Les Translation Studies ont, par leur rayonnement depuis les années 1970, fait de la traductologie une discipline inter-nationalement reconnue au sein des sciences humaines. Néanmoins, il ne faudrait pas croire que le « tournant traductologique» ait attendu la fin du XX siècle pour se produire: il a eu lieu le siècle précédent dans l'Allemagne romantique. Enfin, du fait de la multitude de formes que peut prendre la traduction et que vient encore démultiplier la mondialisation, la traduction ne saurait (...) être l'apanage des seuls spécialistes de la traduction: elle demande à être appréhendée sous l'angle de l'interdisciplinarité la plus large.The Translation Studies have, by their influence since the 1970s, because of translation An internationally recognized discipline within the humanities. Nevertheless, it should not be assumed that the "turning translatological" has waited until the end of the twentieth century to occur: it took place in the previous century Romantic Germany. Finally, because of the variety of forms that can be taken and that the translation is still leverage globalization, the translation can not be the sole preserve of specialists in translation: it needs to be understood in terms of interdisciplinarity widest. (shrink)

The stories that a culture tells are intimately connected to what Dewey referred to as "life as it is ordinarily lived" (1934), or as it once was. Works of art, Dewey noted, lost their connection to ordinary life and became, instead, specimens of fine art rather than artifacts connected to the daily lives of people. Art and artistic activity have consequently grown increasingly split off from communal life, rather than anchored within the culture. Folktales, steeped as they are within a (...) particular culture, are repositories of cultural beliefs and traditions, and may be psychologically distant for the culturally different audience. In the absence of shared meaning, the story may be experienced as an interesting anthropological artifact, rather than as part of the lived experience of the storyteller and audience within the native culture. (shrink)

Translation activity in culture cannot take place in isolation from experience of culture and technological environment. Underlying the diversity of communication processes is the progression from printed media towards hypermedia and new media. In this new situation, the peculiarity of translation activity consists in the actualization of intralingual and intersemiotic translation alongside interlingual translation: first, in synthetic form, combining all three types of translation (thus also interlinguistic translation can be regarded as comprising intralingual and (...) intersemiotic translation as well); and second, in analytic form, that is, as three autonomous types of translation producing diverse types of texts. The widening of the boundaries of translation process results in the intensified search for appropriate methodologies. One indication of this is the repeated reconceptualization or further elaboration of Jakobson's typology of intralingual, interlingual, and intersemiotic translation at the intersection of semiotics, translation studies, analysis of culture, and communication. At the same time, translation studies show signs of methodological innovation, accompanied by semiotic steps. Semiotics, on the other hand, is at the same time undergoing an actualization of translation issues, and the concept of semiotranslation refers now to the possibilities of methodological synthesis between translation studies and semiotics. (shrink)

Resumen: El corpus, siendo una herramienta eficaz, se está empleando en múltiples ámbitos, entre los que se encuentran los estudios de traducción. Sin embargo, dicho recurso no se utiliza con mucha frecuencia en las investigaciones traductológicas cuando una de las lenguas en cuestión es chino clásico (la lengua escrita empleada antiguamente en China), y autores que sí hacen estas investigaciones suelen no mencionar los pasos a seguir cuando se trata un corpus paralelo ad hoc. El objetivo del presente artículo es (...) presentar cómo se elabora un corpus paralelo chino clásico-español tomando como ejemplo la novela histórica Romance de los Tres Reinos y sus traducciones al español. Para ello, hemos descrito la problemática de creación y explotación de este tipo de corpus, siguiendo el orden de las fases del proceso. Resulta que algunas fases del proceso son universales, mientras que otras son propias de lenguas clásicas y de la combinación lingüística chino-otra lengua, en cuyo caso sí faltan aplicaciones eficaces. Con el trabajo, esperamos deparar información a los estudiosos que quieran realizar y profundizar las investigaciones basadas en corpus paralelo y en las obras clásicas de China. Abstract: The corpus, being an effective tool, is utilized in multiple fields. One of them is the Translation. However, this resource isn´t used frequently in translation studies when one of the languages in question is classical chinese (written language used anciently in China). And when it comes to an ad hoc parallel corpus, the steps of how to create it are usually omitted by researchers who make such investigations. The objective of this article is to present how to elaborate a classic Chinese-Spanish parallel corpus taking as example the historic novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms and its two translations into Spanish. To reach the objective, we have described the problem of creation and exploitation of this type of corpus, following the order of the phases of the process. We’ve found that some of the phases are universal while other phases are unique for old languages and for the linguistic combination Chinese-other language. And in this latter case, there’s a lack of effective applications. With the current work, we hope to offer useful information to those scholars who are willing to carry out their own investigations based on self-built parallel corpus and at the same time related to the classic Chinese works. (shrink)

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to perform the translation and adaption of the Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire into Chinese and assess the reliability of the Chinese version.Materials and MethodsThe Chinese version of the Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire was created from a standard forward-backward translation. A total of 371 volunteers, aged between 20 and 89 years, participated in this survey. Participants were divided into three age-groups, and subgroup differences were examined by independent samples t-tests, ANOVA analysis as well (...) as post-hoc analysis. Pearson correlation analysis was applied to test the association between the total scores and each subscore. The internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire were assessed. The test-retest reliability was measured among 40 participants with a 2-week interval using intraclass correlation coefficient.ResultsStrong correlations were observed between the total scores and each subscore. In contrast, it was found low to moderate correlations among three subscores. The internal consistency was acceptable. The intraclass correlation coefficient for total scores of the Chinese version of the Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire was 0.87.ConclusionThe Chinese version of the Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire was a potentially reliable and practical tool for evaluating cognitive reserve accumulated through a person's life span. (shrink)

The relevance of transcreation skills goes beyond mere translation strategy to a more sought-after service, that help equip translators with relevant employability skills. Nevertheless, the concern for the high demands of translators who possess these skills calls for a thorough training of future translators to acquire these skills. On the other hand, this will be possible if translator educators are already equipped with these skills. As such, this study aims to explore how translation educators, specifically, university lecturers can (...) be prepared to effectively address the growing need for transcreation skills. The research further explores practical techniques and approaches aimed at teaching instructors to successfully impart transcreation abilities and adequately equip students for employment in creative translation. In order to achieve the objective of this research, a quantitative research methodology was adopted, and an online research questionnaire was also utilized. Moreover, a total of ninety-seven (97) study participants were included in the online survey to express their perspectives on how the university lecturers can be trained to address demands for creative translation. The participants' replies, which constitute the primary dataset for this study, were presented and subjected to thorough analysis. Additionally, these replies provided additional clarification on the two fundamental study hypotheses. The study results highlighted several fundamental elements connected with transcreation skills, including bilingual proficiency, creative writing, cultural sensitivity, and multimedia proficiency. Based on the analyzed data, the research revealed that adoption of practical strategies and methodologies such as professional development, inclusion of transcreation projects in translation training module, collaboration with industry experts, and technology integration helps to train translation educators to effectively teach transcreation skills. The study, however, recommends combination of these identified strategies for effective training of university lecturers. (shrink)

Many scholars study the global diffusion of culture, looking at how institutions spread culture around the world or at how intermediaries adapt foreign culture in the local context. This research can tell us much about brokers’ “cultural-matching” or “congruence-building” strategies. To date, however, few scholars have examined brokers’ interpretive work. In this article, the author argues that globalization research needs to pay more attention to interpretation. Building on translation studies, the author shows that brokers’ work is shaped by (...) how they imagine their dual roles, how they imagine different parts of the world, how they interpret a text’s intertextuality, and how their audience imagines the foreign Other. In this way, the author lays the groundwork for a hermeneutic model of cultural globalization. (shrink)

Volume 17, Issue 1, February 2020, Page 130-132.

Legal Translation in Context. Professional Issues and Prospects, edited by Anabel Borja Albi from Jaume I University and Fernando Prieto Ramos from the University of Geneva, both practising sworn translators, offers an insightful overview of professional practices in the public and private sectors. As such, the book falls within the emerging track of research in Translation Studies, namely—workplace studies, and is a valuable contribution to the field. The book is a fruit of a two-year international project (...) run at the University of Geneva’s Faculty of Translation and Interpreting. Although, due to the growing autonomy of the field of Legal Translation Studies and intense research activity, there are increasingly more publications on legal translation, this book stands out because it approaches legal translation from the perspective of translators and their employers rather than from the usual perspective of the product of their.. (shrink)

This paper introduces some of the most infl uential fi gureheads in the emerging field of Translation Studies in East and West Germany after World War II. It outlines the reasons why Translation Studies parted from the traditional hermeneutical approach to translation. On the other hand it traces theresurgence of a new hermeneutical inquiry into the process of translation in the new, basically linguistic approaches and their science orientation.

Translating metaphor is a thorny issue within translation studies in general, and within legal religious texts in particular. The present paper addresses translating Quranic explicit and implicit metaphors in legal and non-legal Quranic verses into English. It seeks to explore and analyse the most appropriate translation procedure(s) for translating Quranic explicit and implicit metaphors, which may ensure full conveyance of the ST image and explanation thereof. It uses the Quranic Arabic Corpus to compare and contrast seven translations (...) of Quranic explicit and implicit metaphors in an attempt to find out the similarities and differences between them and the translation procedures adopted by each of them based on Newmark’s [3] types of procedures. The paper argues that one of the most appropriate translation procedures for translating Quranic explicit and implicit metaphors resides chiefly in a combination of literalism and sense-for-sense translation. This may also apply to the translation of the part of the ellipted vehicle mentioned in the verse if the implicit metaphor is personification-based. Such combination ensures keeping the source language image intact in the target text, while uncovering the sense thereof. This would facilitate comprehensibility of the Quranic translated metaphor and make it accessible to both the expert as well as the layman alike. This paper offers a baseline for translating Quranic explicit and implicit metaphors in legal and non-legal Quranic verses into English, which may have implications for translating Quranic explicit, implicit and other types of metaphor in legal and non-legal Quranic verses into other similar Endo-European languages. (shrink)

The basic problem affecting humanitarian law today remains that of its implementation. As of now, requests made by individuals before national courts to assess the compatibility of certain acts with international humanitarian law failed. The present case study and commentaries focus on the decision of a German civil court sitting Bonn to deny the victims of a NATO air raid the right to sue Germany and claim compensation for alleged violations of international humanitarian law.

Informed consent is crucial in research, but potential participants may not all speak the same language, posing questions that have not been examined concerning decisions by institutional review boards and research ethics committees’ about the need for researchers to translate consent forms and other study materials. Sixty US IRBs were contacted, and leaders from 34 and an additional 12 members and administrators were interviewed. IRBs face a range of problems about translation of informed consent documents, questionnaires and manuals—what, when (...) and how to translate , why to do so and how to decide. Difficulties can arise about translation of specific words and of broader cultural concepts regarding processes of informed consent and research, especially in the developing world. In these decisions, IRBs weigh the need for autonomy and justice against practical concerns about costs to researchers. At times IRBs may have to compromise between these competing goals. These data, the first to examine when and how IRBs/RECs require researchers to translate materials, thus highlight a range of problems with which these committees struggle, suggesting a need for further normative and empirical investigation of these domains, and consideration of guidelines to help IRBs deal with these tensions. (shrink)

This book offers a critical Arabic edition, annotated English translation, introductory study, and two-way glossaries of a pharmacological masterpiece composed around the middle of the 12th century CE in Baghdad by the Nestorian physician Ibn at-Tilmīḏ.

In contemporary literary Hindi there is an abundance of Perso-Arabic loanwords which often function similarly to words of Sanskrit origin. Despite their semantic proximity, each of them can have different connotational meanings and cultural associations. Furthermore, depending on the context, one of them will be preferred to the other. This situation can become an issue when translating from Hindi into Polish. In this paper, I will investigate whether these loanwords should be considered as a third language in translation. If (...) this is the case, they make the text a multicultural one, and, thus, raise the question of how to translate them into Polish, being at the same time focused on a monolingual recipient and their cognitive comfort while not impoverishing and distorting the process of translation. Moreover, I will propose an approach which can be of assistance in achieving this goal, relying on French and Latin loanwords used in the Polish language. (shrink)

Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo es el análisis de los hispanismos e indigenismos que emplea el austríaco Karl Ritter von Scherzer en la descripción de un mercado local costarricense y se enmarca dentro de las investigaciones de incorporación de términos americanos en las lenguas europeas. El procedimiento utilizado para ello en este paper consiste en un gradiente creado mediante distintas metodologías de análisis filológicas, traductológicas y culturales. Los resultados arrojan indicios acerca de la domesticación o extranjerización de esas voces, (...) así como ponen de relieve que el viajero-científico es más que un mediador intercultural: es un traductor de tradiciones y conceptos.: The aim of this piece of work is to analyse the Hispanic and Indigenous words that are to be found in a German description of a market in Cartago written by Karl Ritter von Scherzer. In order to do that an ad hoc gradient will be applied. This analysis will show that there are some words that are either domesticated or foreignized, so as the traveller-scientist is more than an intercultural intermediary: he is a translator of traditions and concepts. (shrink)

The relationship between languages and philosophy is so strong that French philosopher Barbara Cassin speaks of 'philosophising in languages'. This paper aims to show how translation can be a means to help disseminate philosophical ideas. It might even be called a political tool, when circulating feminist philosophical thoughts is concerned. The article uses the latest English translation of Simone de Beauvoir's Le deuxième sexe to address the pitfalls philosophy presents translators with. It also aims to defend the Interpretive (...) Theory of Translation as a translation strategy particularly relevant to philosophy. The novelty of the paper lies in the fact that the translation of feminist philosophy is largely underanalysed in the field of Translation Studies. Therefore, the article intend to bridge the gap between those disciplines, in order to enhance the reception of feminist philosophy. (shrink)

Metaphors are deeply embedded in their cultural contexts, making their translation a complex task, as it is often difficult to find an equivalent that preserves the metaphor’s original meaning and cultural resonance. Although metaphor translation has been extensively explored in many fields, it remains understudied in human rights discourse. This study addresses this gap through a comparative analysis of the 2004 Arab Charter on Human Rights and its United Nations English translation, drawing on Lakoff and Johnson’s Conceptual (...) Metaphor Theory (Metaphors we live by. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1980) and Lindqvist’s (Högt och lågt i skönlitterär översättning till Svenska, Hallgren och Fallgren, Uppsala, 2005) taxonomy of metaphor translation strategies. The Arabic and English texts are analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively to identify the translation strategies and investigate the underlying conceptualizations of human rights within the interplay between universality and cultural specificity. This analysis is guided by the following research questions: (1) How are the metaphors identified in the Arab Charter rendered in the English translations? (2) To what extent do the employed strategies preserve or modify the conceptual and cultural framework of the metaphors? (3) How do these strategies affect the universality of human rights? The findings reveal that image transfer was the most frequent strategy, mainly preserving personification-based metaphors, while the remaining metaphors were adapted through the strategies of substitution, reduction to sense, and omission. The prevalence of image transfer may universalize human rights’ metaphors, yet these adaptations produce conceptual shifts that may obscure the source culture and potentially impede intercultural understanding. (shrink)

Resumen: En el ámbito de los Estudios de Traducción Basados en Corpus (ETBC), la exploración del estilo de traducción ha emergido como un eje de análisis cada vez más relevante. El presente, fundamentado en un corpus paralelo autoconstruido, se orienta a analizar los perfiles estilísticos de la traducción de los culturemas de las Analectas (Lunyu) realizadas por Pérez Arroyo (1999) y Suárez Girard (1997). Este corpus, que se configura mediante una combinación metodológica cuantitativa y cualitativa, nos permite profundizar en las (...) características estilísticas en el plano léxico, sintáctico y discursivo e identificar sus similitudes y particularidades entre las versiones traducidas, así como las tendencias que los traductores siguen al abordar los culturemas. A partir de los resultados obtenidos, se aportan sugerencias para la traducción de los culturemas con el objetivo de mejorar las futuras traducciones del clásico confuciano. Abstract: The study of translation style is becoming increasingly significant in the field of Corpus-Based Translation Studies (CBTS). This research, grounded in a self-constructed parallel corpus, aims to analyze the stylistic profiles in the translation of culture-specific items in the Analects (Lunyu) by Pérez Arroyo (1999) and Suárez Girard (1997). This corpus, created through a combination of quantitative and qualitative methodologies, allows us to explore the stylistic characteristics at the lexical, syntactic, and discursive levels, and to identify the similarities and particularities among the translated versions, as well as the trends followed by the translators in addressing culture-specific items. Based on the results obtained, suggestions are provided for the translation of culture-specific items with the goal of enhancing future translations of this Confucian classic. (shrink)

This article is a qualitative study charting the dimensional range of a particular type of translative phenomenon, namely, intralingual translation within educational practice. Theoretically, the article is based on a broadened concept of translation that encompasses any kind of sign translation, including the transcending of a language-internal comprehension barrier, such as the one between scientific and lay linguistic registers. Further, the article assumes that such intralingual translation is conceptually identical with the interpretive procedures found in didactic (...) practice, given that the central aim of (much) pedagogy is to make sense of new and unfamiliar knowledge – typically embedded in abstract, scientific concepts – to learners. The article also draws on the Bakhtinian concept of “dialogized heteroglossia,” i.e., the view that different language varieties may be fused into, and brought into dialogue with each other within, one and the same text. Empirically, the article investigates intralingual translation in didactic practice through analyses of textbooks and one classroom lecture in five different academic disciplines, spanning both the natural and social sciences and the humanities. The analyses identify a handful of different translational strategies, some of which are shared across several disciplines, and others of which are unique to a single discipline only. (shrink)

Automated translation is systematically gaining popularity among professional translators, who claim that editing MT output requires less time and effort than translating from scratch. MT technology is also offered in leading translator’s workstations, e.g., SDL Trados Studio, memoQ, Déjà Vu and Wordfast. Therefore, the dilemma arises: should MT be introduced into formal translation training? In order to answer this question, first, it is necessary to understand how trainee translators actually use MT. This study is an attempt to obtain (...) this knowledge. The methodology applied in this investigation is text analysis. During the experiment sessions the students were asked to translate a legal text using MT tools, which in practice meant the post-editing of the MT raw output. The post-edited versions of the text underwent analysis in order to answer the following research questions: - What are the most typical errors contained in both French and English MT output? - How critical are the students towards the text generated by MT? - How perceptive are the students during the post-editing task? - Are they able to detect and correct errors using their knowledge and skills? The results of this study suggest that the post-editing of the MT raw output is as demanding for translation students as traditional translation, however, it requires a different set of skills, such as critical thinking and perceptiveness. Therefore, a special kind of training related to the effective use of MT technology should be implemented during translation classes. (shrink)

This study examines the intricate domain of machine legal translation, addressing prominent linguistic features and items of legal discourse. By gathering a corpus of legal partnership contracts released by The Jordanian Hashemite Fund for Human Development (JOHUD) organization. Using multiple translation quality metrics, including BLEU, ChrF, METEOR, fluency, and adequacy, the study adopts qualitative and quantitative analysis of the performance of three machine translators: Google Translate, ChatGPT, and Gemini, and compares their outputs to human translation. The results (...) indicate that ChatGPT outperforms both Google Translate and Gemini across all three key metrics (BLEU, ChrF, and METEOR), demonstrating superior translation precision, requiring fewer edits, and offering better semantic accuracy. Google Translate, while slightly lagging behind ChatGPT, performs competitively, particularly in terms of fluency and adequacy. Gemini, although comparable to Google Translate in adequacy, generally underperforms in translation quality when compared to both Google Translate and ChatGPT. These findings highlight the strengths of ChatGPT in generating high-quality translations and underscore the importance of selecting machine translation systems based on the specific demands of accuracy, fluency, and meaning preservation in various applications. (shrink)

BackgroundEmpirical research can become relevant for bioethics in at least two ways. First, by informing the development or refinement of ethical recommendations. Second, by evaluating how ethical recommendations are translated into practice. This study aims to investigate the scope and objectives of empirical studies evaluating how ethical recommendations are translated into practice. MethodsA sample of the latest 400 publications from four bioethics journals was created and screened. All publications were included if they met one of the following three criteria: (...) (1) evaluative empirical research, (2) non-evaluative empirical research and (3) borderline cases. For all publications categorized as evaluative empirical research we analyzed which objects (norms and recommendations) had been evaluated.Results234 studies were included of which 54% (n = 126) were categorized as non-evaluative empirical studies, 36% (n = 84) as evaluative empirical studies, and 10% (n = 24) as borderline cases. The object of evaluation were aspirational norms in 5 of the 84 included evaluative empirical studies, more specific norms in 14 (16%) studies and concrete best practices in 65 (77%) studies. The specific best practices can be grouped under five broader categories: ethical procedures, ethical institutions, clinical or research practices, educational programs, and legal regulations.ConclusionsThis mapping study shows that empirical evaluative studies can be found at all stages in the translational process from theory to best practices. Our study suggests two intertwined dimensions for structuring the field of evaluative/translational empirical studies in bioethics: First, three broader categories of evaluation objects and second five categories for types of best practices.Trial registration: The methodology used was described in a study protocol that was registered publicly on the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/r6h4y/). (shrink)

With the development of Internet technology and the exchanges between eastern and Western cultures, a multitude of English songs have won increasing popularity among Chinese audiences. Music has no national boundaries, thus happy rhythms and beautiful melodies can be enjoyed by people all over the world. However, due to the limited proficiency in English, some listeners cannot learn the essence of the song - the meaning of the lyrics. Therefore, lyrics translation is particularly necessary. The thesis focuses on lyrics (...) translation in order to promote the audience's aesthetic enjoyment of original English songs, help them better understand the feelings of a song that the songwriter intends to convey, and advance the cultural exchange and mutual learning between China and the West. The thesis does this by conducting a case study of the translation of lyrics of Maroon 5, whose songs have prevailed in China. From the perspective of Skopos Theory, the thesis compares the different versions of the translated lyrics of Maroon 5 on NetEase Music and QQ Music, then sums up the main problems in current translations, such as mistranslation, unreadability and lack of aesthetic beauty, and finally puts forward effective translation steps and strategies to improve the quality of lyrics translation. (shrink)

The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary, almost two thousand pages of translation, commentary, and discussion of the Qur'an, is a very impressive product. It is very unusual also, since it is clearly meant to be a religious work, not a work about religion. And it is a book by believers not only for believers but also for anyone interested in the topic. It has some impressive merits, and the main one to my mind is the extensive (...) use of commentary from classical thinkers on the various parts of the text. This is most useful because it is almost never done in so systematic a way, and the text is thus made much more available to the reader who does not read Arabic or have access to a range of commentaries. It... (shrink)

This study investigates the interplay of intrinsic motivation, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness and behavioral intention with a focus on ChatGPT adoption when translating legal texts by Saudi university students. Through examining the internal drivers of technology adaptation (intrinsic motivation) this study aims to extend the Technology Adoption Model (TAM). It also provides valuable insights for AI tool developers as well as higher education institutes, offering implications regarding effective design and implementation strategies. Several hypotheses in relation to the hypothesized (...) relationships between the selected constructs were generated to statistically analyze their direct and indirect effects. The findings of this study confirmed the positive and significant correlation across all seven hypotheses, underscoring the significant role of intrinsic motivation driven by positive perception and enjoyment of the accessibility of tool and as a key mediator in enhancing the adoption of ChatGPT in translation. (shrink)

Legal translation (shortened as LT) has become a principal means to unfold Chinese laws to the world in the global era and the study of it has proved to be of practical significance. Since the proper theory guidance is the key to the quality of LT translation, this paper focuses on the Skopos theory and the strategies applied in the practice of LT. A case study of LT examples from the Criminal Law of the P.R.C. has been made (...) while briefly reviewing the Skopos theory and its principles. Started with short discussion of LT, this paper probes into the applicability of the three principles of Skopos theory, including the Skopos rule, the coherence rule and the fidelity rule, into the legal texts, especially into the translation of the Criminal Law of the P.R.C. and based on the study, the strategies for LT are proposed, with the hope that it can be useful for reference in other legal texts. (shrink)

Philosophy's Treason: Studies in Philosophy and Translation gathers contributions from an international group of scholars at different stages of their careers, bringing together diverse perspectives on translation and philosophy. The volume's six chapters primarily look towards translation from philosophic perspectives, often taking up issues central to Translation Studies and pursuing them along philosophic lines. By way of historical, logical, and personal reflection, several chapters address broad topics of translation, such as the entanglements of (...) culture, ideology, politics, and history in the translation of philosophic works, the position of Translation Studies within current academic humanities, untranslatability within philosophic texts, and the ways philosophic reflection can enrich thinking on translation. Two more narrowly focused chapters work closely on specific philosophers and their texts to identify important implications for translation in philosophy. In a final "critical postscript" the volume takes a reflexive turn as its own chapters provide starting points for thinking about philosophy and translation in terms of periperformativity. From philosophers critically engaged with translation this volume offers distinct perspectives on a growing field of research on the interdisciplinarity and relationality of Translation Studies and Philosophy. Ranging from historical reflections on the overlap of translation and philosophy to philosophic investigation of questions central to translation to close-readings of translation within important philosophic texts, Philosophy's Treason serves as a useful guide and model to educators in Translation Studies wishing to illustrate a variety of approaches to topics related to philosophy and translation. (shrink)

In this chapter, I will mainly make a prospective discussion of future translation studies. The discussion will be directed upon the theory guiding applied researches and upon the pure theory guiding theoretical researches. The former is mainly concerned with the hot points in translation studies, say, the relationship between translation theory and practice, the positing of the “multi-disciplinarity” of TS, and so on; the latter focuses on the construction of translation methodology, the possibility of (...) other research chains of application-theory-pure theory, and so forth. I will only make an outlook on them by demonstrating the legitimacy and feasibility of the inspirations and guidance that they can offer to future translation studies. (shrink)

This paper explores the process of legal translation aiming to gain an insight into the mechanisms that guarantee the quality of translation for legal work. The first part of the paper introduces static equivalence theory, which was developed by the author and serves as a basic framework under which a legal translator operates. In order to achieve static equivalence between the source and the target languages, the author, based on his several-decades of experience doing pragmatic translation (legal (...) translation in particular) and an in-depth retrospective examination (concept-based), has constructed in the second part of the paper a five-step model for the process of legal translation. The model articulates all the essential steps that a legal translator needs to go through in his work, and the interconnections among them. These steps include (1) browsing the text to determine an applicable translation strategy, (2) perusing the text to decode the writer's intent, (3) conducting operative analysis to select a best way of expression, (4) cross-linguistic transfer, and (5) equivalence check by back-translation. (shrink)

Hadīth is the most important source for Muslims after the holy book, the Qur'an. Hadīths, which began to be written down, memorised and transmitted during the Prophet's lifetime, were quickly and carefully preserved after his death. After compiling the hadiths, the scholars engaged in this work selected the texts they considered important from the collection and produced forty hadith works. Perhaps the most famous of the forty hadīth studies that emerged is the study entitled al-Arba'un al-Nawawiyya, which was started (...) by Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ al-S̲h̲ahrazūrī (d. 643/1245) and completed by Imām al-Nawawī (d. 676/1277). Over time, thematic books of forty hadīths, consisting of selected hadīths used in different branches of religious sciences, also emerged. The tradition of writing forty hadīths in Kurdish is new. As far as is known, the first studies of forty hadīths written in Kurdish only appeared in the last century. One of these studies is the Zāzākī study by Mela Faruq Baynal. Baynal's selection of hadīths, compiled from various hadīth sources, is significant as it is one of the first original studies in this field. The study has been translated from the source language into Zāzākī, with the purpose of spreading the religious message among the Zāzās. The main focus of this study is to reveal how Baynal carried out the translation in question. As the study in question has not previously been evaluated from the perspective translation studies, such a study was deemed necessary. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the study entitled Çoras Hedis, written in Zāzākī by Baynal, according to C. Nord's translation-oriented text analysis model. C. Nord's translation model is a text-centred model. This model has many details, and the study has been examined according to the basic principles of this model: fidelity, appropriateness, and target-orientedness. The study mentions the tradition of forty hadīths, examines forty hadīth studies written in Kurdish, and analyses the Zāzākī translations of the forty hadīths in the study. The texts in the study entitled Çoras Hedis were examined from a translation studies perspective, errors in word choice were indicated, alternative translations were provided, and syntactic and semantic suggestions were made. Methods and techniques such as explanation, examination, witnessing, exemplification, and comparison were used in the study. (shrink)

In this chapter I chart the history of the different English translations of ‘_Bedeutung_’ in Frege’s writings, setting them in context, explaining their rationale, and exploring some of the philosophical issues raised.

China-based missionaries around the mid-nineteenth century played a crucial role in initially rendering legal terms in Western languages into Chinese. A survey of early English-Chinese magazines, dictionaries, and books on law reveals the forms in which the earliest translated legal terms in Chinese assume, calling attention to their marked differences from the same set of terms in Chinese characters that were later borrowed from Japan. The findings about the missionaries’ creative translation activities in China are of cultural and socio-psychological (...) interests to Chinese lawyers, historians, and translators of our time. (shrink)

The Zhuangzi is known as a literary masterpiece as well as a philosophical monument. The philosophical power of this book is linked to its original way to play with language and phrases, which makes the Zhuangzi a constant challenge for readers and translators. Due to the fact that, in China, the Zhuangzi has been continuously read and commented, the exegetical literature is as large as it is diverse and contradictory. For modern readers, those commentaries could appear as a tremendous mass (...) of secondary literature, a subsequent production which sometime, however, seems to be unrelated to the Zhuangzi’s problems. In order to understand the Zhuangzi, a reader can then choose to refer only to the text itself, using modern editions or translations. For the translator, however, the problem is not that simple. Some among the classical commentaries, indeed, shape and influence our very access to the Zhuangzi. Because of their role in the textual transmission and considering the fact they are our primary resources for semantical analysis, it is highly difficult for a translator to leave aside those commentaries. This paper aims to stress the translator’s reliance to the exegetical literature. This paper presents two case studies, showing how Cheng Xuanying 成玄英 subcommentary, or Lu Deming 陸德明 philological glosses, both written during the Tang dynasty, are, for many expressions from the Zhuangzi, the cornerstone of the translators’ work. Through those case studies and through the comparison of several modern translations of the Zhuangzi, our purpose is to draw the outlines of a philosophical reflexion about the usefulness of the exegetical tradition in the study and the translation of the Zhuangzi. (shrink)

Genetically modified (GM) cassava is currently being developed to address problems of diseases that threaten the food security of farmers in developing countries. The technologies are aimed at smallholder farmers, in hopes of reducing the vulnerability of cassava production to these diseases. In this paper we examine barriers to farmers’ voice in the development of GM cassava. We also examine the role of a translational research process to enhance farmers’ voice, to understand the sources of vulnerability farmers in a group (...) in Kenya’s Coast face, and to determine if their concerns are consistent with those of the scientists in agriculture addressing farmers’ needs. A two-way communication participatory process provided insights into the complex vulnerability context of farmers, their primary concerns with processing and markets of cassava in order to improve livelihoods, the lack of networks with two way communication flows, and the lack of information on GM technologies. The translational research engaged farmers and scientists in an iterative process where scientists are learning what farmers need, and farmers are learning about the potential benefits and risks from GM technologies, while at the same time expressing their concerns. (shrink)

Translation equivalents for cognates in different script systems share the same meaning and phonological similarity but are different orthographically. Event-related potentials were recorded during the visual recognition of cross-script cognates and non-cognates together with concreteness factors while Chinese learners of English performed a lexical decision task with the masked translation priming paradigm in Experiment 1 and Experiment 2. N400 effect was found to be closely related to priming effects of cross-script cognate status and concreteness in Experiment 1; and (...) in Experiment 2, N150 and N400 effects were related to priming effects of cross-script cognate status and concreteness, and greater priming effects of cross-script cognate status in cognates than in non-cognates for abstract words were found in the time window of 100–200 ms. Meanwhile, the asymmetry of translation directions was observed in smaller priming effects in forward translation than in backward translation in the time window of 100–200 ms for abstract cognates, and in larger priming effects in forward translation than in backward translation in the time window of 350–550 ms for each type of words. We discussed the roles of phonological activation and concreteness effects in view of the function of N150 and N400 components as well as the relevant models, mainly the Distributed Feature Model and Bilingual Interactive Activation model. (shrink)