Thanks to the 1992 Constitution authorising new media outlets to be created without a licence, Ghana has at least 100 media outlets, including radio stations, TV channels and news sites. Many privately owned media, such as the Joy News channel, the Myjoyonline website and radio Peace FM, are very popular and reflect a high degree of pluralism and diversity. They have the independence necessary to operate without political restrictions. The state-owned Ghana Broadcasting Corporation, and its TV and radio stations, GBC TV and GBC Radio, have nationwide coverage. There are also numerous community radio stations throughout the country. However, measures taken by the authorities to promote media pluralism have favoured, in recent years, the emergence of partisan media outlets launched by politicians.

Although Ghana is considered one of the most democratic countries in the region, journalists have experienced growing pressures in recent years. A third of the country’s media outlets are owned by politicians or by people with ties to the leading political parties, and the content they produce is largely partisan. Furthermore, the government chooses the National Media Commission’s members, although it has little to no influence over the appointment of those in charge of privately-owned media outlets. 

Freedom of the press is guaranteed by the 1992 Constitution. Media outlets are free to operate as they like, subject to the National Media Commission’s regulations. The Right to Information Act, passed in 2019, authorises journalists to demand information of national interest. However, a clause in the law allows a fee to be charged if the information is requested in a language other than English – a provision used to prevent journalists from accessing the information they seek. 

In Ghana, most media outlets face financial difficulties, resulting in low salaries and poor working conditions for journalists. New newspapers are often launched only to fold within months because they were unable to cover their production costs. State-owned media, on the other hand, are awarded government advertising contracts and are paid in exchange for publishing information. Non-transparent and unfair procedures are used to allocate state advertising.

Journalists investigating environmental issues — particularly mining and salt extraction — are particularly targeted by physical attacks, sometimes resulting in serious injuries. Other topics, such as culture and religion, can be covered freely and without particular difficulty.

Journalists’ safety has seriously deteriorated in recent years. Journalists’ work is frequently obstructed, most often due to studios being verbally and physically attacked during live broadcasts and journalists being assaulted while they are on air. Most cases of police violence against journalists are not penalised. The same goes for cases of murdered journalists.