth.
2.CB.60PicotpauliteTlFe2S3Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Cmcm
2.CB.65ArgentopyriteAgFe2S3Mon. 2/m
2.CB.65SternbergiteAgFe2S3Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m)
2.CB.70SulvaniteCu3VS4Iso. 4 3m : P4 3m
2.CB.75VulcaniteCuTeOrth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m)
2.CB.80EmpressiteAgTeOrth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m)
2.CB.85MuthmanniteAuAgTe2Mon. 2/m : P2/m

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for KësteriteHide

References for KësteriteHide

Reference List:
Orlova, Z.V. (1956) Collection of chemical analyses of ores and minerals from mineral deposits in the northeastern USSR. Trudy Vsesouznogo Magadansk Nauchno-Issledovatelskogo Institut Magadan: 2: 76-84.
Bonshtedt-Kupletskaya, E.M. (1958) New Minerals VI Sulfides, Sulfosalts and their underlying compounds. Kësterite. Zapiski Vserossijskogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva: 87: 76-76.
Ivanov, V.V., Pyatenko, Y.A. (1958) On the so-called kësterite [kesterite]. Zapiski Vserossiyskogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva: 88(2): 165-168.
Fleischer, M. (1958) New Mineral Names. American Mineralogist, 43 (11-12). 1219-1225 p.1222
Fleischer, M. (1959) New mineral names. American Mineralogist: 44: 1321-1329 (1329).
Lévy, C. (1967) Contribution a la minéralogie des sulfures de cuivre du type Cu3XS4. Mémoires du Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières: 54: 1-178.
Fleisher, Michael (1968) New Mineral Names. American Mineralogist, 53 (11-12) 2103-2106
Harris, D. C., Owens, D. R. (1972) A stannite-kesterite exsolution from British Columbia. The Canadian Mineralogist, 11 (2) 531-534
Fleischer, M., Mandarino, A. (1977) New mineral names. American Mineralogist, 62 (1-2). 173-176
Hall, S. R., Szymanski, J. T., Stewart, J. M. (1978) Kesterite, Cu2(Zn,Fe)SnS4, and stannite, Cu2(Fe,Zn)SnS4, structurally similar but distinct minerals. The Canadian Mineralogist, 16 (2) 131-137
Kissin, S. A., Owens, D. R. (1979) New data on stannite and related tin sulfide minerals. The Canadian Mineralogist, 17 (1) 125-135
Kissin, S.A., Owens, D.R. (1989) The relatives of stannite in the light of new data. The Canadian Mineralogist, 27 (4) Mineralogical Association of Canada. 673-688
Kissin, S. A. (1989) A reinvestigation of the stannite (Cu2FeSnS4) – kesterite (Cu2ZnSnS4) pseudobinary system. The Canadian Mineralogist, 27 (4) 689-697
Kalinina, T.A. and Nenasheva, S.N. (1989) New data on stannite. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR: 305: 421-424 (in Russian).[also on "isostannite" = kësterite]
Bernardini, Gian Piero, Bonazzi, Paola, Corazza, Marcello, Corsini, Fernando, Mazzetti, Giuseppe, Poggi, Luisa, Tanelli, Giuseppe (1990) New data on the Cu2FeSnS4-Cu2ZnSnS4 pseudobinary system at 750° and 550 °C. European Journal of Mineralogy, 2 (2) 219-226 doi:10.1127/ejm/2/2/0219
Bernardini, G. P.; Borrini, D.; Caneschi, A.; Di Benedetto, F.; Gatteschi, D.; Ristori, S.; Romanelli, M. (2000) EPR and SQUID magnetometry study of Cu2FeSnS4 (stannite) and Cu2ZnSnS4 (kesterite). Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 27 (7). 453-461 doi:10.1007/s002690000086
Černý, P., Masau, M., Ercit, T. S., Chapman, R., Chackowsky, L. E. (2001) Stannite and kesterite from the Peerless pegmatite, Black Hills, South Dakota, USA. Journal of the Czech Geological Society, 46 (1-2) 27-34
Bonazzi, P., Bindi, L., Bernardini, G. P., Menchetti, S. (2003) A model for the mechanism of incorporation of Cu, Fe and Zn in the stannite-kësterite series, Cu2FeSnS4-Cu2ZnSnS4. The Canadian Mineralogist, 41 (3) 639-647 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.41.3.639
(2005) Kësterite . Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America
Di Benedetto, F.; Bernardini, G. P.; Borrini, D.; Lottermoser, W.; Tippelt, G.; Amthauer, G. (2005) 57Fe- and 119Sn-Mössbauer study on stannite (Cu2FeSnS4)-kesterite (Cu2ZnSnS4) solid solution. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 31 (10). 683-690 doi:10.1007/s00269-004-0430-y
Schorr, Susan, Hoebler, Hans-Joachim, Tovar, Michael (2007) A neutron diffraction study of the stannite-kesterite solid solution series. European Journal of Mineralogy, 19 (1) 65-73 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2007/0019-0065
Schorr, Susan, Gonzalez-Aviles, Gabriela (2009) In-situ investigation of the structural phase transition in kesterite. physica status solidi (a), 206 (5). 1054-1058 doi:10.1002/pssa.200881214
LUO, Peng, ZHAO, Li-Xia, XU, Jian (2012) Preparation and Characterization of Cu2ZnSnS4 Nanoparticles and Films. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 27 (1). 79-82 doi:10.3724/sp.j.1077.2012.00079
Nagaoka, Akira, Yoshino, Kenji, Taniguchi, Hiroki, Taniyama, Tomoyasu, Miyake, Hideto (2012) Preparation of Cu2ZnSnS4 single crystals from Sn solutions. Journal of Crystal Growth, 341 (1). 38-41 doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2011.12.046
Das, Sandip, Krishna, Ramesh M., Ma, Shuguo, Mandal, Krishna C. (2013) Single phase polycrystalline Cu2ZnSnS4 grown by vertical gradient freeze technique. Journal of Crystal Growth, 381. 148-152 doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2013.07.022
Nagaoka, Akira, Yoshino, Kenji, Aoyagi, Kenta, Minemoto, Takashi, Nose, Yoshitaro, Taniyama, Tomoyasu, Kakimoto, Koichi, Miyake, Hideto (2014) Thermo-physical properties of Cu2ZnSnS4 single crystal. Journal of Crystal Growth, 393. 167-170 doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2013.11.077
Ritscher, A., Hoelzel, M., Lerch, M. (2016) The order-disorder transition in Cu2ZnSnS4 – A neutron scattering investigation. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 238. 68-73 doi:10.1016/j.jssc.2016.03.013
Jiang, Qiang, Chen, Xiao, Gao, Hong, Feng, Chuanqi, Guo, Zaiping (2016) Synthesis of Cu2ZnSnS4 as Novel Anode material for Lithium-ion Battery. Electrochimica Acta, 190. 703-712 doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2016.01.020
Quennet, Marcel; Ritscher, Anna; Lerch, Martin; Paulus, Beate (2017) The order-disorder transition in Cu2ZnSnS4: A theoretical and experimental study. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 250. 140-144 doi:10.1016/j.jssc.2017.03.018
Pogue, Elizabeth A., Sutrisno, Andre, Johnson, Nicole E., Shoemaker, Daniel P., Rockett, Angus A. (2017) Oxygen-Induced Ordering in Bulk Polycrystalline Cu2ZnSnS4 by Sn Removal. Inorganic Chemistry, 56 (20) 12328-12336 doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01777
Dimitrievska, Mirjana, Boero, Federica, Litvinchuk, Alexander P., Delsante, Simona, Borzone, Gabriella, Perez-Rodriguez, Alejandro, Izquierdo-Roca, Victor (2017) Structural Polymorphism in “Kesterite” Cu2ZnSnS4: Raman Spectroscopy and First-Principles Calculations Analysis. Inorganic Chemistry, 56 (6) 3467-3474 doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b03008
Stolyarova, T. A., Osadchii, E. G., Baranov, A. V. (2019) Standard Enthalpy of Kesterite (Cu2ZnSnS4) Formation. Geochemistry International, 57 (1) 109-111 doi:10.1134/s0016702919010117
Rahman, Ashmalina, Khan, Mohammad Mansoob (2025) Recent progress of Cu2ZnSnS4 and Cu2ZnSnS4-based heterostructures for photocatalysis. New Journal of Chemistry, 49 (14). doi:10.1039/d4nj04974h

Localities for KësteriteHide

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed. - This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. - Good crystals or important locality for species. - World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina
 
  • Catamarca Province
    • Andalgalá Department
Putz et al. (2009)
      • Cerro Atajo
Marquez-Zavalia et al. (2007)
  • Córdoba Province
    • Minas Department
      • Ciénaga del Coro District
Sureda (1978)
    • Punilla Department
      • San Antonio District
        • Pampa de Olaen
          • Quebrada del Contrabandista
Sureda et al. (2010)
  • Jujuy Province
    • Humahuaca Department
      • El Aguilar
Brodtkorb (2002)
    • Rinconada Department
      • Mina Pirquitas
Coira et al. (1995) +2 other references
Slater (2016)
          • San Miguel Open pit
Paar et al. (2000)
  • Río Negro Province
    • Valcheta Department
      • San Martin pluton
GOZALVEZ +2 other references
  • Salta Province
    • Los Andes department
      • San Antonio de los Cobres
        • Organullo mining district
Brodtkorb (2002) +2 other references
  • Santa Cruz Province
    • Deseado Department
      • Tres Cerros
FERNANDEZ
Australia
 
  • Queensland
    • Mareeba Shire
      • Dimbulah
Kumar et al. (2023)
  • Western Australia
    • East Pilbara Shire
      • Rudall River District
Ogilvie (2014)
Austria
 
  • Lower Austria
    • Neunkirchen District
      • Semmering
Hackenberg (2003)
  • Salzburg
    • Hallein District
      • Abtenau
        • Rigaus
          • Webing
Strasser (1989)
Bolivia
 
  • Oruro
    • Cercado Province
Wilson (2001)
Wilson (2001) +1 other reference
    • Pantaleón Dalence Province
Franco (2018)
Jiménez-Franco et al. (2018)
Jiménez-Franco et al. (2018)
Jiménez-Franco et al. (2018)
    • Poopó Province
Torres et al. (2019)
  • Potosí
    • Cornelio Saavedra Province
      • Tacobamba Municipality
        • Colavi subdistrict
Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998)
Bulgaria
 
  • Pazardzhik Province
    • Panagyurishte Municipality
      • Levski
Cook et al. (2002) +1 other reference
      • Popintsi
Cook et al. (2002)
  • Sofia Province
    • Chelopech Municipality
Terziev (1966) +2 other references
Canada
 
  • British Columbia
    • Revelstoke Mining Division
      • Mount Cotterell
Kissin et al. (1989) +1 other reference
    • Skeena Mining Division
      • Iskut River
        • Sulphurets District
          • KSM project
Febbo et al. (2019)
Singer et al. (2008)
  • Manitoba
    • Lac-du-Bonnet area
      • Bernic Lake
153-155. +2 other references
  • New Brunswick
    • Charlotte Co.
      • Saint George Parish
Parrish (1977) +1 other reference
  • Ontario
    • Cochrane District
      • Timmins
        • Kidd Township
Thorpe et al. (1976) +2 other references
China
 
  • Gansu
    • Gannan
      • Hezuo Co.
        • Dewulu Au-Cu ore field
Guo et al. (2023)
  • Guangxi
    • Nandan-Hechi Sn-W metallogenic belt
Weining Zhou (1994)
  • Jiangxi
    • Ganzhou
      • Xingguo Co.
Xianchang Luo (1983)
  • Sichuan
    • Mianyang
      • Pingwu Co.
        • Mount Little Xuebaoding
          • Huya township
Hedland (2004)
    • Ngawa Autonomous Prefecture (Aba Autonomous Prefecture)
      • Songpan Co.
Liu et al. (2022)
Czech Republic
 
  • Central Bohemian Region
    • Benešov District
      • Vracovice
Šrein (2007)
    • Prague-West District
      • Petrov
        • Bohuliby
Sejkora J. (Česká republika)
    • Příbram District
      • Háje
        • Háje deposit
Dolníček et al. (2023)
  • Karlovy Vary Region
    • Cheb District
      • Aš
Čech
Ondruš et al. (2003)
  • Ústí nad Labem Region
    • Chomutov District
      • Vejprty
Pauliš et al. (2020)
Europe
 
  • Ore Mountains
Quellmalz (1992) +1 other reference
Finland
 
  • North Ostrobothnia
    • Ylivieska
Kojonen Kari 1989. The early ...
  • Southwest Finland
    • Pargas
Hangala Leake S. 1987 The early ...
France
 
  • Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
    • Savoie
      • Albertville
        • Tignes
Guichon (2017) +1 other reference
  • Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
    • Saône-et-Loire
      • Charolles
        • Chalmoux
Cesbron et al. (1985) +1 other reference
  • Brittany
    • Finistère
      • Châteaulin
        • Poullaouen
          • Locmaria-Berrien
Pierrot et al. (1973)
  • New Caledonia
    • Northern Province
      • Poum
Maurizot et al. (2020)
  • Nouvelle-Aquitaine
    • Haute-Vienne
      • Bellac
        • Vaulry
P. Cantinolle et al.
  • Occitanie
    • Hérault
      • Béziers
        • Ceilhes-et-Rocozels
M. Munoz (Sb-Pb-Zn-...)
Germany
 
  • Bavaria
    • Upper Palatinate
      • Tirschenreuth District
        • Leonberg
          • Pfaffenreuth
Rank (1985)
  • Saxony
    • Erzgebirgskreis
      • Schlettau
        • Dörfel
Lapis 37 (2)
    • Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge
      • Altenberg
        • Zinnwald-Georgenfeld
WITZKE (2018)
Greece
 
  • Eastern Macedonia and Thrace
    • Evros
      • Alexandroupoli
        • Kirki Mines
Anthony et al. (1990) +3 other references
Voudouris et al. (2011)
Greenland
 
  • Sermersooq
    • Arsuk Fjord
      • Ivigtut stock
Petersen et al. (1993)
India
 
  • Odisha
    • Malkangiri District
Acharya et al. (1982)
Italy
 
  • Lombardy
    • Varese Province
      • Cuasso al Monte
        • Cavagnano
Gentile et al. (2023)
  • Piedmont
    • Metropolitan City of Turin
      • Oulx
        • Signols
- (n.d.) +1 other reference
  • Tuscany
    • Massa-Carrara Province
Orlandi et al. (1994) +1 other reference
        • Colonnata quarrying basin
Orlandi et al. (2009) +1 other reference
        • Miseglia quarrying basin (Miseglia-Fantiscritti quarrying basin; Fantiscritti quarrying basin)
Orlandi et al. (1989) +3 other references
Orlandi et al. (2009)
Orlandi et al. (2009)
Japan
 
  • Hokkaidō Prefecture
    • Hiyama Subprefecture
      • Hiyama District
        • Kaminokuni
ISHIYAMA et al. (1990)
    • Ishikari Subprefecture
      • Sapporo City
        • Minami-ku
Min. Jour. (Japan)
Tsushima et al. (1999) +1 other reference
      • Kamikawa (Ishikari) District
Tsushima et al. (1999)
  • Hyogo Prefecture
    • Asago City
      • Ikuno-cho-ono
  • Shizuoka Prefecture
    • Shimoda City
      • Rendaiji
Yamada (2004)
Malaysia
 
  • Selangor
Moh et al. (1982)
Namibia
 
  • Erongo Region
    • Dâures Constituency
Bezing et al. (2007)
Bezing et al. (2007)
  • Oshikoto Region
    • Tsumeb
Desor (06/2021)
Norway
 
  • Nordland
    • Hemnes
      • Bleikvasslia
Cook et al. (1998)
Peru
 
  • Ancash
    • Bolognesi Province
      • Huallanca District
        • Huanzala
Imai et al. (1985) +1 other reference
  • Huancavelica
    • Castrovirreyna Province
      • Santa Ana District
Effenberger et al. (2002)
  • Lima
    • Oyón Province
      • Oyón District
        • Uchucchacua area
EDS Analysis Frank Keutsch
Poland
 
  • Lower Silesian Voivodeship
    • Kamienna Góra County
      • Gmina Kamienna Góra
        • Rędziny
Pieczka et al. (2006) +1 other reference
Portugal
 
  • Beja
    • Castro Verde
      • Santa Bárbara de Padrões
Serranti et al. (2002) +2 other references
  • Vila Real
    • Montalegre
      • Cabril
Moura et al. (2014)
  • Viseu
Oen (1970)
    • Sátão
      • Ferreira de Aves
        • Aldeia Nova
Similar specimens analyzed (PXRD method)
Romania
 
  • Bihor County
    • Nucet
      • Băiţa mining district
Tămaș +1 other reference
  • Harghita County
Hirtopanu (2006)
Russia
 
  • Khabarovsk Krai
    • Verkhnebureinsky District
      • Badzhalski ore District
Alekseev (2023, February)
  • Magadan Oblast
    • Severo-Evensky District
Priymenko et al. (2020)
  • Sakha
    • Verkhoyansk District
      • Yana River Basin
        • Yana-Adycha Region
Trunilina et al. (2024)
            • Kester harpolith
Pekov (1998)
    • Verkhoyansk Fold Belt
      • Verkhoyansk Silver Province
        • Deputatsky ore cluster
Pavlova et al. (2009)
Switzerland
 
  • Valais
    • Goms
      • Binn
        • Fäld
Graeser (2008) +1 other reference
binn.strahlen.org (2016)
    • Sierre
      • Lens
Ansermet et al. (2011)
Tonga
 
  • Southern Lau Basin
Wendt (2013)
UK
 
  • England
    • Cornwall
      • Calstock
        • Gunnislake
Dr. Kurt Greenwall collection (Dr. Werner H. Paar analyses)
      • Perranzabuloe
        • Perranporth
          • Cligga Head
Moore et al. (1984) +2 other references
      • St Hilary
Steve Rust collection
Moore et al. (1984)
USA
 
  • Arizona
    • Cochise County
Graeme (1993) +1 other reference
Graeme (1993) +2 other references
  • Nevada
    • Lander County
      • McCoy Mining District
Castor et al. (2004)
  • South Dakota
    • Pennington County
      • Keystone Mining District
        • Keystone
Rocks & Minerals: 57: 160 +1 other reference
Rocks & Min.:60:110
Černý et al. (1985)
  • Washington
    • Yakima County
      • Bumping Lake Mining District
Bart Cannon (Cannon Microprobe)
Uzbekistan
 
  • Tashkent Region
    • Ohangaron District
Kovalenker (2003) +1 other reference
Eilu (2003)
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