The formation of the education professional has been a top subject of studies during the history of education in Brazil and must be a human formation directly related to his or her emancipation as a social, individual person. This is his or her truth citizenship and sine qua non to the formation of a new man for the construction of a human culture. In this sense, the concept of man is the fundamental axis of formation of the education professional. Theoretical (...) matrices that have given rise to individualism and its powerful concepts are analyzed, as well as the new dominant ideas that, in an explicit or implicit way, construct in our society by different forms of social consciousness. There is a firm conviction that the understanding of man as alive, active, and conscious in material existence, according to concrete life, looks as the formation of consensus, organic emancipating scientific fundamental of radial change in social relations on a global society and with the possibility of human culture. (shrink)

Substantive renderings of tyranny, hegemony or anarchy as governance forms within international law seldom appear. When invoked, tyranny and anarchy are presented as exceptional while hegemony, in accounts often borrowed from international relations scholarship, is defined as mundane and a natural explanation of international legal governance. This article puts forward substantive accounts of all three—tyranny, anarchy and hegemony—and utilises these to understand a single event, the airstrikes against Syria after the use of chemical weapons by the Assad Government in (...) 2018. This event is first described in detail. The article examines the current use of the three theories in international legal theory and considers their substantive content. Next, these three theories are applied both singularly and in combination to the events in Syria to demonstrate what can be observed about international law through their deployment. This article shows the value of understanding the operation of international law through each of these prisms in their substantive form but also, and most markedly, what can be understood when all three frames are combined to explore a single event. (shrink)

: This article argues that the agreed-upon periodization of early Islam is an Abbasid-era construct that became a binding framework for later generations of historians down to modern times. It also contends that scholars have tended to ignore the fact that this periodization was first and foremost an Abbasid claim to power. It investigates the Abbasid-era construction of the past and demonstrates that alternative periodizations were used prior to these massive efforts to enclose the past into a rigid structure, and (...) so it sheds light on forgotten alternative pasts. The links between periodization and space are emphasized, focusing on the example of early Islamic Syria. Indeed, this province largely vanished from the map with the coming of the Abbasids to power since Syria’s memory came to be limited to its Umayyad past. Elaborating upon alternative periodizations, the paper offers a fresh attempt at a history of the meanings of a long Syrian eighth century, articulated around memory and power. (shrink)

In this lucidly written, soundly researched monograph, Alex Bellamy vividly portrays the complex, often bewildering, spectrum of forces and factions involved in Syria’s tragic experiences during th...

Euthanasia remains a contentious issue globally, with attitudes significantly shaped by cultural, religious, and societal factors. In Syria, over a decade of conflict has devastated the healthcare system and created unique ethical challenges for future physicians. This study aimed to assess the attitudes of Syrian medical students toward euthanasia and identify the key predictors influencing their views in a conflict, resource-deprived setting. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,509 medical students from four major Syrian universities using an online survey. (...) The questionnaire included socio-demographic questions, the Toronto Empathy Questionnaire, and five clinical scenarios depicting passive euthanasia, active euthanasia, orthothanasia, dysthanasia, and sedation. Data were analyzed using Chi-Square tests and binary logistic regression to identify predictors of agreement with different forms of euthanasia. A majority of students expressed disagreement with most forms of euthanasia, particularly passive euthanasia (78.3% disagreement) and active euthanasia (45.3% disagreement). Strikingly, 60.4% of students agreed with dysthanasia (futile, aggressive treatment). Binary logistic regression revealed that being male, identifying as atheist or Christian (compared to Muslim), and having lower religious commitment were significant predictors of agreement with euthanasia. Higher empathy scores were paradoxically associated with opposition to euthanasia but with support for dysthanasia. Age was a significant predictor only for dysthanasia, with younger students showing more agreement. Syrian medical students’ attitudes toward euthanasia are predominantly conservative, driven strongly by religious beliefs. The widespread support for dysthanasia and the paradoxical role of empathy highlight significant gaps in palliative and end-of-life care education. The unique pressures of the Syrian context, including systemic collapse and pervasive trauma, appear to foster moral distress that shapes these ethical viewpoints. Medical education in Syria must be reformed to include integrated palliative care training and psychological support to prepare students for the complex ethical realities of conflict medical practice. (shrink)

Judäa—Syria Palästina. By Werner Eck. Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism, vol. 157. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2014. Pp. xiv + 307. €119.

Wandering Arameans: Arameans outside Syria: Textual and Archaeological Perspectives. Edited by Angelika Berlejung, Aren M. Maeir, and Andreas Schüle. Leipziger Altorientalistische Studien, vol. 5. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2017. Pp. x + 298, illus. €58.

Although Kant defends a cosmopolitan ideal, his philosophy is problematically vague regarding how to achieve it, which lends support to the empty formalism charge. How Kant would respond to the crisis in Syria reveals that judgement plays too central a role, because Kantian principles lead to equally reasonable but opposite conclusions on how to weigh the duty of hospitality to refugees against a state’s duty to its own citizens, the right of prevention towards ISIS against the duty not to (...) harm non-combatants, and the responsibility to protect the people of Syria against the duty of non-interference in its internal affairs. (shrink)

This chapter focuses on the two Western universities in Ottoman Syria: the Syrian Protestant College (SPC)—later American University of Beirut (AUB)—, and the Université Saint-Joseph (USJ), founded in Beirut in the second half of the nineteenth century, which had an important role in transmitting Western ideas and culture. In particular, it focuses on the differences between the two Western institutions (respectively American-Protestant and French-Jesuit), and their competition both in the religious field—of propagation of the respective faiths—and in the cultural-linguistic (...) field. (shrink)

Alexander's satrapal appointments in Syria have long been a focal point of scholarly dissension, for the relevant passages in the ancient sources are uniformly inconsistent and sometimes disconcertingly corrupt. A running debate continued until 1935, when Oscar Leuze presented a monumental survey of the ancient evidence together with exhaustive refutation of the hypotheses advanced by earlier scholars. Since then the problems of Syria under Alexander have been left virtually undisturbed, which is a pity. In the first place, Leuze's (...) treatment is not impregnable. His massive discussion tends to convince through sheer accumulation of argument rather than by the cogency of its logic, which can often be faulted. (shrink)

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a concept that has acquired a new resonance in the global economy. With the advent of globalization, managers in different contexts have been exposed to the notion of CSR and are being pressured to adopt CSR initiatives. Yet, in view of vastly differing national cultures and institutional realities, mixed orientations to CSR continue to be salient in different contexts, oscillating between the classical perspective which considers CSR as a burden on competitiveness and the modern perspective (...) that views CSR as instrumental for business success. Capitalizing on the two-dimensional CSR model developed by Quazi and O'Brien (Journal of Business Ethics 25, 33-51, 2000), this article assesses managerial perspectives towards CSR in three neighboring Middle Eastern countries (Lebanon, Syria and Jordan) through an empirical study involving 333 managers. The findings lend support to the Quazi and O'Brien model (2000), suggesting some commonalities in CSR orientations as well as minor divergences. The findings are discussed and cross-cultural implications drawn accordingly. (shrink)

Summary The author is of the opinion that as a result of Alexander the Great’s conquest of Syria, which had been a single administrative entity under the Achaemenids, it was divided into two satrapies – the northern and the southern one. He believes that Menon, son of Cerdimmas, was appointed as the first head of the northern satrapy, to be replaced by Arimmas, who, in his turn, was succeeded by Asclepiodorus, son of Eunicus. Besides, it seems that Andromachus became (...) the first head of the southern satrapy, and after he was killed, Menon, transferred from the north to the south, took his place. Already in Alexander’s lifetime, probably in 329/328, Syria was once again merged into one satrapy. It is unclear who was installed as satrap of the unified region. At any rate, it could not have been Menes, son of Dionysius: the hypothesis that in winter 331/330 he was made satrap of the new province including Syria and Cilicia does not stand scrutiny. In the author’s view, the main task Alexander assigned to Menes was to take control and then to keep open and organized the sea communications with the coast of Syria, Phoenicia and Cilicia, and in the matters concerning these activities Menes was fully independent of the local satraps. (shrink)

Background The perception of organ donation and brain death among Syrian population has not been previously explored. The goal of this study is to evaluate the attitude and knowledge of organ donation among Syrians and the willingness of this population to donate their organs. Methods We conducted a survey-based cross-sectional study in four hospitals in Aleppo, Syria in November 2019. Patient demographic, awareness of brain death; and attitude toward organ donation were collected and analyzed. Results A total of 350 (...) individuals were invited to participate in the survey among whom 303 agreed to participate in the study. The majority of our participants heard about organ donation with television, social media, and the internet being the most common sources of information. When assessing knowledge about brain death, only 40% answered 3 or more questions correctly. Fifty-eight percent of respondents agreed with the idea of organ donation and 183 would like to donate their organs one day. The leading motivation to organ donation was the desire to help, while the most common reason to refuse donation was the refusal to disfigure a dead body by removing an organ. Religious reasons were cited as motivation for organ donation by 43% of participants, and a reason for refusing to donate organs by 24%. Most respondents were unaware of the laws and legislations related to organ donation in Syria. When asked if religion and law were encouraging organ donation, 76% of respondents would donate their organs. Although more positive attitude was found in those with better brain death knowledge, this did not translate into more willingness to donate organs in this group of participants. Conclusions The promotion of organ donations from deceased donors is a necessity given the rising shortage of organs. The information provided by this study could help policy makers build future strategies to promote deceased organ donation programs and overcome current obstacles preventing such initiatives from achieving their goals. (shrink)

The conclusion moves beyond the empirical study of the Syrian armed opposition to better understand Jihadi groups’ evolution outside Syria. This chapter discusses the potential impact of the Syrian conflict on the evolution of the Jihadi social movement, especially in light of the territorial defeat of IS in Iraq and Syria. It begins with a brief summary of Jihadi groups in the region in the years prior to 9/11 and the movement’s evolution up to the 2011 Arab uprisings. (...) It examines the broader implications of the conflict for the evolution of Jihadi groups globally. This approach helps to re-evaluate the post-9/11 American policies towards Jihadi groups and their consequences. (shrink)

The Kurdish-led autonomous entity called Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria - also known as Rojava - considers women?s liberation an imperative condition for shaping a democratic society. The practice of autonomy in NES shares strong resemblances with Non- Territorial Autonomy models; however, it introduces a novelty in the role of women as active agents in building a plurinational democracy. This paper examines the intellectual and political origins of the political role ascribed to women in autonomous administrations and (...) how the practice of autonomy in Rojava has advanced women?s rights by shedding light on both institutional implementation of women?s rights, as well as the creation of -territorial spaces of women?s emancipation within the autonomous model. The argument made is that the conceptual framework of the Rojava model goes beyond the Kurdish question and can be considered an attempt to resolve a democratic deficit of liberal democratic nation-states through bringing together solutions that address the intertwined subordination of minorities and women. nema. (shrink)

This article seeks to reinterpret the process of state and class formation in “peripheral” societies—notably Syria—through a contextualized reading of Marx’s Eighteenth Brumaire influenced by the approach of Political Marxism (PM). In light of PM’s claim that capitalism did not emerge in France until the late nineteenth century, it draws a picture of post-revolutionary French society in which the legacy of the precapitalist Absolutist state still determined the nature of ruling class reproduction and class struggle, centered on the state (...) apparatus as the principal source of appropriation. These insights on the nature of ruling class appropriation and the centrality of the state are then applied to the case of post-Ottoman Syria, uncovering parallels with class struggles in post-revolutionary France rooted in the “Jacobin” politics of a state-dependent bourgeoisie of officials and officers. It proposes to rethink the contested moments of transition in terms of “alternative modernities” that developed in the absence of generalized capitalist relations of production. (shrink)

Проблематика водной дипломатии между Турцией, Сирией и Ираком в 1990-2000 гг. представляет собой сложный и многогранный аспект международных отношений. Цель данной статьи – определить ключевые факторы, влияющие на водную дипломатию, а также оценить воздействие региональной нестабильности и международных акторов на переговорные процессы между Турцией, Сирией и Ираком. В статье предпринята попытка проследить эволюцию гидродипломатии в данном бассейне – от конфронтации до потенциальных механизмов совместного управления водными ресурсами. Проведённые анализы позволяют прийти к выводу, что за последние 35 лет водная дипломатия между (...) Турцией, Сирией и Ираком трансформировалась от квазивоенной конфронтации к осторожному, но устойчивому сотрудничеству. В целом, решение водной проблемы между Турцией, Сирией и Ираком требует перехода от двусторонних, ситуативных соглашений к многостороннему, региональному, институциональному управлению бассейном при участии всех сторон и с учётом новых климатических, экологических и социальноэкономических реалий. (shrink)

This article highlights the urgent risks of deepening social fragmentation in Syria, which became evident in the recent crisis in Suwayda. The crisis between Sunni Bedouin tribes – backed by the Syrian government – and Druze militias led by Hikmet Al-Hijri posed a major obstacle to post-conflict recovery and reconciliation efforts in Syria. It exposed the widening gap between the national actors’ aspirations and the heightened social divisions and sectarianism in Syria. Therefore, the article presents contextually informed (...) policy practices, based on informal interviews, aimed at strengthening social cohesion, protecting vulnerable communities, preventing sectarian tensions, and supporting long-term post-conflict recovery. (shrink)

Si le christianisme a survécu en Grande Syrie, c'est en raison de facteurs spécifiques: l'intégrité de la communauté chrétienne arabe indigène dans la région; l'intégration sociale des chrétiens arabes syriens dans la société musulmane; l'échec des musulmans dans le prosélytisme agressif auprès des chrétiens; l'identification ethnique de la population indigène avec les nouvelles arrivées du VIIe siècle. L'arabisation ne signifiait pas systématiquement l'islamisation. Elle encourageait même le contraire dans certaines régions comme la Palestine, coeur d'une Eglise chrétienne arabophone viable.

The Islamization of Syria, a multi-faceted social and cultural process not limited to demography, was slow and highly variable across different locales. This article analyzes geographical works—ten in Arabic, one in Persian, and one in Hebrew— as well as the earliest Ottoman defters of the province to outline the process of Islamization in Syria from the Islamic conquest in the seventh century to the Ottoman conquest in the sixteenth. Geographical texts cannot be mined as databases, but when interpreted (...) as literature they provide often detailed information regarding the foundation of mosques, the slow conversion of multi-religious shrines, and areas within Syria known for particular religious affiliations. (shrink)

The Historia monachorum Syriae, written by Theodoret of Cyrrhus in 444 AD, contains a large quantity of sports metaphors in which the ascetic was presented as the “athlete of God”. The origin of this metaphor goes back to the epistles of Paul of Tarsus. Afterwards, there were many Christian writers who included it in their writings, although Theodoret undoubtedly exploited it in a much more intense way than other authors. His abundant use of this metaphor was due to the great (...) popularity enjoyed by athletic contests in the eastern Mediterranean well into the fifth century. Moreover, the partially profane education of Theodoret allowed him to give a specific terminology to his sports metaphors hardly documentable in other writers of Christian antiquity. (shrink)