Harmotome
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Harmotome
Formula:
Ba2(Si12Al4)O32 · 12H2O
Usually contains minor Ca, K and Na in variable proportions. A previously used formula is (Ba0.5,Ca0.5,K,Na)5[Al5Si11O32] · 12H2O.
Colour:
Colorless, white, grey, pink, yellow, brown
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
4 - 5
Specific Gravity:
2.41 - 2.47
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
From the Greek for "joint" and "cutting," alluding to the frequently twinned crystals.
Zeolite Group. Harmotome-Phillipsite-Ca Series.
Less common than some other members of the phillipsite subgroup but visually very similar and can be misidentified without chemical analysis.
Less common than some other members of the phillipsite subgroup but visually very similar and can be misidentified without chemical analysis.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1820
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1820:9
IMA Classification of Harmotome
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Harmotome
9.GC.10
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
G : Tektosilicates with zeolitic H2O; zeolite family
C : Chains of doubly-connected 4-membered rings
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
G : Tektosilicates with zeolitic H2O; zeolite family
C : Chains of doubly-connected 4-membered rings
77.1.3.5
77 : TECTOSILICATES Zeolites
1 : Zeolite group - True zeolites
77 : TECTOSILICATES Zeolites
1 : Zeolite group - True zeolites
16.12.9
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
12 : Aluminosilicates of Sr, Ba and Zn
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
12 : Aluminosilicates of Sr, Ba and Zn
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Hrm | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Hrm | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
Physical Properties of Harmotome
Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Colorless, white, grey, pink, yellow, brown
Streak:
White
Hardness:
4 - 5 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Distinct on {010}, poor on {001}
Distinct on {010}, poor on {001}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
2.41 - 2.47 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.448 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Harmotome
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.503 - 1.508 nβ = 1.505 - 1.509 nγ = 1.508 - 1.514
2V:
Measured: 43° , Calculated: 80°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.005 - 0.006
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
weak
Chemistry of Harmotome
Mindat Formula:
Ba2(Si12Al4)O32 · 12H2O
Usually contains minor Ca, K and Na in variable proportions. A previously used formula is (Ba0.5,Ca0.5,K,Na)5[Al5Si11O32] · 12H2O.
Usually contains minor Ca, K and Na in variable proportions. A previously used formula is (Ba0.5,Ca0.5,K,Na)5[Al5Si11O32] · 12H2O.
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
Na,Ca
Crystallography of Harmotome
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.8688(21) Å, b = 14.1295(7) Å, c = 8.7092(9) Å
β = 124.74°
β = 124.74°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.698 : 1 : 0.616
Unit Cell V:
997.95 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Crystals elongate or tabular, frequently twinned (with cruciform habit).
Twinning:
Repeated on {001} {021} {110}
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0006409 | Harmotome | Stuckenschmidt E, Fuess H, Kvick A (1990) Investigation of the structure of harmotome by X-ray (293 K, 100 K) and neutron diffraction (15 K) European Journal of Mineralogy 2 861-874 | 1990 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006410 | Harmotome | Stuckenschmidt E, Fuess H, Kvick A (1990) Investigation of the structure of harmotome by X-ray (293 K, 100 K) and neutron diffraction (15 K) European Journal of Mineralogy 2 861-874 | 1990 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006411 | Harmotome | Stuckenschmidt E, Fuess H, Kvick A (1990) Investigation of the structure of harmotome by X-ray (293 K, 100 K) and neutron diffraction (15 K) European Journal of Mineralogy 2 861-874 | 1990 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0009519 | Harmotome | Rinaldi R, Pluth J J, Smith J V (1974) Zeolites of the phillipsite family. Refinement of the crystal structure of phillipsite and harmotome Acta Crystallographica B30 2426-2433 |  | 1974 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 6.38 Å | (100) |
| 3.13 Å | (80) |
| 2.670 Å | (70) |
| 4.08 Å | (60) |
| 3.24 Å | (60) |
| 3.17 Å | (60) |
| 2.730 Å | (60) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
| 17 : Marine authigenic Hadean minerals (see also #24) | |
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 22 : Hydration and low-? subsurface aqueous alteration (see also #23) | |
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 32 : Ba/Mn/Pb/Zn deposits, including metamorphic deposits | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks |
Geological Setting:
Cavities in basalts, phonolites, trachytes, gneisses and some hydrothermal veins.
Type Occurrence of Harmotome
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Natural History Museum, Paris, France.
Synonyms of Harmotome
Other Language Names for Harmotome
Varieties of Harmotome
| Morvenite | A transparent, spindle-shaped variety of harmotome that was originally described from the Strontian mines north of Morven (now Morvern), Argyllshire, Scotland, UK. Later used to describe a type of twinning also observed for phillipsite (a different type ... |
Relationship of Harmotome to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Phillipsite Subgroup:
| Phillipsite-Ca | Ca3(Si10Al6)O32 · 12H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| Phillipsite-K | K6(Si10Al6)O32 · 12H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| Phillipsite-Na | (Na,K,Ca0.5,Ba0.5)4-7[Al4-7Si12-9O32] · 12H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 212 photos of Harmotome associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 41 photos of Harmotome associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 40 photos of Harmotome associated with Fluorapophyllite-(K) | KCa4(Si8O20)(F,OH) · 8H2O |
| 38 photos of Harmotome associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 36 photos of Harmotome associated with Analcime | Na(AlSi2O6) · H2O |
| 29 photos of Harmotome associated with Amethyst | SiO2 |
| 27 photos of Harmotome associated with Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 26 photos of Harmotome associated with Baryte | BaSO4 |
| 18 photos of Harmotome associated with Phacolite | |
| 17 photos of Harmotome associated with Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.GC. | Gismondine-Sr | Sr4(Si8Al8O32) · 9H2O |
| 9.GC. | Garronite-Na | Na6(Al6Si10O32) · 8.5H2O |
| 9.GC.05 | Gismondine-Ba | Ba2Al4Si4O16 · 4-6H2O |
| 9.GC.05 | Garronite-Ca | Na2Ca5Al12Si20O64 · 27H2O |
| 9.GC.05 | Gismondine-Ca | CaAl2Si2O8 · 4H2O |
| 9.GC.05 | Gobbinsite | Na5(Si11Al5)O32 · 11H2O |
| 9.GC.05 | Amicite | K2Na2Al4Si4O16 · 5H2O |
| 9.GC.10 | Martinandresite | Ba2(Al4Si12O32) · 10H2O |
| 9.GC.10 | Phillipsite-Ca | Ca3(Si10Al6)O32 · 12H2O |
| 9.GC.10 | Phillipsite-K | K6(Si10Al6)O32 · 12H2O |
| 9.GC.10 | Phillipsite-Na | (Na,K,Ca0.5,Ba0.5)4-7[Al4-7Si12-9O32] · 12H2O |
| 9.GC.10 | Flörkeite | (K3Ca2Na)[Al8Si8O32] · 12H2O |
| 9.GC.15 | Merlinoite | K5Ca2(Si23Al9)O64 · 24H2O |
| 9.GC.20 | Mazzite-Na | Na8[Al4Si14O36]2 · 30H2O |
| 9.GC.20 | Mazzite-Mg | (Mg,K,Ca)5(Si26Al10)O72 · 28H2O |
| 9.GC.25 | Perlialite | K9Na(Ca,Sr)[Al2Si4O12]6 · 15H2O |
| 9.GC.30 | Boggsite | Ca8Na3(Si,Al)96O192 · 70H2O |
| 9.GC.35 | Paulingite-Ca | (Ca,K,Na,Ba, ◻)10 (Si, Al)42O84 · 34H2O |
| 9.GC.35 | Paulingite-K | (K2,Ca,Na2,Ba)5[Al10Si35O90] · 45H2O |
| 9.GC.35 | Paulingite-Na | (Na2,K2,Ca,Ba)5[Al10Si35O90] · 45H2O |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Harmotome
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1820.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
References for Harmotome
Reference List:
Klaproth, M. H. (1797) XXXVII. Untersuchung des Kreuzsteins vom Harz. In Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntniss der Mineralkörper Vol. 2. Rottmann. p.80-83.
Russell, Arthur (1946) An account of the Struy lead mines, Inverness-shire, and of wulfenite, harmotome, and other minerals which occur there. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 27 (192) 147-154 doi:10.1180/minmag.1946.027.192.01
Black, Philippa M. (1969) Harmotome from the Tokatoka district, New Zealand. Mineralogical Magazine, 37 (288) 453-458 doi:10.1180/minmag.1969.037.288.04
Rinaldi, R., Pluth, J. J., Smith, J. V. (1974) Zeolites of the phillipsite family. Refinement of the crystal structures of phillipsite and harmotome. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, 30 (10) 2426-2433 doi:10.1107/s0567740874007242
Akizuki, Mizuhiko (1985) The origin of sector twinning in harmotome. American Mineralogist, 70 (7-8) 822-828
Stuckenschmidt, Elli, Fuess, Hartmut, Kvick, Åke (1990) Investigation of the structure of harmotome by X-ray (293 K, 100 K) and neutron diffraction (15 K) European Journal of Mineralogy, 2 (6) 861-874 doi:10.1127/ejm/2/6/0861
Coombs, Douglas S., Alberti, Alberto, Armbruster, Thomas, Artioli, Gilberto, Colella, Carmine, Galli, Ermanno, Grice, Joel D., Liebau, Friedrich, Mandarino, Joseph A., Minato, Hideo, et al. (1997) Recommended nomenclature for zeolite minerals; report of the Subcommittee on Zeolites of the International Mineralogical Association, Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. The Canadian Mineralogist, 35 (6). 1571-1606
Frost, Ray L., López, Andrés, Wang, Lina, Romano, Antônio Wilson, Scholz, Ricardo (2015) A vibrational spectroscopic study of the silicate mineral harmotome – (Ba,Na,K)1-2(Si,Al)8O16⋅6H2O – A natural zeolite. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 137. 70-74 doi:10.1016/j.saa.2014.07.072
Localities for Harmotome
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Sutherland et al. (2004) |
Austria | |
| U. Kolitsch et al. (2009) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| matrixx 5 +1 other reference |
| Uwe Kolitsch (EDS-analysis) +1 other reference |
| Niedermayr (1986) +1 other reference | |
| Kolitsch (2013) |
| Kiesewetter et al. (2003) |
| Löffler et al. (2011) |
| Löffler et al. (2011) | |
| Knobloch et al. (2021) |
| Niedermayr et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Poeverlein (1984) |
| Foltin (1968) +1 other reference | |
| Bojar et al. (2005) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Postl (1988) +1 other reference |
| Aufschluss 1972 (SB) |
| Postl et al. (1992) +1 other reference |
| Meixner (1937) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Bojar et al. (1997) |
| Exel (1993) |
Bolivia | |
| Powder XRD and EDS by Dr. Anthony R. ... |
Bulgaria | |
| Marcus Voigt Collection +1 other reference |
| 159-174 +1 other reference |
Canada | |
| Soregaroli (1968) |
| Piilonen et al. (2022) |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| Tschernich et al. (1982) +1 other reference |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| Scott et al. (1986) |
| GSC locality database +1 other reference |
| Higgins (1985) +1 other reference |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| Dana (1899) +1 other reference |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| Traill (1983) |
| Estrie and Gaspesie +3 other references |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| Grice (1989) +2 other references |
| 176-178. +3 other references |
| SABINA (1978) | |
| D. D. Hogarth (1957) +1 other reference |
Czech Republic | |
| Passaglia et al. (2001) |
| Hintze +2 other references |
| Veselovský |
| Bulletin Mineralogie Petrologie vol.26 +1 other reference |
| P.Pauliš et al. (2015) |
| |
| Pauliš |
| Pauliš | |
| Bohuslav Bures collection |
| Jirásek et al. (2015) |
| Smutný (1997) |
| Jirásek J. (2018) |
| Kuttna +1 other reference |
| Novotný +2 other references |
| Novak et al. (2010) +2 other references |
| Pauliš +3 other references |
| Hrazdil (2001) |
| GRAMBLIČKA et al. (2014) |
| Pauliš et al. (2021) |
| www.geocities.com/Smula.geo |
| www.geocities.com/Smula.geo | |
| P.Pauliš |
| personal references | |
| Pauliš |
| Mineralienwelt 1993 (1) |
| Petr Pauliš | |
| Petr Pauliš | |
| Petr Pauliš | |
| Novák et al. (2023) | |
| Cerny et al. (2000) |
| Petr Pauliš (2001) | |
Faroe Islands | |
| Torben Kjeldgård photo and specimen |
Finland | |
| Sahama (1965) +2 other references |
France | |
| Bariand et al. (n.d.) |
| Bariand et al. (n.d.) |
| Nativel (1986) |
Germany | |
| Boisson et al. (2014) |
| Grubenmann (1886) |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| Obermüller et al. (1993) |
| Pöllmann et al. (2007) |
| Keck (2010) |
| Keck (2010) | |
| PETITJEAN collection |
| Belendorff (2021) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Uwe Kolitsch collection (PXRD and/or SEM-EDS analyses) |
| Klaproth (1797) |
| Eigenfund auf der Halde Grube ... | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Eigenfunde/Halde Manfred Gross +1 other reference | |
| Eigenfunde/Halde Roter Bär Manfred ... | |
| Fehr (1983) | |
| GeoMontanus: Die Mineralien von Rescheid |
| GeoMontanus: Die Mineralien von Rescheid |
| H.-P. Schröder |
| Leonhard C.C. (1812) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| in the collection of Christof Schäfer |
| Leyser (1948) | |
| Leonhard C.C. (1812) | |
| 50. +3 other references |
| Lapis (10) |
| www.mgas.de (2003) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Thomas Kleser Collection |
| Thomas Kleser Collection & XRD-analysis ... |
| Thomas Kleser Collection |
| Lapis 1977 (6) | |
| ... |
| G. Müller |
| Thomas Kleser & Erwin Ecker Collections | |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Thalheim +1 other reference |
| Hajek (2010) |
| |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll et al. (2010) |
| gportal.hu (2008) | |
| Adam Szilveszter |
| GEODA/2005 | |
| Sándor et al. (2005) |
Ireland | |
| Green et al. (2005) |
| Green et al. (2005) |
| Green et al. (2005) |
| Green et al. (2005) | |
Italy | |
| Stoppa et al. (2019) |
| 415. +1 other reference |
| Pipino (1984) |
| Castellaro et al. (2023) |
| Antofilli et al. (1983) +1 other reference |
| Testabruna R. (2014) |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2004) |
| Piccoli (2002) +2 other references |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Sergio Varvello collection |
| De Michele (1974) |
| Stara et al. (1993) |
| Stara et al. (1994) |
| Richard (1879) +4 other references |
| Richard (1879) +6 other references |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Ferretti P. et al. (2013) |
| Cotta Remusino C. (1972) |
| Gottardi et al. (1985) +4 other references |
| SCXRD at Padova University |
| Mattioli et al. (2016) |
| Zorzi (2014) |
| Mattioli et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Mattioli et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Daleffe et al. (2005) +1 other reference | |
| Mattioli et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Passaglia et al. (1996) +3 other references | |
| Paolo Gasparetto Collection | |
| Boscardin M. et al. (2011) |
| Passaglia E. et al. (2009) +2 other references |
| Passaglia et al. (2009) +3 other references |
| Boscardin M. et al. (2011) |
| Boscardin M. et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Boscardin M. et al. (2011) |
| Boscardin et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Pizzolaro M. (1989) |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) |
| Passaglia et al. (2009) +3 other references |
| Passaglia E. (1983) |
| Boscardin et al. (1998) |
Japan | |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Terashima collection |
Kenya | |
| Bowell et al. (1996) |
Mexico | |
| Wilson et al. (1986) |
| Panczner (1987) |
Middle East | |
| Gross (1977) | |
Myanmar | |
| Ferraris et al. (2014) |
New Zealand | |
| Henderson (1983) |
| Black (1969) +1 other reference |
| Courtney et al. (1988) | |
| Black (1969) | |
Norway | |
| Berg et al. (2003) |
| Gunnar Raade (1969) +1 other reference |
| Neumann (1944) |
| Nordrum +1 other reference |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-2537 (Ex-collection Harald Kristiansen) | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-5351 (Ex-Torfinn Kjærnet coll.) | |
| Øivind Thoresen photo | |
| - (n.d.) |
| Larsen et al. (2005) +1 other reference | |
| - (n.d.) | |
| Ström (1826) |
| Nordrum (1995) | |
| Henrik Sundland information to Knut ... | |
| Sigurd Stordal collection +1 other reference | |
| Ström (1826) |
| Ström (1826) +1 other reference |
| Nordrum (1995) | |
| ... |
| Ström (1826) | |
| Nordrum +1 other reference |
| O.T.Ljostad specimen & photo +1 other reference |
| Garmo (1999) |
| Larsen +1 other reference | |
| Selbekk et al. (1996) | |
| Nordrum (2004) |
| Oftedal et al. (1965) +1 other reference |
| - (n.d.) | |
| |
| Brøgger (1890, January) +1 other reference | |
| Raade (1972) | |
| Witsø (1995) |
| Larsen et al. (2005) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-5721 | |
Poland | |
| Wieser (1986) |
| Siuda (2012) |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Websky M. (1869) |
| Pieczka et al. (2018) |
| Kowalski W.M. 1981: The occurence of zeolites in variegated deposits of the Rybnik Coal Basin (Upper Silesia) |
| Kowalski W.M. 1981: The occurence of zeolites in variegated deposits of the Rybnik Coal Basin (Upper Silesia) |
Russia | |
| ... |
| PEKOV et al. (2013) | |
| Zaitsev et al. (1992) +1 other reference | |
| Sorokhtina et al. (2008) |
| ... | |
| Pekov (2003) |
| Zaitsev et al. (2004) |
| ... | |
| [World of Stones 12:49] | |
| Econ Geol (1995) |
| Antonov A.A. [Антонов А.А.] (2003) |
| Igor.V. Pekov (2008) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2021) |
| Hyršl (1992) |
Slovakia | |
| Ďuďa (1993) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Ďuďa |
| Ďuďa |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| Menor-Salván +1 other reference |
| Mª Asunción Alías Linares 1 * y Luis ... +1 other reference |
Sweden | |
| Grensman et al. (2001) |
| |
| |
| Natural History Museum |
| Lyckberg (2006) | |
| Lorin et al. (2014) | |
| - (2021) |
| Gatedal (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Sandström et al. (2010) |
| Sandström et al. (2010) | |
Switzerland | |
| Kolitsch (2023) |
UK | |
| |
| Paul Nicholson Collection |
| Green et al. (2000) |
| Young b and Bridges T F. 1984. ... | |
| D. Lloyd |
| |
| Hubbard et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Moles and Nawaz (1996) +1 other reference |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1884 6 : 104-105 |
| Day (1999) |
| M.Wirth and BMS collections |
| Russell (1946) +1 other reference |
| BMS Collection 427 1281. +1 other reference |
| |
| Rocks & Min.: 17:130. | |
| Wolfe et al. (2008) | |
| Green et al. (2005) +1 other reference | |
| Green et al. (2008) | |
| Hubbard et al. (2008) |
| Found by Dagmara Lesiow +1 other reference | |
| |
| Day (1999) |
| |
| Day (1999) | |
| M.Wirth and BMS collections | |
| Wolfe et al. (2008) |
| Day (1999) |
| Day (1999) |
| Day (1999) |
| Liferovich et al. (2006) |
| Day (1999) |
| Day (1999) | |
| Day (1999) |
| Wolfe (2000) +3 other references |
Ukraine | |
| Tischenko A. data |
| Tischenko Alexander |
USA | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| MarekC (2019) |
| Pemberton (1983) +2 other references |
| Mineral News v.14 no.9 | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Tschernich (1992) +1 other reference |
| Henderson (1979) |
| Wayne C. Shanks et al. (2012) | |
| Dana 6:1070 +2 other references |
| Paul Gilmore |
| Bradley D. Plotkin collection |
| Newsletter of the Albuquerque Gem & ... |
| Patrick Haynes | |
| Manchester (1931) | |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Manchester (1931) |
| New York State Museum mineral collection +1 other reference |
| Whitlock (1903) +1 other reference | |
| Manchester (1931) | |
| ... |
| Donald R. Privett et al. (2011) |
| Gladwell ( ) +3 other references |
| Bargar et al. (1997) | |
| Zach Capel |
| AmMin 24:540 |
| Lapham et al. (1965) |
| |
| Johannes Swarts collection |
| King et al. (1991) +1 other reference | |
| Robin D. Tibbit (deceased) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| JL Jerden Jr (2001) +1 other reference |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| Rocks & Minerals 68:167 +1 other reference |
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