Ilvaite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Ilvaite
Formula:
CaFe3+Fe2+2(Si2O7)O(OH)
Colour:
Iron-black, dark grayish black
Lustre:
Sub-Metallic
Hardness:
5½ - 6
Specific Gravity:
3.99 - 4.05
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
For "Ilva", the old latin name of Elba Island, on which the co-type localites are situated.
The history of the name of ilvaite is complex.
The mineral was probably first observed in 1784 by the french geologist Déodat de Dolomieu (1750-1801) during his voyage to the Elba Island, Italy. According to Thiébaut de Berneaud (1808), it was found at Cap Calamita ["C'est à la punta della Calamita que Dolomieu trouva cette substance minèrale qu'on a depuis nommée yénite"]. As the mineral collected by Dolomieu didn't show crystal forms, he was induced to classify it as black schorl. The french mineralogist Romé de l’Isle (1736-1790) also had a crystal of the mineral in collection, labelled as Mine de fer noirâtre attirable à l`aimant [an iron mineral that is attracted by magnet] and originating from Rio Marina (Leliévre 1807, Thiébaut de Berneaud 1808, Schubnel 1999). In 1796, the French Mineralogist Louis-Benjamin Fleuriau de Bellevu (1761-1852) also collected the mineral at Cap Calamite (Leliévre 1807 (footnote p. 72-73), Schubnel 1999). It was analyzed by the french chemist Vaquelin.
But it was first published, described and named in 1807 by the French mineralogist Claude-Hugues Leliévre (28 june 1752, Paris, France -18 october 1835). He named it as yenite, in memory of the battle at Jena (in todays Germany) 14 October 1806. The battle was between the forces of Napoleon I of France and Frederick William III of Prussia.
The name should have been written Jenite, but according to Leliévre he changed it to Yenite, to avoid confusions with the prononciation.
The name was however criticized in the science community. Information on the new mineral was published by french geologist Jean-François D'Aubuisson in the German Journal für die Chemie und Physik in 1807. The author gave here another origin for the name: "Le Lièvre gave it the name jenite in memory of the Mineralogical Society of Jena, of which he is member" (It seems to be an attempt to soften a name unpleasent to all German).
Later the German/Danish-Norwegian philosopher and mineralogist Henrik Steffens (2 May 1773 Stavanger, Denmark-Norway - 13 February 1845 Berlin, Germany) in his Vollständiges Handbuch der Oryktgnosie (1811) introduced the name Ilvaite.
Later, in 1812 another German, Abraham Gottlob Werner (in Hoffmann 1812, Handbuch der Mineralogie II, p. 376) proposed the name Lievrite in honor of Leliévre who first described the mineral.
The name Ilvaite is the name used today.
Leliévre (1807), in his description, states that he found the mineral in two different localities on the Elba Island: At Rio Marina and at Cap Calamite.
The history of the name of ilvaite is complex.
The mineral was probably first observed in 1784 by the french geologist Déodat de Dolomieu (1750-1801) during his voyage to the Elba Island, Italy. According to Thiébaut de Berneaud (1808), it was found at Cap Calamita ["C'est à la punta della Calamita que Dolomieu trouva cette substance minèrale qu'on a depuis nommée yénite"]. As the mineral collected by Dolomieu didn't show crystal forms, he was induced to classify it as black schorl. The french mineralogist Romé de l’Isle (1736-1790) also had a crystal of the mineral in collection, labelled as Mine de fer noirâtre attirable à l`aimant [an iron mineral that is attracted by magnet] and originating from Rio Marina (Leliévre 1807, Thiébaut de Berneaud 1808, Schubnel 1999). In 1796, the French Mineralogist Louis-Benjamin Fleuriau de Bellevu (1761-1852) also collected the mineral at Cap Calamite (Leliévre 1807 (footnote p. 72-73), Schubnel 1999). It was analyzed by the french chemist Vaquelin.
But it was first published, described and named in 1807 by the French mineralogist Claude-Hugues Leliévre (28 june 1752, Paris, France -18 october 1835). He named it as yenite, in memory of the battle at Jena (in todays Germany) 14 October 1806. The battle was between the forces of Napoleon I of France and Frederick William III of Prussia.
The name should have been written Jenite, but according to Leliévre he changed it to Yenite, to avoid confusions with the prononciation.
The name was however criticized in the science community. Information on the new mineral was published by french geologist Jean-François D'Aubuisson in the German Journal für die Chemie und Physik in 1807. The author gave here another origin for the name: "Le Lièvre gave it the name jenite in memory of the Mineralogical Society of Jena, of which he is member" (It seems to be an attempt to soften a name unpleasent to all German).
Later the German/Danish-Norwegian philosopher and mineralogist Henrik Steffens (2 May 1773 Stavanger, Denmark-Norway - 13 February 1845 Berlin, Germany) in his Vollständiges Handbuch der Oryktgnosie (1811) introduced the name Ilvaite.
Later, in 1812 another German, Abraham Gottlob Werner (in Hoffmann 1812, Handbuch der Mineralogie II, p. 376) proposed the name Lievrite in honor of Leliévre who first described the mineral.
The name Ilvaite is the name used today.
Leliévre (1807), in his description, states that he found the mineral in two different localities on the Elba Island: At Rio Marina and at Cap Calamite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2016
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2016:5
Similar Names
IMA Classification of Ilvaite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
CaFe3+Fe2+2O(Si2O7)(OH)
First published:
1807
Classification of Ilvaite
9.BE.07
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
B : Sorosilicates
E : Si2O7 groups, with additional anions; cations in octahedral [6] and greater coordination
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
B : Sorosilicates
E : Si2O7 groups, with additional anions; cations in octahedral [6] and greater coordination
56.2.3.3
56 : SOROSILICATES Si2O7 Groups, With Additional O, OH, F and H2O
2 : Si2O7 Groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [4] and/or >[4] coordination
56 : SOROSILICATES Si2O7 Groups, With Additional O, OH, F and H2O
2 : Si2O7 Groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [4] and/or >[4] coordination
14.22.7
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
22 : Silicates of Fe and Ca
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
22 : Silicates of Fe and Ca
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Ilv | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Ilv | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Ilv | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Ilvaite
Sub-Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Iron-black, dark grayish black
Streak:
Black, inclining to green or brown
Hardness:
5½ - 6 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Distinct on {001} {010}
Distinct on {001} {010}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
3.99 - 4.05 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.064 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Ilvaite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.727 nβ = 1.87 nγ = 1.883
2V:
Measured: 20° to 30°, Calculated: 30°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.156
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Anisotropism:
Very strong
Dispersion:
Strong r
Optical Extinction:
X > Y > Z
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 (%) | R2 (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 400nm | 8.7% | 10.4% |
| 420nm | 8.6% | 10.3% |
| 440nm | 8.5% | 10.2% |
| 460nm | 8.2% | 10.1% |
| 480nm | 7.9% | 10.0% |
| 500nm | 7.6% | 9.9% |
| 520nm | 7.3% | 9.8% |
| 540nm | 7.0% | 9.8% |
| 560nm | 6.7% | 9.8% |
| 580nm | 6.3% | 9.8% |
| 600nm | 5.8% | 9.8% |
| 620nm | 5.5% | 9.8% |
| 640nm | 5.2% | 9.8% |
| 660nm | 5.0% | 9.8% |
| 680nm | 5.1% | 9.7% |
| 700nm | 5.4% | 9.6% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 10.4%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
light gray to bluish gray, pinkish red to violet
Pleochroism:
Strong
Comments:
X= dark green
Y= yellow-brown to dark brown
Z= dark brown
Y= yellow-brown to dark brown
Z= dark brown
Comments:
X=c, Y=b, Z=a
Chemistry of Ilvaite
Mindat Formula:
CaFe3+Fe2+2(Si2O7)O(OH)
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
Mg,Mn
Crystallography of Ilvaite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Cell Parameters:
a = 8.800 Å, b = 13.019 Å, c = 5.852 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.676 : 1 : 0.449
Unit Cell V:
670.45 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Prismatic, columnar, radiating, compact massive,
Comment:
Orthorhombic (Pbnm; cell parameters given refer to this space-group symmetry) or monoclinic (P21/a; 13.0103(5), 8.8039(4), 5.8517(3), 90.209(5))
Crystallographic forms of Ilvaite
Crystal Atlas:
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Ilvaite no.2 - {110} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Ilvaite no.26 - {110} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Ilvaite no.70 - {100} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0002854 | Ilvaite | Bonazzi P, Bindi L (2002) Structural properties and heat-induced oxidation-dehydrogenation of manganoan ilvaite from perda Niedda mine, Sardinia, Italy American Mineralogist 87 845-852 |  | 2002 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002853 | Ilvaite | Bonazzi P, Bindi L (2002) Structural properties and heat-induced oxidation-dehydrogenation of manganoan ilvaite from perda Niedda mine, Sardinia, Italy American Mineralogist 87 845-852 | | 2002 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002852 | Ilvaite | Bonazzi P, Bindi L (2002) Structural properties and heat-induced oxidation-dehydrogenation of manganoan ilvaite from perda Niedda mine, Sardinia, Italy American Mineralogist 87 845-852 | | 2002 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002851 | Ilvaite | Bonazzi P, Bindi L (2002) Structural properties and heat-induced oxidation-dehydrogenation of manganoan ilvaite from perda Niedda mine, Sardinia, Italy American Mineralogist 87 845-852 | | 2002 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002850 | Ilvaite | Bonazzi P, Bindi L (2002) Structural properties and heat-induced oxidation-dehydrogenation of manganoan ilvaite from perda Niedda mine, Sardinia, Italy American Mineralogist 87 845-852 | | 2002 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002849 | Ilvaite | Bonazzi P, Bindi L (2002) Structural properties and heat-induced oxidation-dehydrogenation of manganoan ilvaite from perda Niedda mine, Sardinia, Italy American Mineralogist 87 845-852 | | 2002 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002848 | Ilvaite | Bonazzi P, Bindi L (2002) Structural properties and heat-induced oxidation-dehydrogenation of manganoan ilvaite from Perda Niedda mine, Sardinia, Italy American Mineralogist 87 845-852 | | 2002 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002327 | Ilvaite | Bonazzi P, Bindi L (1999) Structural adjustments induced by heat treatment in ilvaite American Mineralogist 84 1604-1612 | | 1999 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002326 | Ilvaite | Bonazzi P, Bindi L (1999) Structural adjustments induced by heat treatment in ilvaite American Mineralogist 84 1604-1612 | | 1999 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002325 | Ilvaite | Bonazzi P, Bindi L (1999) Structural adjustments induced by heat treatment in ilvaite American Mineralogist 84 1604-1612 | | 1999 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002324 | Ilvaite | Bonazzi P, Bindi L (1999) Structural adjustments induced by heat treatment in ilvaite American Mineralogist 84 1604-1612 | | 1999 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002323 | Ilvaite | Bonazzi P, Bindi L (1999) Structural adjustments induced by heat treatment in ilvaite American Mineralogist 84 1604-1612 | | 1999 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002322 | Ilvaite | Bonazzi P, Bindi L (1999) Structural adjustments induced by heat treatment in ilvaite American Mineralogist 84 1604-1612 | | 1999 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002321 | Ilvaite | Bonazzi P, Bindi L (1999) Structural adjustments induced by heat treatment in ilvaite American Mineralogist 84 1604-1612 | | 1999 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002320 | Ilvaite | Bonazzi P, Bindi L (1999) Structural adjustments induced by heat treatment in ilvaite American Mineralogist 84 1604-1612 | | 1999 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002319 | Ilvaite | Bonazzi P, Bindi L (1999) Structural adjustments induced by heat treatment in ilvaite American Mineralogist 84 1604-1612 | | 1999 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002318 | Ilvaite | Bonazzi P, Bindi L (1999) Structural adjustments induced by heat treatment in ilvaite American Mineralogist 84 1604-1612 | | 1999 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002317 | Ilvaite | Bonazzi P, Bindi L (1999) Structural adjustments induced by heat treatment in ilvaite American Mineralogist 84 1604-1612 | | 1999 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0006544 | Ilvaite | Carrozzini B (1994) Crystal structure refinements of ilvaite: new relationships between chemical composition and crystallographic parameters European Journal of Mineralogy 6 465-479 | 1994 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006543 | Ilvaite | Carrozzini B (1994) Crystal structure refinements of ilvaite: new relationships between chemical composition and crystallographic parameters European Journal of Mineralogy 6 465-479 | 1994 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006542 | Ilvaite | Carrozzini B (1994) Crystal structure refinements of ilvaite: new relationships between chemical composition and crystallographic parameters European Journal of Mineralogy 6 465-479 | 1994 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006541 | Ilvaite | Carrozzini B (1994) Crystal structure refinements of ilvaite: new relationships between chemical composition and crystallographic parameters European Journal of Mineralogy 6 465-479 | 1994 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006540 | Ilvaite | Carrozzini B (1994) Crystal structure refinements of ilvaite: new relationships between chemical composition and crystallographic parameters European Journal of Mineralogy 6 465-479 | 1994 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006539 | Ilvaite | Carrozzini B (1994) Crystal structure refinements of ilvaite: new relationships between chemical composition and crystallographic parameters European Journal of Mineralogy 6 465-479 | 1994 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006538 | Ilvaite | Carrozzini B (1994) Crystal structure refinements of ilvaite: new relationships between chemical composition and crystallographic parameters European Journal of Mineralogy 6 465-479 | 1994 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006537 | Ilvaite | Carrozzini B (1994) Crystal structure refinements of ilvaite: new relationships between chemical composition and crystallographic parameters European Journal of Mineralogy 6 465-479 | 1994 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0007458 | Ilvaite | Ghose S, Tsukimura K, Hatch D M (1989) Phase transitions in ilvaite, a mixed-valence iron silicate II. A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study and Landau theory of the monoclinic to orthorhombic phase transition induced by charge delocalization Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 16 483-496 | 1989 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0007457 | Ilvaite | Ghose S, Tsukimura K, Hatch D M (1989) Phase transitions in ilvaite, a mixed-valence iron silicate II. A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study and Landau theory of the monoclinic to orthorhombic phase transition induced by charge delocalization Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 16 483-496 | 1989 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0007456 | Ilvaite | Ghose S, Tsukimura K, Hatch D M (1989) Phase transitions in ilvaite, a mixed-valence iron silicate II. A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study and Landau theory of the monoclinic to orthorhombic phase transition induced by charge delocalization Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 16 483-496 | 1989 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0007455 | Ilvaite | Ghose S, Tsukimura K, Hatch D M (1989) Phase transitions in ilvaite, a mixed-valence iron silicate II. A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study and Landau theory of the monoclinic to orthorhombic phase transition induced by charge delocalization Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 16 483-496 | 1989 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0007454 | Ilvaite | Ghose S, Tsukimura K, Hatch D M (1989) Phase transitions in ilvaite, a mixed-valence iron silicate II. A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study and Landau theory of the monoclinic to orthorhombic phase transition induced by charge delocalization Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 16 483-496 | 1989 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0007453 | Ilvaite | Ghose S, Tsukimura K, Hatch D M (1989) Phase transitions in ilvaite, a mixed-valence iron silicate II. A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study and Landau theory of the monoclinic to orthorhombic phase transition induced by charge delocalization Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 16 483-496 | 1989 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0001003 | Ilvaite | Ghose S, Sen Gupta P K, Schlemper E O (1985) Electron ordering in ilvaite, a mixed-valence iron silicate: crystal structure refinement at 138 K American Mineralogist 70 1248-1252 | | 1985 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0007364 | Ilvaite | Ghose S, Hewat A W, Marezio M (1984) A neutron powder diffraction study of the crystal and magnetic structures of ilvaite from 305 K to 5 K - a mixed valence iron silicate with an electronic transition Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 11 67-74 | 1984 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0007363 | Ilvaite | Ghose S, Hewat A W, Marezio M (1984) A neutron powder diffraction study of the crystal and magnetic structures of ilvaite from 305 K to 5 K - a mixed valence iron silicate with an electronic transition Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 11 67-74 | 1984 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0007362 | Ilvaite | Ghose S, Hewat A W, Marezio M (1984) A neutron powder diffraction study of the crystal and magnetic structures of ilvaite from 305 K to 5 K - a mixed valence iron silicate with an electronic transition Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 11 67-74 | 1984 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0007361 | Ilvaite | Ghose S, Hewat A W, Marezio M (1984) A neutron powder diffraction study of the crystal and magnetic structures of ilvaite from 305 K to 5 K - a mixed valence iron silicate with an electronic transition Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 11 67-74 | 1984 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0015644 | Ilvaite | Beran A, Bittner H (1974) Untersuchungen zur kristallchemie des ilvaits Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 21 11-29 | 1974 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 7.305 Å | (70) |
| 2.865 Å | (70) |
| 2.849 Å | (93) |
| 2.840 Å | (93) |
| 2.721 Å | (70) |
| 2.714 Å | (70) |
| 2.676 Å | (100) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Geological Setting:
Contact metasomatic rocks and iron deposits.
Type Occurrence of Ilvaite
Co-Type Localities:
General Appearance of Type Material:
A sample collected in 1801 by Claude-Hugues Leliévre measuring 17 x 14 cm with about 50 shiny crystals.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Natural History Museum in Paris, inventory Nr 3.158.
Synonyms of Ilvaite
Other Language Names for Ilvaite
Relationship of Ilvaite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Lawsonite Group:
| Amamoorite | CaMn2+2Mn3+(Si2O7)O(OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Cortesognoite | CaV2(Si2O7)(OH)2 · H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Cmcm |
| Hennomartinite | SrMn3+2(Si2O7)(OH)2 · H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Cmcm |
| Itoigawaite | SrAl2(Si2O7)(OH)2 · H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Cmcm |
| Lawsonite | CaAl2(Si2O7)(OH)2 · H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Cmcm |
| Manganilvaite | CaFe2+Fe3+Mn2+(Si2O7)O(OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Noelbensonite | BaMn3+2(Si2O7)(OH)2 · H2O | Orth. mm2 |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 444 photos of Ilvaite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 135 photos of Ilvaite associated with Hedenbergite | CaFe2+Si2O6 |
| 132 photos of Ilvaite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 38 photos of Ilvaite associated with Arsenopyrite | FeAsS |
| 26 photos of Ilvaite associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
| 19 photos of Ilvaite associated with Siderite | FeCO3 |
| 17 photos of Ilvaite associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| 15 photos of Ilvaite associated with Datolite | CaB(SiO4)(OH) |
| 15 photos of Ilvaite associated with Natanite | Fe2+[Sn(OH)6] |
| 15 photos of Ilvaite associated with Rhodochrosite | MnCO3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.BE. | Zinkgruvanite | Ba4Mn2+4Fe3+2(Si2O7)2(SO4)2O2(OH)2 |
| 9.BE. | Calciomurmanite | (Na,◻)2Ca(Ti,Mg,Nb)4[Si2O7]2O2(OH,O)2(H2O)4 |
| 9.BE. | Cámaraite | Ba3Na(Fe2+,Mn)8Ti4(Si2O7)4O4(OH,F)7 |
| 9.BE. | Alfredcasparite | Sr2TiO(Si2O7) |
| 9.BE. | Batievaite-(Y) | Y2Ca2Ti(Si2O7)2(OH)2(H2O)4 |
| 9.BE. | Nacareniobsite-(Y) | Na3Ca3YNb(Si2O7)2OF3 |
| 9.BE. | Alexkuznetsovite-(Ce) | Ce2Mn(CO3)(Si2O7) |
| 9.BE. | Bobshannonite | Na2KBa(Mn,Na)8(Nb,Ti)4(Si2O7)4O4(OH)4(O,F)2 |
| 9.BE. | Paralomonosovite | Na6◻4Ti4(Si2O7)2[PO3OH][PO2(OH)2]O2(OF) |
| 9.BE. | Madeiraite | Na2Ca2Fe2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2 |
| 9.BE. | Bortolanite | Ca2(Ca1.5Zr0.5)Na(NaCa)Ti(Si2O7)2(OF)F2 |
| 9.BE. | Longshoushanite-(Ce) | Ce4MgAl2Ti2(Si2O7)2O8 |
| 9.BE. | Moxuanxueite | NaCa6Zr(Si2O7)2OF3 |
| 9.BE. | Delhuyarite-(Ce) | Ce4Mg(Fe3+,W)3◻(Si2O7)2O6(OH)2 |
| 9.BE. | Christofschäferite-(Ce) | Ce3CaMnTiFe3+Ti2(Si2O7)2O8 |
| 9.BE.X | Asimowite | Fe2+4O(Si2O7) |
| 9.BE. | Biraite-(La) | La2Fe2+(CO3)(Si2O7) |
| 9.BE. | Pilanesbergite | Na2Ca2Fe2Ti2(Si2O7)2O2F2 |
| 9.BE.02 | Wadsleyite | Mg4O(Si2O7) |
| 9.BE.02 | Ohtaniite | Mg3(Si0.5◻0.5)Si2O8 |
| 9.BE.05 | Lawsonite | CaAl2(Si2O7)(OH)2 · H2O |
| 9.BE.05 | Hennomartinite | SrMn3+2(Si2O7)(OH)2 · H2O |
| 9.BE.05 | Cortesognoite | CaV2(Si2O7)(OH)2 · H2O |
| 9.BE.05 | Noelbensonite | BaMn3+2(Si2O7)(OH)2 · H2O |
| 9.BE.05 | Itoigawaite | SrAl2(Si2O7)(OH)2 · H2O |
| 9.BE.07 | Amamoorite | CaMn2+2Mn3+(Si2O7)O(OH) |
| 9.BE.07 | Manganilvaite | CaFe2+Fe3+Mn2+(Si2O7)O(OH) |
| 9.BE.10 | Suolunite | Ca2(H2Si2O7) · H2O |
| 9.BE.12 | Jaffeite | Ca6(Si2O7)(OH)6 |
| 9.BE.15 | Fresnoite | Ba2Ti(Si2O7)O |
| 9.BE.17 | Janhaugite | (Na,Ca)3(Mn2+,Fe2+)3(Ti,Zr,Nb)2(Si2O7)2O2(OH,F)2 |
| 9.BE.17 | Burpalite | Na2CaZr(Si2O7)F2 |
| 9.BE.17 | Niocalite | (Ca,Nb)4(Si2O7)(O,OH,F)2 |
| 9.BE.17 | Normandite | NaCa(Mn,Fe)(Ti,Nb,Zr)(Si2O7)OF |
| 9.BE.17 | Hiortdahlite | Na2Ca4(Ca0.5Zr0.5)Zr(Si2O7)2OF3 |
| 9.BE.17 | Låvenite | Na2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2 |
| 9.BE.17 | Cuspidine | Ca8(Si2O7)2F4 |
| 9.BE.17 | Wöhlerite | Na2Ca4ZrNb(Si2O7)2O3F |
| 9.BE.17 | Baghdadite | Ca6Zr2(Si2O7)2O4 |
| 9.BE.20 | Nacareniobsite-(Ce) | Na3Ca3(Ce,REE)Nb(Si2O7)2OF3 |
| 9.BE.20 | Roumaite | (Ca,Na,REE,◻)7(Nb,Ti)[Si2O7]2OF3 |
| 9.BE.20 | Rinkite-(Ce) | (Ca3Ce)Na(NaCa)Ti(Si2O7)2(OF)F2 |
| 9.BE.20 | Nacareniobsite-(Nd) | Ca2(CaNd)Na3Nb(Si2O7)2(OF)F2 |
| 9.BE.20 | Rinkite-(Y) | Na2Ca4YTi(Si2O7)2OF3 |
| 9.BE.20 | Mosandrite-(Ce) | (Ca3REE)[(H2O)2Ca0.5◻0.5]Ti(Si2O7)2(OH)2(H2O)2 |
| 9.BE.22 | Hainite-(Y) | Na2Ca4(Y,REE)Ti(Si2O7)2OF3 |
| 9.BE.22 | Rosenbuschite | Na6Ca6Zr3Ti(Si2O7)4O2F6 |
| 9.BE.22 | Götzenite | NaCa6Ti(Si2O7)2OF3 |
| 9.BE.22 | Fogoite-(Y) | Na3Ca2Y2Ti(Si2O7)2OF3 |
| 9.BE.22 | Kochite | Na3Ca2MnZrTi(Si2O7)2OF3 |
| 9.BE.23 | Dovyrenite | Ca6Zr(Si2O7)2(OH)4 |
| 9.BE.25 | Lamprophyllite | (Na,Mn2+)3(Sr,Na)2(Ti,Fe3+)3(Si2O7)2O2(OH,O,F)2 |
| 9.BE.25 | Seidozerite | Na4MnZr2Ti(Si2O7)2O2F2 |
| 9.BE.25 | Nabalamprophyllite | (BaNa)Ti2Na3Ti(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2 |
| 9.BE.25 | Schüllerite | Ba2Na(Mn,Ca)(Fe3+,Mg,Fe2+)2Ti2(Si2O7)2(O,F)4 |
| 9.BE.25 | Ericssonite | BaMn2+2Fe3+(Si2O7)O(OH) |
| 9.BE.25 | Grenmarite | Na4MnZr3(Si2O7)2O2F2 |
| 9.BE.25 | Kazanskyite | BaNa3Ti2Nb(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2(H2O)4 |
| 9.BE.25 | Saamite | Ba◻Na3Ti2Nb(Si2O7)2O2(OH)F(H2O)2 |
| 9.BE.25 | Emmerichite | Ba2Na(Na,Fe2+)2(Fe3+,Mg)Ti2(Si2O7)2O2F2 |
| 9.BE.25 | Barytolamprophyllite | (Ba,Na)2(Na,Ti,Fe3+)4Ti2(Si2O7)2O(OH,F) |
| 9.BE.25 | 'Ericssonite-2O' | BaMn2+2Fe3+(Si2O7)O(OH) |
| 9.BE.25 | Fluorbarytolamprophyllite | (Ba,Sr)2[(Na,Fe2+)3(Ti,Mg)F2][Ti2(Si2O7)2O2] |
| 9.BE.25 | Fluorlamprophyllite | Na3(SrNa)Ti3(Si2O7)2O2F2 |
| 9.BE.25 | Lileyite | Ba2(Na,Fe,Ca)3MgTi2(Si2O7)2O2F2 |
| 9.BE.27 | Kolskyite | CaNa2Ti4(Si2O7)2O4(H2O)7 |
| 9.BE.27 | Vigrishinite | NaZnTi4(Si2O7)2O3(OH)(H2O)4 |
| 9.BE.27 | Selivanovaite | NaFe3+Ti4(Si2O7)2O4(H2O)4 |
| 9.BE.27 | Murmanite | Na2Ti2(Si2O7)O2 · 2H2O |
| 9.BE.30 | Epistolite | (Na◻)Nb2Na3Ti(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2(H2O)4 |
| 9.BE.32 | Lomonosovite | Na5Ti2(Si2O7)(PO4)O2 |
| 9.BE.35 | Vuonnemite | Na11Ti4+Nb2(Si2O7)2(PO4)2O3(F,OH) |
| 9.BE.37 | Sobolevite | Na13Ca2Mn2Ti3(Si2O7)2(PO4)4O3F3 |
| 9.BE.40 | Ferroinnelite | Ba4Ti2Na(NaFe2+)Ti(Si2O7)2[(SO4)(PO4)]O2[O(OH)] |
| 9.BE.40 | Phosphoinnelite | Na3Ba4Ti3(Si2O7)2(PO4,SO4)2O2F |
| 9.BE.40 | Innelite | Ba4Ti2Na(NaMn2+)Ti(Si2O7)2[(SO4)(PO4)]O2[O(OH)] |
| 9.BE.42 | Yoshimuraite | Ba2Mn2Ti(Si2O7)(PO4)O(OH) |
| 9.BE.42 | Horiite | Ba2Mn2Mn4Ti2(Si2O7)2(PO4)2O2(OH)2 |
| 9.BE.45 | Quadruphite | Na6Na2(CaNa)2Na2Ti2Na2Ti2(Si2O7)2(PO4)4O4F2 |
| 9.BE.47 | Polyphite | Na5(Na4Ca2)Ti2(Si2O7)(PO4)3O2F2 |
| 9.BE.50 | Shkatulkalite | Na2Nb2Na3Ti(Si2O7)2O2(FO)(H2O)4(H2O)3 |
| 9.BE.50 | Bornemanite | Na6BaTi2Nb(Si2O7)2(PO4)O2(OH)F |
| 9.BE.55 | Hejtmanite | Ba2Mn2+4Ti2(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2F2 |
| 9.BE.55 | Bykovaite | (Ba,Na,K)2(Na,Ti,Mn)4(Ti,Nb)2(Si2O7)2O2(H2O,F,OH)2 · 3.5H2O |
| 9.BE.55 | Nechelyustovite | (Ba,Sr,K)2(Na,Ti,Mn)4(Ti,Nb)2(Si2O7)2O2(O,H2O,F)2 · 4.5H2O |
| 9.BE.55 | Bafertisite | Ba2Fe2+4Ti2(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2F2 |
| 9.BE.60 | Delindeite | (Na,K)2(Ba,Ca)2(Ti,Fe,Al)3(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2 · 2H2O |
| 9.BE.62 | 'Orthochevkinite' | (Ce,La,Ca,Na,Th)4(Fe2+,Mg)2(Ti,Fe3+)3Si4O22 |
| 9.BE.62 va | 'Strontium Perrierite' | (Ce,Sr,La,Ca)4Fe2+(Ti,Zr,Fe)2Ti2(Si2O7)2O8 |
| 9.BE.62 | 'Chevkinite-(Nd)' | (Nd,REE)4(Fe2+,Mg)(Fe2+,Ti,Fe3+)2(Ti,Fe3+)2(Si2O7)2O8 ? |
| 9.BE.62 | 'Perrierite-(Nd)' | Nd4MgFe3+2Ti2(Si2O7)2O8 ? |
| 9.BE.65 | Bussenite | Na2Ba2Fe2+Ti(Si2O7)(CO3)(OH)3F |
| 9.BE.67 | Jinshajiangite | BaNaFe2+4Ti2(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2F |
| 9.BE.67 | Perraultite | BaNaMn2+4Ti2(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2F |
| 9.BE.70 | Dingdaohengite-(Ce) | (Ce,La)4Fe2+(Ti,Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)2Ti2(Si2O7)2O8 |
| 9.BE.70 | Perrierite-(Ce) | Ce4MgFe3+2Ti2(Si2O7)2O8 |
| 9.BE.70 | Karnasurtite-(Ce) | (Ce,La,Th)(Ti,Nb)(Al,Fe)(Si2O7)(OH)4 · 3H2O |
| 9.BE.70 | Maoniupingite-(Ce) | (Ce,Ca)4(Fe3+,Ti,Fe2+,◻)(Ti,Fe3+,Fe2+,Nb)4(Si2O7)2O8 |
| 9.BE.70 | Matsubaraite | Sr4Ti5(Si2O7)2O8 |
| 9.BE.70 | Rengeite | Sr4ZrTi4(Si2O7)2O8 |
| 9.BE.70 | Polyakovite-(Ce) | (Ce,Ca)4(Mg,Fe2+)(Cr3+,Fe3+)2(Ti,Nb)2(Si2O7)2O8 |
| 9.BE.70 | Hezuolinite | (Sr,REE)4Zr(Ti,Fe3+)4(Si2O7)2O8 |
| 9.BE.70 | 'UM2008-53-SiO:SrTiZr' | Sr4ZrTi4(Si2O7)2O8 |
| 9.BE.70 | Chevkinite-(Ce) | Ce4(Ti,Fe2+,Fe3+)5O8(Si2O7)2 |
| 9.BE.70 | Perrierite-(La) | (La,Ce,Ca)4(Fe2+,Mn)(Ti,Fe3+,Al)4[(Si2O7)O4]2 |
| 9.BE.70 | Strontiochevkinite | (Sr,La,Ce,Ca)4Fe2+(Ti,Zr)2Ti2(Si2O7)2O8 |
| 9.BE.72 | Fersmanite | Ca4(Na,Ca)4(Ti,Nb)4(Si2O7)2O8F3 |
| 9.BE.75 | Belkovite | Ba3(Nb,Ti)6(Si2O7)2O12 |
| 9.BE.77 | Nasonite | Pb6Ca4(Si2O7)3Cl2 |
| 9.BE.80 | Melanotekite | Pb2Fe3+2(Si2O7)O2 |
| 9.BE.80 | Kentrolite | Pb2Mn3+2(Si2O7)O2 |
| 9.BE.82 | Alexkuznetsovite-(La) | La2Mn(CO3)(Si2O7) |
| 9.BE.82 | Tilleyite | Ca5(Si2O7)(CO3)2 |
| 9.BE.85 | Killalaite | Ca6.4(H0.6Si2O7)2(OH)2 |
| 9.BE.87 | Stavelotite-(La) | (La,Nd,Ca)3Mn2+3Cu(Mn3+,Fe3+,Mn4+)26(Si2O7)6O30 |
| 9.BE.90 | Magnesiorowlandite-(Y) | Y4(Mg,Fe)(Si2O7)2F2 |
| 9.BE.90 | Biraite-(Ce) | Ce2Fe2+(Si2O7)(CO3) |
| 9.BE.92 | Cervandonite-(Ce) | (Ce,Nd,La)(Fe3+,Fe2+,Ti,Al)3O2(Si2O7)(As3+O3)(OH) |
| 9.BE.92 | Chirvinskyite | (Na,Ca)13(Fe,Mn,◻)2(Ti,Zr)5(Si2O7)4(OH,O)12 · 2H2O |
| 9.BE.95 | Rusinovite | Ca10(Si2O7)3Cl2 |
| 9.BE.95 | Batisivite | BaV3+8Ti6(Si2O7)O22 |
| 9.BE.97 | Schlüterite-(Y) | (Y,REE)2AlSi2O7(OH)2F |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Ilvaite
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References for Ilvaite
Reference List:
Wichmann, A. (1897) Ueber den Breislakit. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 28 (1). 529-544 doi:10.1524/zkri.1897.28.1.529
Weinschenk, E. (1903) Ueber den Breislakit. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 37 (1). 442-449 doi:10.1524/zkri.1903.37.1.442
Kokkoros, P. (1936) Über die Gitterkonstanten und die Raumgruppe des Lievrits. Die Naturwissenschaften, 24 (39). 619 doi:10.1007/bf01474911
Herzenberg, C. L., Riley, D. L. (1969) Oxidation states and site symmetries of iron in ilvaite using Mössbauer spectrometry. Acta Crystallographica Section A, 25 (2) 389-391 doi:10.1107/s0567739469000684
Beran, A., Bittner, H. (1974) Untersuchungen zur Kristallchemie des Ilvaits. TMPM Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 21 (1). 11-29 doi:10.1007/bf01084947
Haga, Nobuhiko, Takéuchi, Yoshio (1976) Neutron diffraction study of ilvaite. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 144 (1). 161-174 doi:10.1524/zkri.1976.144.1-6.161
Takéuchi, Yoshio, Haga, Nobuhiko, Bunno, Michiaki (1983) X-ray study on polymorphism of ilvaite, HCaFe2 2+Fe3+O2[Si2O7]. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 163 (3-4). 267-283 doi:10.1524/zkri.1983.163.3-4.267
Dunn, P. J.; Cabri, L. J.; Clark, A. M.; Fleischer, M. (1983) New mineral names. American Mineralogist, 68 (7-8). 849-852
Coey, J. M. D., Allan, Jacqueline, Xuemin, Kan, Van Dang, Nguyen, Ghose, Subrata (1984) Magnetic and electrical properties of ilvaite. Journal of Applied Physics, 55 (6). 1963-1965 doi:10.1063/1.333533
Finger, L. W., Hazen, R. M. (1987) Crystal structure of monoclinic ilvaite and the nature of the monoclinic-orthorhombic transition at high pressure. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 179 (1) 415-430 doi:10.1524/zkri.1987.179.1-4.415
Ghazi-Bayat, B., Amthauer, G., Schürmann, K., Hellner, E. (1987) Synthesis and characterization of the mixed valent iron silicate ilvaite, CaFe3[Si2O7/O/(OH)]. Mineralogy and Petrology, 37 (2) 97-108 doi:10.1007/bf01164185
Ghazi-Bayat, B.; Amthauer, G.; Hellner, E. (1989) Synthesis and characterization of Mn-bearing ilvaite CaFe2+2-xMnxFe3+[Si2O7/O/(OH)]. Mineralogy and Petrology, 40 (2). 101-109 doi:10.1007/bf01164320
Ghazi-Bayat, B.; Behruzi, M.; Litterst, F. J.; Lottermoser, W.; Amthauer, G. (1992) Crystallographic phase transition and valence fluctuation in synthetic Mn-bearing ilvaite CaFe2+2-xMn2+xFe3+[Si2O7/O/(OH)]. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 18 (8). 491-496 doi:10.1007/bf00205263
Ghazi-Bayat, B.; Amthauer, G.; Ahsbahs, H. (1993) High pressure X-ray diffraction study of ilvaite CaFe22+Fe3+[Si2O7/O/(OH)]. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 20 (6). 402-406 doi:10.1007/bf00203109
Carrozzini, Benedetta (1994) Crystal structure refinements of ilvaite: new relationships between chemical composition and crystallographic parameters. European Journal of Mineralogy, 6 (4) 465-480 doi:10.1127/ejm/6/4/0465
Bonazzi, Paola, Bindi, Luca (1999) Structural adjustments in induced heat treatment in ilvaite. American Mineralogist, 84 (10) 1604-1612 doi:10.2138/am-1999-1014
Bonazzi, Paola, Bindi, Luca (2002) Structural properties and heat-induced oxidation-dehydrogenation of manganoan ilvaite from Perda Niedda mine, Sardinia, Italy. American Mineralogist, 87 (7) 845-852 doi:10.2138/am-2002-0706
Localities for Ilvaite
Showing 272 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Albania | |
| Váczi-Lovász et al. (2024) |
Argentina | |
| Brodtkorb (2002) |
Australia | |
| Gole (1981) |
| Steve Sorrell Collection |
| Ramdohr (1950) | |
| Lehrmann (2012) |
| Lehrmann (2012) | |
| Walters et al. (1998) |
| Plimer et al. (1978) |
| Natural History Museum Vienna collection (collected and SXRD-analysed by Uwe Kolitsch in Febr. 2008) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
Austria | |
| M. Reicht |
| Exel (1993) |
Bolivia | |
| Kempff et al. (La Paz, 2009) |
Brazil | |
| TALLARICO (2002) |
Bulgaria | |
| Milenkov et al. (2022) |
| [MinRec 22 p.439] | |
Canada | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| correspondance with Giles Peatfied |
| Pohlner et al. (2020) |
| Gilpin (1881) |
| Galley et al. (2000) |
Chile | |
| Maskaev et al. (2007) |
China | |
| Zhenhua Zhou et al. (2011) |
| Yiming Zhao et al. (1982) +1 other reference |
| Yiming Zhao et al. (1982) +1 other reference |
| Xing et al. (2022) |
| Xing et al. (2021) +3 other references | |
| Dianhao Huang et al. (1991) |
| Baogui Yu and Zhanwu Liu (1991) |
| Hawthorne et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Tian et al. (2026) |
| Dequan Zhang et al. (1991) +1 other reference |
| Yunfen Lei and Dequan Zhang (1991) +2 other references | |
| Ottens et al. (2012) |
| Ottens et al. (2012) | |
| Fenying Zhang et al. (2011) |
| Wang et al. (2023) +1 other reference |
| Jiang +7 other references |
| Guosheng Feng et al. (2006) |
| Lifei Zhang et al. (1999) |
| Pingzhi Tang et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
| Peng et al. (2022) |
| Chuandong Xue et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Hua Huang et al. (2014) | |
| Fan et al. (2025) |
Czech Republic | |
| www.academia.edu (n.d.) |
| Minerální a horninová asociace z ... +2 other references |
France | |
| Azias (1968) |
Germany | |
| Vom Rath (1871) |
| Wilke (1979) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Beyer (1978) |
| Mädler (1992) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) | |
| Gröbner et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
Greece | |
| Frenzel (1895) +2 other references |
| Christos Spiromitros specimens +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Min.: 64 (5) | |
| Korosidis et al. (2022, March) | |
Greenland | |
| - (1993, March) +1 other reference |
| Collection of NHM +2 other references | |
| Lorenzen (1884) +1 other reference | |
| Bøggild (1953) | |
| Böggild (1902) |
| Bøggild (1953) | |
Iceland | |
| Robinson (1986) +1 other reference |
| Flink (1886) | |
India | |
| Ottens et al. (2022) |
| Personal experience-Rock Currier +3 other references |
Italy | |
| www.musei.unina.it (n.d.) |
| Giuseppe Pipino - L'antica miniera di ... |
| Palenzona (1987) +1 other reference |
| - (n.d.) |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Prete (1995) |
| |
| Stara (1990) |
| Stara et al. (1993) |
| Meloni et al. (2017) |
| Conti-Vecchi et al. (1991) |
| Conti-Vecchi et al. (1991) | |
| |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Mair (1996) |
| De Michele (1974) |
| De Michele (1974) |
| Capperi M. |
| Dill (1979) |
| Brizzi G. et al. (GR) | |
| Bazzoni C. et al. |
| Biagioni et al. (2013) |
| Dini et al. (2013) | |
| Nannoni R. et al. (2012) +1 other reference | |
| De Michele (1974) +2 other references | |
| Garofalo et al. (2025) |
| N. Calanchi et al. (1976) | |
| “L' Elba e i suoi minerali : guida alla ricerca” et al. (Collana Uomonatura) +1 other reference | |
| Garofalo et al. (2025) | |
| Garofalo et al. (2025) | |
| REGIONE TOSCANA |
| Hanauer (1973) |
| E. Manasse (Isola d'Elba) |
| Garofalo et al. (2025) |
| G. Gottardi | |
| Garofalo et al. (2025) |
| F. Barberi et al. +1 other reference | |
| Lelièvre (1807) +1 other reference | |
| Nannoni R. et al. (2012) |
| Dini et al. (2024) |
Japan | |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
| - (n.d.) | |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Matsubara et al. (1989) |
| Harada |
| Kozo Takeda collection |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) | |
| Masutomi Museum specimens +2 other references |
| Matsueda (1980) |
| Professor Takashi Kitagawa (1949-2009) +1 other reference |
| Harada et al. (1965) +1 other reference |
| Harada et al. (1970) | |
| Imai (1978) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Nagashima et al. (2021) | |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) | |
| Wada (1904) +1 other reference | |
Kazakhstan | |
| Spiridonov (1982) |
Kosovo | |
| Féraud J. (1979) +3 other references |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Querol +1 other reference |
| Levresse |
| Rivières et al. (2011) |
| Mr. Richard Dale. | |
| American Mineralogist 28:257-271 +1 other reference |
| Megaw (2023) |
| Fluorite: The Collector's Choice. Extra ... |
Mongolia | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Kartashov et al. (2002) |
| Kartashov P.M. et al. (Mongolian Altai) | |
| Kovalenko et al. (2004) | |
| Guo et al. (2018) |
Morocco | |
| Tomasz Praszkier information 2012 |
Namibia | |
| Medenbach (2001) +2 other references |
New Zealand | |
| crownminerals.med.govt.nz (2004) |
North Macedonia | |
| Central Asia Metals PLC |
Norway | |
| Barton et al. (1984) |
| Rune S. Selbekk (2010) |
| Goldschmidt (1911) | |
| Goldschmidt (1911) | |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Larsen et al. (2002) |
| Möller (1827) +1 other reference |
| Larsen et al. (2002) | |
| Larsen et al. (2002) | |
| Larsen et al. (2002) | |
| Collection of Bjørn Kåre Stensvold. |
Poland | |
| Mochnacka et al. (2012) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) | |
Romania | |
| Hîrtopanu +1 other reference |
| Rădulescu |
| Kräutner et al. (1969) |
| www.geoecomar.ro (2015) +1 other reference |
| Hîrtopanu +2 other references |
| Hîrtopanu et al. (2012) | |
| Hîrtopanu et al. (2012) | |
| HÎRTOPANU et al. (2025) |
| Clain et al. (2006) |
Russia | |
| Brusnitsyn et al. (2009) |
| Kulikov et al. (1989) |
| Gramenitskiy et al. (2019) | |
| Gritsenko et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Sluzhenikin et al. (2015) | |
| Bazai et al. (2009) |
| E. Schlichter Collection. +1 other reference |
| Betts (n.d.) | |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
| Grant et al. (2001) +2 other references | |
| Simanenko (2006) +1 other reference | |
| Grant et al. (2001) | |
| Grant et al. (2001) | |
| webmineral.ru (n.d.) | |
Slovakia | |
| Ďuďa |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross & Dixon (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Kinloch et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| S.M.C. Verryn et al (1991) | |
South Korea | |
| Choi et al. (2002) |
Spain | |
| Ruíz García (1976) |
| Hîrtopanu |
| Hîrtopanu |
Sweden | |
| Wilke (1997) |
| Wilke (1997) | |
| Wilke (1997) | |
| Ödman (1943) |
| |
| Holtstam et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
| Nysten (2016) | |
| Gatedal (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Langhof (2003) | |
| Gatedal (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Gatedal (n.d.) | |
| Nysten (1984) |
Switzerland | |
| Dietrich (1972) +1 other reference |
| Dietrich (1972) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Hochscheid et al. (2022) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Tajikistan | |
| Xinjiang Tacheng International Resources Ltd. |
| geo.web.ru (n.d.) | |
Turkey | |
| Akinci (2009) |
UK | |
| A.W.G. Kingsbury specimen in the ... +2 other references |
| Ixer et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| A.W.G. Kingsbury specimen in the ... +1 other reference |
| A.W.G. Kingsbury specimen in the ... +1 other reference |
Ukraine | |
| Biruk et al. (2012) |
USA | |
| Wilson (1977) |
| USGS PP 1760A |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Wilson (1988) +1 other reference |
| Collected by |
| Howard et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Lamey (1948) +2 other references |
| Prescott (1908a) +3 other references |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Truebe (1978) |
| Ream (2004) |
| - (2005) | |
| Ream (2004) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Ream (2004) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Bracke (n.d.) | |
| - (2005) | |
| AmMin 46:1509 | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| August 2002 +3 other references |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Kent et al. (2000) |
| Minerals of the Ground Hog Mine Grant ... +2 other references |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook +2 other references | |
| - (2005) | |
| Econ Geol (1987) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Rocks & Minerals 84:492-500 |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| DeMark (1989) | |
| Lupulescu |
| Jensen (1978) | |
| Jensen (1978) +1 other reference | |
| Chamberlain et al. (2023) |
| Muir Wood (1979) +1 other reference |
| Hotz (1953) +1 other reference |
| Miller (1971) |
| Miller (1971) |
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Serifos Island, Milos, South Aegean, Greece