Zeunerite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Zeunerite
Gustav Anton Zeuner
Formula:
Cu(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 12H2O
Water content was previously thought to range between 10 and 16 H2O.
Colour:
Yellow-green, emerald-green
Lustre:
Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Waxy
Hardness:
2½
Specific Gravity:
3.47
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Member of:
Name:
Named by A. Weisbach in 1872 in honour of Gustav Anton Zeuner (30 November 1828, Chemnitz, Saxony, Germany – 17 October 1907, Dresden, Saxony, Germany), physicist and engineer. He was Director of the School of Mines, Freiberg, Saxony, Germany when the mineral was described.
Autunite Group.
A secondary mineral occurring in the oxidised zones of arsenic-bearing hydrothermal uranium deposits.
Easily dehydrates to metazeunerite.
A secondary mineral occurring in the oxidised zones of arsenic-bearing hydrothermal uranium deposits.
Easily dehydrates to metazeunerite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
4397
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:4397:3
Similar Names
| Cinerite | A synonym of 'Volcanic ash' | |
| Sinnerite | A valid IMA mineral species | Cu6As4S9 |
Classification of Zeunerite
The autunite-type sheet
The autunite-type sheet found in members of the autunite group.
IMA Classification of Zeunerite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1872
8.EB.05
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
E : Uranyl phosphates and arsenates
B : UO2:RO4 = 1:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
E : Uranyl phosphates and arsenates
B : UO2:RO4 = 1:1
40.2a.14.1
40 : HYDRATED NORMAL PHOSPHATES,ARSENATES AND VANADATES
2a : AB2(XO4)2·xH2O, containing (UO2)2+
40 : HYDRATED NORMAL PHOSPHATES,ARSENATES AND VANADATES
2a : AB2(XO4)2·xH2O, containing (UO2)2+
20.7.5
20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
7 : Arsenates of U
20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
7 : Arsenates of U
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Zeu | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Pronunciation of Zeunerite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Zeunerite
Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Waxy
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Yellow-green, emerald-green
Hardness:
2½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {001}; distinct on {100}
Perfect on {001}; distinct on {100}
Fracture:
Micaceous
Density:
3.47 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.57 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
Density calculated for 16H2O.
Optical Data of Zeunerite
Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nω = 1.610 - 1.613 nε = 1.582 - 1.585
Birefringence:
0.028
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.028
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Optical Extinction:
Parallel
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
O = Blue-green
E = Pale blue-green
E = Pale blue-green
Chemistry of Zeunerite
Mindat Formula:
Cu(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 12H2O
Water content was previously thought to range between 10 and 16 H2O.
Water content was previously thought to range between 10 and 16 H2O.
Element Weights:
Crystallography of Zeunerite
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Class (H-M):
4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) - Ditetragonal Dipyramidal
Space Group:
I4/mmm
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.1797(3) Å, c = 20.857(1) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 2.905
Unit Cell V:
1075.1 ų
Z:
2
Morphology:
Crystals flat tabular on {001}. Subparallel growths common.
Comment:
Data for synthetic crystal.
Crystal Structure
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Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0011096 | Zeunerite | Hennig C, Reck G, Reich T, Robberg A, Kraus W, Sieler J (2003) EXAFS and XRD investigations of zeunerite and meta-zeunerite Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 218 37-45 |  | 2003 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0005831 | Zeunerite | Locock A J, Burns P C (2003) Crystal structures and synthesis of the copper-dominant members of the autunite and meta-autunite groups: Torbernite, zeunerite, metatorbernite and metazeunerite The Canadian Mineralogist 41 489-502 | | 2003 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 10.3 Å | (100) |
| 6.81 Å | (30) |
| 5.20 Å | (70) |
| 4.58 Å | (5) |
| 3.59 Å | (100) |
| 3.39 Å | (50) |
| 3.16 Å | (10) |
| 3.06 Å | (5) |
| 2.95 Å | (30) |
| 2.91 Å | (5) |
| 2.86 Å | (10) |
| 2.74 Å | (30) |
| 2.53 Å | (40) |
| 2.46 Å | (30) |
| 2.37 Å | (5) |
| 2.32 Å | (20) |
| 2.26 Å | (40) |
| 2.21 Å | (40) |
| 2.18 Å | (20) |
| 2.08 Å | (60) |
| 1.924 Å | (60) |
| 1.794 Å | (50) |
| 1.765 Å | (5) |
| 1.735 Å | (5) |
| 1.708 Å | (10) |
| 1.690 Å | (10) |
| 1.661 Å | (5) |
| 1.640 Å | (40) |
| 1.602 Å | (40) |
| 1.584 Å | (10) |
| 1.562 Å | (20) |
| 1.532 Å | (50) |
| 1.427 Å | (30) |
| 1.378 Å | (40) |
| 1.362 Å | (30) |
| 1.355 Å | (30) |
| 1.312 Å | (20b) |
| 1.289 Å | (5) |
| 1.272 Å | (30b) |
| 1.245 Å | (40) |
| 1.221 Å | (5) |
| 1.210 Å | (10) |
| 1.201 Å | (5) |
| 1.188 Å | (5) |
| 1.178 Å | (5) |
| 1.165 Å | (40b) |
| 1.146 Å | (20) |
| 1.133 Å | (20) |
| 1.127 Å | (20) |
| 1.117 Å | (5) |
| 1.092 Å | (50b) |
| 1.083 Å | (50b) |
| 1.059 Å | (40b) |
| 1.043 Å | (20b) |
| 1.036 Å | (40b) |
| 1.022 Å | (40b) |
| 1.013 Å | (5) |
| 1.004 Å | (20) |
| 1.001 Å | (30) |
| 0.998 Å | (30) |
| 0.995 Å | (40b) |
| 0.991 Å | (10) |
Comments:
ICDD 17-150 and ICDD 17-150a. See ICDD 4-90
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47d : [Arsenates, antimonates, selenates, bismuthinates] | |
| 47f : [Uranyl (U⁶⁺) minerals] |
Geological Setting:
Secondary mineral in oxidation zone of arsenic bearing hydrothermal uranium deposits.
Type Occurrence of Zeunerite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
State Museum of Mineralogy and Geology, Dresden.
Mining Academy, Freiberg, Saxony, Germany: #21730. (now altered to metazeunerite)
Mining Academy, Freiberg, Saxony, Germany: #21730. (now altered to metazeunerite)
Synonyms of Zeunerite
Other Language Names for Zeunerite
Relationship of Zeunerite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Autunite Group:
| Autunite | Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10-12H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
| Bassetite | Fe2+(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O | Mon. 2/m |
| Heinrichite | Ba(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| Hydronováčekite | Mg(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 12H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Kahlerite | Fe2+(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 12H2O | Tet. 4/m : P42/n |
| Nováčekite | Mg(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O | Mon. 2/m |
| Rauchite | Ni(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Sabugalite | HAl(UO2)4(PO4)4 · 16H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Saléeite | Mg(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O | Mon. 2/m |
| Torbernite | Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 12H2O | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I4/mmm |
| Uranocircite | Ba(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O | Tet. |
| Uranospinite | Ca(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/nmm |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 46 photos of Zeunerite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 26 photos of Zeunerite associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
| 20 photos of Zeunerite associated with Baryte | BaSO4 |
| 18 photos of Zeunerite associated with Erythrite | Co3(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 17 photos of Zeunerite associated with Mixite | BiCu6(AsO4)3(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 16 photos of Zeunerite associated with Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) |
| 16 photos of Zeunerite associated with Uranosphaerite | Bi(UO2)O2(OH) |
| 16 photos of Zeunerite associated with Uranophane | Ca(UO2)2(SiO3OH)2 · 5H2O |
| 15 photos of Zeunerite associated with Uranospinite | Ca(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 15 photos of Zeunerite associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.EB. | Meta-autunite Group | A1-2(UO2)2(TO4)2 · 5-10H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Rauchite | Ni(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Uranocircite | Ba(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Uranospinite | Ca(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Metarauchite | Ni(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Heinrichite | Ba(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Kahlerite | Fe2+(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 12H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Hydronováčekite | Mg(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 12H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Torbernite | Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 12H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Nováčekite | Mg(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Autunite | Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10-12H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Saléeite | Mg(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 8.EB.05 | Xiangjiangite | (Fe3+,Al)(UO2)4(PO4)2(SO4)2(OH) · 22H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Bassetite | Fe2+(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Lehnerite | Mn2+(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Meta-autunite | Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metasaléeite | Mg(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metauranocircite | Ba(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 7H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metauranospinite | Ca(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metaheinrichite | Ba(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metakahlerite | Fe2+(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metakirchheimerite | Co(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metanováčekite | Mg(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metanatroautunite | Na(UO2)(PO4)(H2O)3 |
| 8.EB.10 | Metatorbernite | Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Metazeunerite | Cu(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | Przhevalskite | Pb2(UO2)3(PO4)2(OH)4 · 3H2O |
| 8.EB.10 | 'Pseudo-autunite' | (H3O)4Ca2(UO2)2(PO4)4 · 5H2O |
| 8.EB.15 | Abernathyite | K(UO2)(AsO4) · 3H2O |
| 8.EB.15 | Uramphite | (NH4)2(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 8.EB.15 | Meta-ankoleite | K2(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 8.EB.15 | Natrouranospinite | Na2(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 5H2O |
| 8.EB.15 | Trögerite | (H3O)(UO2)(AsO4) · 3H2O |
| 8.EB.15 | Chernikovite | (H3O)2(UO2)2(PO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 8.EB.15 | Uramarsite | (NH4)(UO2)(AsO4) · 3H2O |
| 8.EB.20 | Chistyakovaite | Al(UO2)2(AsO4)2(F,OH) · 6.5H2O |
| 8.EB.20 | Threadgoldite | Al(UO2)2(PO4)2(OH) · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.25 | Uranospathite | (Al,◻)(UO2)2(PO4)2F · 20(H2O,F) |
| 8.EB.25 | Arsenuranospathite | Al(UO2)2(AsO4)2F · 20H2O |
| 8.EB.30 | Vochtenite | (Fe2+,Mg)Fe3+(UO2)4(PO4)4(OH) · 12-13H2O |
| 8.EB.35 | Coconinoite | Fe3+2Al2(UO2)2(PO4)4(SO4)(OH)2 · 20H2O |
| 8.EB.40 | Ranunculite | HAl(UO2)(PO4)(OH)3 · 4H2O |
| 8.EB.45 | Triangulite | Al3(UO2)4(PO4)4(OH)5 · 5H2O |
| 8.EB.50 | Furongite | Al13(UO2)7(PO4)13(OH)14 · 58H2O |
| 8.EB.55 | Arsenosabugalite | H0.5Al0.5(UO2)2(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 8.EB.55 | Sabugalite | HAl(UO2)4(PO4)4 · 16H2O |
| 8.EB.60 | Horákite | (Bi7O7OH)[(UO2)4(PO4)2(AsO4)2(OH)2] · 3.5H2O |
Radioactivity
Radioactivity:
| Element | % Content | Activity (Bq/kg) | Radiation Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uranium (U) | 43.3717% | 10,842,925 | α, β, γ |
| Thorium (Th) | 0.0000% | 0 | α, β, γ |
| Potassium (K) | 0.0000% | 0 | β, γ |
For comparison:
- Banana: ~15 Bq per fruit
- Granite: 1,000–3,000 Bq/kg
- EU exemption limit: 10,000 Bq/kg
Note: Risk is shown relative to daily recommended maximum exposure to non-background radiation of 1000 µSv/year. Note that natural background radiation averages around 2400 µSv/year so in reality these risks are probably extremely overstated! With infrequent handling and safe storage natural radioactive minerals do not usually pose much risk.
Interactive Simulator:
Note: The mass selector refers to the mass of radioactive mineral present, not the full specimen, also be aware that the matrix may also be radioactive, possibly more radioactive than this mineral!
Activity: –
| Distance | Dose rate | Risk |
|---|---|---|
| 1 cm | ||
| 10 cm | ||
| 1 m |
The external dose rate (D) from a radioactive mineral is estimated by summing the gamma radiation contributions from its Uranium, Thorium, and Potassium content, disregarding daughter-product which may have a significant effect in some cases (eg 'pitchblende'). This involves multiplying the activity (A, in Bq) of each element by its specific gamma ray constant (Γ), which accounts for its unique gamma emissions. The total unshielded dose at 1 cm is then scaled by the square of the distance (r, in cm) and multiplied by a shielding factor (μshield). This calculation provides a 'worst-case' or 'maximum risk' estimate because it assumes the sample is a point source and entirely neglects any self-shielding where radiation is absorbed within the mineral itself, meaning actual doses will typically be lower. The resulting dose rate (D) is expressed in microsieverts per hour (μSv/h).
D = ((AU × ΓU) + (ATh × ΓTh) + (AK × ΓK)) / r2 × μshield
Fluorescence of Zeunerite
Not fluorescent
Other Information
Special Storage/
Display Requirements:
Display Requirements:
Frequently dehydrates to metazeunerite. Radioactive.
Health Risks:
Radioactive.
Internet Links for Zeunerite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-4397.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Zeunerite
Reference List:
Weiss-Frondel, Judith (1951) Studies of uranium minerals (VII): Zeunerite. American Mineralogist, 36 (3-4) 249-255
Berman, Robert M. (1957) Studies of uranium minerals (XXIII): Torbernite, zeunerite and uranospherite. American Mineralogist, 42 (11-12) 905-908
Frondel, Clifford (1958) Systematic mineralogy of uranium and thorium. Bulletin 1064. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b1064 pp.191-195
Walenta, Kurt, Walenta, Kurt (1964) Beiträge zur Kenntnis seltener Arsenatmineralien unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Vorkommen des Schwarzwaldes. 1. Folge. [Rare arsenate minerals with special consideration of occurrences in the Black Forest. Part I]. Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 9 (1). 111-174 doi:10.1007/bf01127780
Locock, A. J., Burns, P. C. (2003) Crystal Structures and Synthesis of the Copper-Dominant Members of the Autunite and Meta-Autunite Groups: Torbernite, Zeunerite, Metatorbernite and Metazeunerite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 41 (2) 489-502 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.41.2.489
Hennig, C., Reck, G., Reich, T., Roßberg, A., Kraus, W., Sieler, J. (2003) EXAFS and XRD investigations of zeunerite and meta-zeunerite. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 218 (1) 37-45 doi:10.1524/zkri.218.1.37.20776
Frost, Ray L., Carmody, Onuma, Erickson, Kristy L., Weier, Matt L. (2005) Near-infrared spectroscopy to uranyl arsenates of the autunite and metaautunite group. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 61 (8) 1923-1927 doi:10.1016/j.saa.2004.07.023
Localities for Zeunerite
Showing 241 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Las Especies Minerales de La Republica ... |
| J C Lodovichi specimen |
| Raúl Joreg Tauber Larry |
Austria | |
| Paar et al. (1978) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Poeverlein et al. (2010) |
| Poeverlein et al. (2010) | |
| Poeverlein et al. (2010) | |
Belgium | |
| Société Géologique de Belgique (Annales de la) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
Brazil | |
| Wilson (1976) |
| [MinRec 23:276 | |
Canada | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Mauthner et al. (1996) |
| Tyson (1989) |
Chile | |
| samples analysed by Gerhard Moehn and ... |
| "Estudios geológico del sector de ... +2 other references |
China | |
| Shen (n.d.) |
| Li et al. (2002) |
| Gu et al. (2026) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| Dahlkamp (2009) | |
Czech Republic | |
| Sejkora et al. (2016) |
| Plášil J. et al. (2011) |
| Hloušek et al. (2002) |
| Pauliš P. et al. (Kutna Hora, issue 1) |
| 70 (in German) +2 other references | |
| Pauliš P. et al. (Kutna Hora, issue 1) |
| Viktor Goliáš et al. (2016) |
| Bradna |
| Sejkora (1994) |
| Sejkora et al. (2019) |
| |
DR Congo | |
| Gauthier et al. (1989) |
Egypt | |
| Bisher (2012) |
Europe | |
| Quellmalz (1992) +1 other reference |
France | |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| - (1998) |
| Agrinier et al. (1967) |
| Favreau G. et al. (1996) |
| Boisson J.-M. et al. (2023) |
| - (1998) |
| Pierrot et al. (1973) |
| Pierrot et al. (1973) |
| R. Pierrot |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Hohl (1994) |
| Escande et al. (1973) +6 other references |
| Escande et al. (1973) +6 other references | |
| |
| - (1998) |
| - (1998) | |
| - (1998) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Collection Frédéric Bonnet |
| - (1998) | |
| - (1998) | |
| Tschernich et al. (1992) +2 other references |
| Henriot et al. (1998) |
| - (1998) | |
| - (1998) |
| R. Pierrot |
| van den Berg (1987) +1 other reference |
| CLAUDE jean-marie : trouvaille et ... | |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1996) | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| H. Steen: Erzgräber 11 (1997) | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Blaß et al. (2000) |
| |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Wittern (2001) +2 other references |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Markl (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Aufschluss 1977 (5) |
| Walenta (1987) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| |
| Hanneberg et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Koch (2008) |
| Aufschluss 69/ (7+8) +1 other reference |
| Noll (1984) |
| Noll (1984) | |
| Hartmut Hensel collection | |
| Heidtke (2001) |
| Bergbau PSL Blatt Lebach 6507-4 +1 other reference |
| Andreas Gerstenberg collection (www.mineral-forum.com) |
| SEM-EDS and XRD by Joy Desor and ... |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2025) |
| ... | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Schnorrer (1995) +1 other reference |
| Leon Hupperichs collection |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) | |
| A. Weisbach (1872) +1 other reference |
| Neues Jahrb. Mineral. Mon. 558-576 |
| Herrmann et al. (2007) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Martin et al. (2001) |
| Massanek et al. (2005) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Gröbner et al. (2007) +1 other reference | |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
Greece | |
| Simon et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
Hungary | |
| GEODA |
India | |
| Singh et al. (2002) |
Iran | |
| Khoshnoodi et al. (2025) |
Italy | |
| 415. +1 other reference |
| Redazionale (2005) | |
| Ottenziali et al. (1992) |
| Guastoni et al. (2008) |
| Gentile et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Gentile et al. (2023) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli (2002) +1 other reference |
| Fraccaro et al. (2007) +1 other reference | |
| Beppe Finello collection | |
| Ravagnani (1974) |
| Ciriotti et al. (2019) |
| Tavagnasco Miniere e Minerali | |
| Guastoni (2009) |
| A. Rosso (M.E. Ciriotti, 2007) |
| Ferretti et al. (2017) |
| Campostrini I. (2013) |
| Campostrini et al. (2006) |
| Vecchi et al. (2013) |
| Campostrini et al. (2005) |
| Demartin et al. (2018) +2 other references |
| Giarduz M. & Maggioni G. (2010) |
| Giarduz M. |
| LIBVRNA N°2 September 2021 |
| Zordan et al. (2001) +2 other references |
Japan | |
| Nagashima et al. (1966) |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Mexico | |
| Some crystals were found in May 2008 - ... |
Morocco | |
| Favreau et al. (2019) |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| Favreau et al. (2007) |
| Favreau et al. (2006) | |
| Favreau et al. (2006) | |
Norway | |
| Husdal (2020) |
| Nordrum (2012) |
Poland | |
| Siuda et al. (2003) |
| Mochnacka et al. (2000) +2 other references |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Syczewski et al. (2023) |
| Eligiusz Szełęg collection (SEM/EDS identification) |
Portugal | |
| "Sopas de Pedra" of A. M. Galopim de ... |
Russia | |
| Krinov D.I. et al. (2011) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2014) |
Slovakia | |
| Polák Ľ. et al. (2017) |
| Pauliš et al. (2002) |
| Donát A. (1998) |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Ondrejka et al. (2024) | |
| Martin Števko-unpublished |
| Koděra (1986) | |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Species list by Dr. Hans Börner |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| Rewitzer et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| CARMONA RUIZ et al. (2025) |
| Ko Jansen collection |
| López (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Mata i Perelló (1990) +1 other reference |
| Joan Rosell (2021) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023) |
| Honrubia et al. (2002) |
Switzerland | |
| Kolitsch (1998) |
| Brugger et al. (2003) |
Tajikistan | |
| Chernikov et al. (1997) |
UK | |
| Bruce et al. (1998) |
| Wolfe (1996) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Lapis 11 (2) | |
| George Eric Stanley Curtis collection |
| King et al. (1989) +1 other reference |
| Kingsbury (1954) +2 other references |
| Elton et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Braithwaite et al. (1990) |
| Day (1999) | |
| Miller et al. (1966) +1 other reference | |
| R. S. W. Braithwaite and J. R. Knight (1990) +1 other reference |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| West et al. (1952) |
| Bollin et al. (1958) |
| Leicht (1971) +1 other reference |
| Gornitz (2004) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Scarborough (1981) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Gross (1965) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Minerals 71:2 pp94-101 |
| USGS Bull 988G +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Jensen (1985) +2 other references |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Jason B. Smith collection |
| Smith et al. (1984) |
| USGS: Geological Survey Circular 351 |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| DANA R. KELLEY AND PAUL F. KERR (1958) | |
| Anthony et al. (2000) | |
| DAVIDSON +1 other reference |
| DAVIDSON +1 other reference | |
| Am Min 36:249-255 +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Kampf et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Kampf et al. (2012) | |
| Joe Marty (2015) |
| |
| Collected by Tom Wyman |
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Clara Mine, Oberwolfach, Ortenaukreis, Freiburg Region, Baden-Württemberg, Germany