This longitudinal study analyzed university students’ cognition in learning an English for young learners course. A qualitative method was used to get the data from 28 students who took the tiered EYL courses, EYL 1, EYL 2, and EYL 3, at a private university by giving them open-ended questionnaires for three semesters, or one and a half years. Semi-structured interviews with those 28 students were also used as the triangulation data at the end of each semester. The findings indicate a (...) very extreme change in pre-service teachers’ cognition, such as motivation, perception, and belief. At the end of their lecture, students initially interested in learning English for young learners did not want to become EYL teachers. On the other hand, students who enrolled in the EYL course for non-academic reasons wanted to have a profession as an EYL teacher after completing the EYL courses. It proves that students’ interest in teaching English to young learners and the length of time spent studying EYL teaching knowledge do not assure those pre-service teachers are increasingly convinced to have a teaching profession. (shrink)

To determine the attitude of general practitioners towards continuing medical education and reasons motivating or hindering them from attending CME procedures, we conducted a cross-sectional survey from November 2013 to April 2014 in Karachi. Three hundred general practitioners who possessed a medical license for practice in Pakistan filled a pre-designed questionnaire consisting of questions pertaining to attitudes towards CME. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS v16.0. 70.3% of the participants were males. Mean age was 47.75 ± 9.47 years. Only (...) 67.33% knew about CME and only 52% had attended a CME session. Reasons for attending CME procedures reported were: need for updating knowledge, skills and competencies, opportunity to meet colleagues and presenting scientific papers. Mean Likert score was 1.67 for those who thought CME is worthwhile and 1.44 for those who consider their clinical duties as the major hurdle in attending CME procedures. Most common cause for not attending CME was lack of knowledge followed by time constraint. Most physicians were not sufficiently informed about the potential benefits of CME and had never attended a CME session. Most common reason for attending CME procedures reported was need for updating knowledge, skills and competencies while reasons hindering physicians from attending CME were lack of knowledge and time constraint. (shrink)

This seventh volume of Collected Papers includes 70 papers comprising 974 pages on (theoretic and applied) neutrosophics, written between 2013-2021 by the author alone or in collaboration with the following 122 co-authors from 22 countries: Mohamed Abdel-Basset, Abdel-Nasser Hussian, C. Alexander, Mumtaz Ali, Yaman Akbulut, Amir Abdullah, Amira S. Ashour, Assia Bakali, Kousik Bhattacharya, Kainat Bibi, R. N. Boyd, Ümit Budak, Lulu Cai, Cenap Özel, Chang Su Kim, Victor Christianto, Chunlai Du, Chunxin Bo, Rituparna Chutia, Cu Nguyen Giap, Dao The (...) Son, Vinayak Devvrat, Arindam Dey, Partha Pratim Dey, Fahad Alsharari, Feng Yongfei, S. Ganesan, Shivam Ghildiyal, Bibhas C. Giri, Masooma Raza Hashmi, Ahmed Refaat Hawas, Hoang Viet Long, Le Hoang Son, Hongbo Wang, Hongnian Yu, Mihaiela Iliescu, Saeid Jafari, Temitope Gbolahan Jaiyeola, Naeem Jan, R. Jeevitha, Jun Ye, Anup Khan, Madad Khan, Salma Khan, Ilanthenral Kandasamy, W.B. Vasantha Kandasamy, Darjan Karabašević, Kifayat Ullah, Kishore Kumar P.K., Sujit Kumar De, Prasun Kumar Nayak, Malayalan Lathamaheswari, Luong Thi Hong Lan, Anam Luqman, Luu Quoc Dat, Tahir Mahmood, Hafsa M. Malik, Nivetha Martin, Mai Mohamed, Parimala Mani, Mingcong Deng, Mohammed A. Al Shumrani, Mohammad Hamidi, Mohamed Talea, Kalyan Mondal, Muhammad Akram, Muhammad Gulistan, Farshid Mofidnakhaei, Muhammad Shoaib, Muhammad Riaz, Karthika Muthusamy, Nabeela Ishfaq, Deivanayagampillai Nagarajan, Sumera Naz, Nguyen Dinh Hoa, Nguyen Tho Thong, Nguyen Xuan Thao, Noor ul Amin, Dragan Pamučar, Gabrijela Popović, S. Krishna Prabha, Surapati Pramanik, Priya R, Qiaoyan Li, Yaser Saber, Said Broumi, Saima Anis, Saleem Abdullah, Ganeshsree Selvachandran, Abdulkadir Sengür, Seyed Ahmad Edalatpanah, Shahbaz Ali, Shahzaib Ashraf, Shouzhen Zeng, Shio Gai Quek, Shuangwu Zhu, Shumaiza, Sidra Sayed, Sohail Iqbal, Songtao Shao, Sundas Shahzadi, Dragiša Stanujkić, Željko Stević, Udhayakumar Ramalingam, Zunaira Rashid, Hossein Rashmanlou, Rajkumar Verma, Luige Vlădăreanu, Victor Vlădăreanu, Desmond Jun Yi Tey, Selçuk Topal, Naveed Yaqoob, Yanhui Guo, Yee Fei Gan, Yingcang Ma, Young Bae Jun, Yuping Lai, Hafiz Abdul Wahab, Wei Yang, Xiaohong Zhang, Edmundas Kazimieras Zavadskas, Lemnaouar Zedam. (shrink)

Applying natural science methodologies to the social sciences causes a crisis in science. A crisis of science means the narrowing of researcher subjectivity so the possibility of research heuristics is drastically reduced. Martin Heidegger a philosopher of existentialism tried to solve this problem by developing a method that integrated schools of phenomenology and hermeneutics. This research aims to describe the hermeneutics situation method which embodies the two things above. This research is a type of library research that is descriptive and (...) qualitative. The important value and novelty of this research is that it examines the closeness of philosophy and social science through Martin Heidegger’s way of thinking. A researcher does not live in isolation, he is connected to the context of life in which he lives. The context of life motivates researchers to see the meaning of something. In social research, researchers do not just meet social facts, but meet appropriate events (ereignis). So, social researchers are advised to avoid two things when conducting social research in the context of hermeneutics situation, namely the principle of subject-object division and the value-free principle. The reason is a presumption that a researcher was involved in the surrounding environment which then becomes the object of his research, even before conducting the research. This involvement is what makes the researcher able to understand the object of his research. (shrink)

An accessible introduction to the profound experience of enlightenment—with instructions on how to wake up to, and feel confident about, our true nature We can realize the highest truth in each moment when we learn to see through the illusion of the self. Anam Thubten, in remarkably easy-to-understand language, provides teachings for doing exactly that, based on the wisdom of the Buddhist traditions. He illuminates the path of going beyond the misconceptions of the ego to experience the reality of (...) our true nature, which is already enlightened. He communicates with clarity, humor, and refreshing honesty, lighting the way to a life full of love, compassion, and true satisfaction. (shrink)

This community service program aims to enhance welfare and environmental sustainability through the Green Economy. This initiative involves two primary partners: the Taruna Tani Mapan (Tampan) Farmer Group in Sumanding Village, which operates in horticulture, plantation product production, and livestock, and LMDH Wana Bhakti of Sumanding Village, which manages agricultural, plantation, and livestock sectors. The program is carried out through several stages: socialization, appropriate technology training (TTG), technical guidance, program assistance, monitoring and evaluation, recommendations and follow-up, as well as program (...) development and sustainability. The results of this program indicate significant benefits. In terms of production, the initiative has successfully empowered partners by diversifying their products, particularly in coffee production. This has led to a 10% increase in coffee yield and a 20% rise in sales, supported by improvements in branding, packaging, and multi-channel marketing strategies. From a social perspective, the farmer group has achieved legal entity status, enhancing its institutional legitimacy. Additionally, the second partner has strengthened its production capabilities through waste utilization from agriculture, plantations, and livestock, transforming them into solid and liquid fertilizers. Moreover, there has been a notable improvement in knowledge among partners in areas such as branding, packaging, digital marketing, financial management, and business planning. These outcomes demonstrate the program’s positive impact on both economic and social aspects, contributing to the sustainability of the Green Economy initiative in the region. (shrink)

Examining the quality perceptions of consumers has often been recommended as an international research paradigm. This study is grounded in the Pakistani consumer market to evaluate the impact of food packaging cues on perceived product quality. The moderating effect of consumer knowledge was also taken into consideration in the study. A signaling theory was used in the study for its established predictive power in consumer behavior, marketing, and various fields of research. Based on the essence of the signaling theory, this (...) study hypothesized that food packaging cues cast a positive impact on perceived product quality and consumer knowledge moderates these relationships. By using the sample of 504 consumers, data were gathered using the mall intercept method following a multi-stage sampling technique. The responses were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social sciences and Smart Partial Least Square. The findings of this study unveil that the extrinsic cues' brand name, price, nutritional labels, and precautionary labels were positively and significantly related to the perceived product quality. However, the country of origin cast no impact on the perceived product quality. Consumer knowledge reflected a moderation effect on the relationships between brand name and country of origin with the perceived product quality whereas it exerted no moderation impact on the relationships of price, nutritional labels, and precautionary labels with the perceived product quality. As the results exhibit that Pakistani consumers rely on food packaging cues for perceiving a product, hence it is recommended that marketers and policymakers develop appropriate marketing strategies focused on the significance of food packaging cues. (shrink)

The implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) currently faces a severe motivational crisis due to its reliance on pragmatic-secular frameworks devoid of spiritual grounding. Concurrently, Islamic environmental discourse remains polarized between rigid legalism and passive mysticism. Addressing this gap, this study aims to formulate an Islamic Educational Philosophy by excavating the ecological dimension of the Indonesian pesantren tradition through an Iqbalian panentheistic lens. Employing a qualitative approach grounded in Hans-Georg Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics, the research explores a “lived ontology” to (...) achieve a fusion of horizons between historical pesantren pedagogy and contemporary SDG urgencies. The findings reveal a dynamic dialectic of “contextualized panentheism.” This paradigm transitions from a mystical fusion with nature into a proactive ethical stance, embodied by the awakened Iqbal’s concept of khudi as a responsible khalīfah. By perceiving nature as a living divine mirror (tajallī), this pedagogy systematically dismantles the alienated, exploitative Cartesian ego. Empirically, this educational praxis manifests in successful community-driven conservation models—such as the eco-pesantren and customary maritime laws—which consistently outperform secular technocratic policies by internalizing ecological care as a binding moral obligation. The study concludes that pesantren pedagogy provides an authentic, internally driven motivational grammar, ultimately transforming environmental stewardship from an external regulatory duty into a sacred existential expression. (shrink)

Journalistic ethics and freedom of the press according to Islam in Indonesia.

Research studies have identified various different mechanisms in the effects of nature engagement on well-being and mental health. However, rarely are multiple pathways examined in the same study and little use has been made of first-hand, experiential accounts through interviews. Therefore, a semi-structured interview was conducted with seven female students who identified the role of nature engagement in their well-being and mental health. After applying thematic analysis, 11 themes were extracted from the data set, which were: “enjoying the different sensory (...) input,” “calm nature facilitates a calm mood,” “enhancing decision making and forming action plans,” “enhancing efficiency and productivity,” “alleviating pressure from society's expectations regarding education,” “formation of community relations,” “nature puts things into perspective,” “liking the contrast from the urban environment,” “feel freedom,” “coping mechanism,” and “anxious if prevented or restricted.” The results indicate complementary mechanisms for how nature-related activities benefit mental health and well-being that may occupy different levels of experience within a hierarchical framework informed by perceptual control theory. (shrink)

Luxury firms cater to high-end customers, focusing on minute details in product development. Their global supply chain plays a key role in trade, growth, and innovation. The performance of these firms is sensitive to the adoption of technology and environmental responsibility. This study explored the aggregated performance of luxury firms in the top 10 trading countries from 2009 to 2023. In this way, this study is vital as it provides insights into how global trade dynamics, consumer preferences, and economic factors (...) shape the performance and competitive advantage of high-value industries in key markets. This study considers the circular economy as a key determinant of luxury firms' performance, aiming to understand how sustainable practices influence profitability, innovation, and consumer loyalty in a high-value, trend-setting industry. This study is guided by Stakeholder Theory and Resource-Based View, where sustainable transformation and digital capabilities co-evolve to influence performance. Empirical findings, using panel quantile regression with Common Correlated Mean Group specifications, have confirmed the inverted U-shaped impact of the circular economy on luxury firms' performance is validated. It advocates that the initial sustainable practices adoption boosts performance but, beyond a certain point, the costs of further sustainability efforts may offset the benefits, thereby leading to diminishing returns. Furthermore, the incorporation of information communication technology (ICT) boosts luxury firms' performance and simultaneously moderates circular practices, leading to an improved impact. As control variables, infrastructure and inflation are key factors in understanding the relationship between circular economy practices, ICT integration, and the performance of luxury firms. (shrink)

In the halls of climate justice, words are more than mere descriptions; they are the unseen architects of the law’s response to a warming planet. This paper uncovers a “metaphorical triad”- Balance, Burden, and Equilibrium, that acts as a cognitive prison for judicial reasoning. While ‘Balance’ transforms fundamental rights into negotiable economic trade-offs, ‘Burden’ turns systemic climate failures into insurmountable evidentiary weights that crush a plaintiff’s standing. Meanwhile, the ‘Equilibrium’ metaphor clings to a static, self-correcting image of nature that is (...) blind to the non-linear chaos of modern tipping points. Yet, a different story emerges from the Global South. By wielding the metaphor of Stewardship, courts in jurisdictions like Pakistan and Bangladesh have bypassed these scales of inertia. They frame the environment as a sacred trust, enabling transformative remedies that protect the future rather than just the status quo. This research challenges judges to stop being mere custodians of inherited language and instead become the architects of a new, reflexive legal vocabulary. (shrink)

This study examines the significance of gender-inclusive corporate boards for improving business performance in Pakistan and addresses the social paradox of gender quotas for reducing gender disparities in boardrooms. The conceptual review of all-inclusive literature focuses on assembling descriptive outlines of the evidence explored; analyzing and evaluating it; sieving out inapt studies; and furnishing an aperçu of the authentic evidence. Pakistan’s case for boardroom’s gender diversity merits consideration in the context of kinship, competence, business ethics, and meritocracy. With the legal (...) and regulatory push in the form of the Companies Act, 2017 and SECP’s regulation, companies in Pakistan are liable to induct at least one woman director on corporate boards. The literature portrays the legislative measures as controversial and presented polarized opinions on gender quotas, either in favor or in against the legislations. The research evinces that the overall women representation in the listed companies at KSE-100 index was 7.55% in August 2019 which rose to 11% till March 2020. The paper contributes towards exposing the social paradox of gender-inclusive boardrooms in Pakistan. The findings indicate an urgent need for the implementation of gender parity social reforms to empower competent women with their legal rights to enjoy the stature they deserve. (shrink)

The third chapter deals with the cultural environment of humanity. It exposes its nature and stresses its fundamental historicity. It elaborates particularly on the location of cultures, stressing that culture not only constitutes our environment but it also inhabits us. The chapter underlines the crucial role played by mediations in the incessant transformations taking place between individuals and society. The role played by class position and the problem of predictability of individual actions and social development is touched upon in this (...) context. The chapter outlines also the driving lines of evolution resulting in the society/individual couple as we know it. Finally this chapter offers a Marxist appreciation of some very important authors: George H. Mead, Karen Horney, Harry S. Sullivan, John Bowlby, Erich Fromm, Pierre Bourdieu, and the cultural psychology approach. (shrink)

The conclusion gives a summary of the developments in the book, and indicates the promising paths for a further development of a Marxist theory of humanity.

This book contends that the standard description of the human as a bio-psycho-social being is fundamentally deficient as it doesn’t specify which of these attributes is the determining one. As long as this is not done, the real nature of humanity cannot be uncovered. The Introduction presents this dilemma and the way Marxism solves it. In this view the determining feature of humanity is sociality. If this is true, sociality must not only explain itself but it must account for the (...) nature and role of the other two attributes as well. How this will be accomplished is exposed through the laying down of the work’s plan: three main chapters devoted respectively to methodology, the psyche of the human individual, and their cultural environment. (shrink)

The fundamental challenge facing any attempt to build a theory of the human is to develop a methodology assuring that the individual and social aspects of humanity are never disjoined while allowing at the same time a thorough study of their specificities. I found out the key to solve this problem in Marx’s Grundrisse where he endeavours to elucidate the nature of production and consumption by studying their relation. I named this approach dialectical identity via specificity and showed how to (...) use it in the elaboration of the individual-society couple. This chapter gave me also the opportunity to present a series of different methodological tools that I had developed earlier and used again in this book: social customs and individual habits, active and passive determinations, conversion of quantity into quality, and level of abstractness/concreteness. (shrink)

The second chapter is devoted to the theory of the psyche (the human soul). It explains the psyche as the individual mode of being of the society. It elucidates the formation of the psyche, its structure, its location, the body’s impact on it, the role of sexuality, and the tools available for the depiction of personalities. The second most important contribution of this book after its methodological breakthrough is the theoretical breakthrough accomplished with the theory of feeltypes. This theory contends (...) that like the five senses of the body each psyche is provided with six specific sensitivity axes. As a result of evolution and social life, all humans in all times and places are capable of love, fear, joy, shame, pleasure, and curiosity (and their opposites). This chapter offers also a critical evaluation of the main approaches to personality theory developed up to now. (shrink)

Le mégaprojet de centrale au charbon Thar (Thar Coal Mega Power Project) est l’un des plus ambitieux du Pakistan. Il affectera directement les communautés du désert de Thar sur une superficie d’environ neuf mille kilomètres carrés. Plus de deux cent cinquante villages seront évacués pour assurer son succès économique. Le projet a d’ores et déjà provoqué des migrations, des spéculations sur le sol, l’usurpation de pâturages communs et le rejet des communautés. Les conflits dans la région revêtent deux faces. D’abord, (...) on constate des conflits entre les communautés autochtones, l’État et les fonctionnaires de la Sindh Engro Coal Mining Company (SECMC). Ensuite, les problèmes intracommunautaires se sont transformés en conflits religieux entre musulmans et hindous, bien que les causes sous-jacentes soient environnementales. Cet article fournit une description critique des conflits, de l’usurpation de la terre, des processus de spéculation et d’accumulation dans la zone du projet. (shrink)

This study examines two stock market anomalies and provides strong evidence of the day-of-the-week effect in the Chinese A-share market during the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, we examined the Quality minus Junk strategy return on Monday and FridayQuality stocks mean portfolio deciles that earn higher excess returns. As historical evidences suggest that less distressed/safe stocks earn higher excess returns.. The QMJ factor is similar to the division of speculative and non-speculative stocks described by Birru. Our findings provide evidence that the QMJ (...) strategy gains negative returns on Fridays for both anomalies because the junk side is sensitive to an elevated mood and, thus, performs better than the quality side of portfolios on Friday. Our findings are also consistent with the theory of investor sentiment which asserts that investors are more optimistic when their mood is elevated, and generally individual mood is better on Friday than on other days of the week. Therefore, the speculative stocks earned higher sustainable stock returns during higher volatility in Chinese market due to COVID-19. Intrinsically, new evidence emerges on an inclined strategy to invest in speculative stocks on Fridays during the COVID-19 pandemic to gain sustainable excess returns in the Chinese A-share market. (shrink)

Tomando como referencia las vanguardias artísticas de principio de siglo XX, pretendo sostener que ninguna ideología (entendida como una determinada concepción del mundo) puede renunciar a asumir las consecuencias reales (sociales, económicas, políticas) que se desprendan de la aplicación de sus valores estéticos; y si así lo hiciera, estaríamos ante un planteamiento ideológico (entendido ahora como deformación y ocultamiento de la realidad) esteticista. Tal esteticismo es un virus que se extiende con asombrosa y peligrosa rapidez, anulando los mecanismos racionales de (...) análisis y valoración de la realidad social (y personal), apelando directamente a las pasiones y los sentimientos más que a las meditadas decisiones racionales. (shrink)

El v. 526 del primer estásimo de Traquinias ofrece un problema textual hasta el momento no resuelto. La difícil comprensión del μάτηρ transmitido por los manuscritos ha dado lugar a diversas conjeturas. Entre ellas la que ha gozado de mayor aceptación es la de θατήρ de Zielinski, pero también provoca problemas la interpretación que se le ha dado a tenor de la caracterización del coro. El artículo apoya esta conjetura y la pone en relación con una fuente esencial de información (...) de hechos pasados especialmente para las mujeres, la iconografía. In the first stasimon of Trachiniae, l. 526 there is an issue related to textual criticism which has not been solved yet. It is hard to understand the term μάτηρ noted in manuscripts, hence this fact leads to various assumptions. The most relevant was made by Zielinski, noting θατήρ. The interpretation given to Zielinski’s assumption causes several difficulties as it takes into account how the Chorus is depicted in the plot. This paper supports Zielinski’s assumption as it shows how it is related with a relevant source of information about the past events of women such as the iconography. (shrink)

This book attempts to develop a Marxist theory of the human individual. It contends that the standard description of the human as a bio-psycho-social being is fundamentally deficient as it doesn’t specify which of these attributes is the determining one. As long as this is not done, the real nature of humanity cannot be uncovered.

This study was undertaken to investigate the outcome of using the activity based learning method on the development of writing skills of students of grade 6. The study used pretest post-test equivalent group design. 50 students were randomly selected from a government school as sample for this study. They were divided into experimental and control groups based on the scores they achieved in pre-test. Students in the experimentalgroup received instruction through activity based method of learning. In contrast, the traditional method (...) of teaching writing was used for teaching the control group. A comparison of pre- and post-test scores on writing measure evidenced that the experimental group performed better that the control group on writing post-test. It was concluded that activities helped enhance the writing skills of the experimental group. This finding suggests that students of elementary level should be engaged in activity based learning to enhance their writing skills. (shrink)

This paper is concerned with the evaluation of the performance of the normality tests to ensure the validity of the t-statistics used for assessing significance of regressors in a regression model. For this purpose, we have explored 40 distributions to find the most damaging distribution on the t-statistic. Power comparisons are conducted to find the best performing test against these distributions. It is found that Anderson-Darling statistic is the best option among the five normality tests, Jarque-Bera, Shapiro-Francia, D'Agostino & Pearson, (...) Anderson-Darling, & Lilliefors. (shrink)

In recent years much has been written about the contemporary revolutionary democracy of Afro-Asian countries, particularly in connection with the new experience of noncapitalist development or socialist orientation. Serious study of the revolutionary process in former colonial and semicolonial countries would be inconceivable without the formulation of this problem. Under the conditions of the general crisis of capitalism and the growing influence of scientific socialism, conceptions of the departure from capitalism, of the adoption of a non-capitalist path of development and (...) of a socialist orientation in domestic and foreign policy, are developing and maturing in various Eastern countries as a result of the evolution of the ideas of national liberation and social justice and the fact that the leading champions of independence and progress are beginning to embrace scientific socialism. Study of the experience of the movement of Asian and African countries along the noncapitalist path shows that they have made major socioeconomic progress, but also reveals significant objective and subjective difficulties in the policies of the revolutionary democratic forces. (shrink)

Since the 1980s, Western and European multinational corporations, notably clothing and fashion brands, have shifted their production to developing nations, particularly in the ready-made garments (RMG)-producing countries like Bangladesh. This shift, driven by the dominant economic and political doctrines of globalisation and neoliberalism, has led to the deliberate targeting of developing nations to exploit their abundant labour forces and strengthen global capitalism. The RMG industry in Bangladesh, a prime example, pays its workers meagre wages. However, it is the global brands, (...) through their outsourcing practices, that hold significant power and contribute to the exploitation of RMG workers in Bangladesh while reaping substantial profits. This article highlights these issues and urgently calls for essential policy recommendations to reform the minimum wage structure for RMG workers in Bangladesh. (shrink)

The da’wah [invitation to Islamic teachings] movement of Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama’ah al-Nahdhiyah, abbreviated as ASWAJA al-Nahdhiyah, formerly centred around elderly, rural, and traditional populations, has now expanded its influence to encompass the millennial demographic. The evolving landscape of time and technological advancements present novel challenges in effectively communicating the da’wah message to a generation deeply immersed in the digital era. Millennials exhibit distinct communication preferences and characteristics compared to previous generations, necessitating tailored approaches to disseminate da’wah content that resonates (...) with their context and needs. This research aimed to achieve two primary objectives: firstly, to identify emerging forms of new traditions within the ideological reinforcement of ASWAJA al-Nahdhiyah among millennials, and secondly, to analyse the underlying factors contributing to these novel traditions within the millennial context. Employing a qualitative approach, this study utilised nethnography as its methodological framework, seeking to understand cultural experiences encompassing traces, practices, networks, and social media systems. By combining various research approaches for data collection, analysis, and interpretation, the study shed light on the reinforcement efforts that give rise to diverse new traditions. The findings highlighted that the reinforcement endeavours, including the appropriation of media platforms and the emphasis on education, cadre development, and intensive mentorship within millennial domains, significantly contribute to the acceptance and affiliation towards ASWAJA al-Nahdhiyah. Moreover, these efforts serve as a counterforce against the proliferation of radical ideologies, safeguarding the traditional religious views amid the rapid globalisation of religious understanding and transnational da’wah movements in Indonesia. Contribution: This article advanced our understanding of the evolving dynamics within the ASWAJA al-Nahdhiyah movement, particularly its adaptation to contemporary communication channels and its strategic engagement with young audiences amid the changing religious landscape in Indonesia. (shrink)

If you are kind to me, I am likely to reciprocate and doing so feels fair. Many theories of social exchange assume that such reciprocity and fairness are well aligned with one another. We argue that this correspondence between reciprocity and fairness is restricted to interpersonal dyads and does not govern more complex multilateral interactions. When multiple people are involved, reciprocity leads to partiality, which may be seen as unfair by outsiders. We report seven studies, conducted with people from the (...) United States, in which participants were asked to evaluate situations involving resource distribution in contexts such as economic games, government, and the workplace. Specifically, we find that equal resource distribution in multilateral interactions is seen as more fair than engaging in reciprocity. We also find that negative reciprocity is seen as more fair than positive reciprocity in these multilateral situations because positive reciprocity is perceived as based in favoritism. We rule out alternative explanations and demonstrate that there are contexts where favoritism is not viewed as unfair. These findings are important for theories of fairness and reciprocity as they demonstrate the central role of perceived partiality in the evaluation of multi‐party resource allocation. (shrink)

Drawing from conservation of resources theory, this study investigates the interactive effect of employees’ family-to-work conflict and Islamic work ethic on their helping behavior, theorizing that the negative relationship between family-to-work conflict and helping behavior is buffered by Islamic ethical values. Data from Pakistan reveal empirical support for this effect. Organizations whose employees suffer resource depletion at work because of family obligations can still enjoy productive helping behaviors within their ranks, to the extent that they support relevant work ethics.

This article examines how artificial intelligence systems deployed in military operations generate ‘algorithmic psychopolitics’ which is a transformation of warfare wherein automated decision architectures operate beyond human moral comprehension. Drawing on Byung-Chul Han’s philosophy and news report analysis of the Israel Defense Forces’ AI targeting systems, particularly the Lavender program, this investigation shows how military AI establishes a ‘digital unconscious’ that mediates between institutional intent and lethal outcomes. The analysis identifies three mechanisms through which this transformation occurs: the distribution of (...) moral responsibility across human-machine networks, the introduction of computational opacity that resists accountability, and the merger of psychological and physical violence through algorithmic mediation. Unlike defensive systems that intercept projectiles, Lavender processes personal data to determine which individuals should die, assigning numerical threat scores to Gaza’s 2.3 million residents. This shift from anti-materiel to anti-personnel AI applications raises fundamental questions about the nature of human agency in warfare. The article synthesizes Han’s concepts of psychopolitics, non-things, and the digital panopticon with Katherine Hayles’ notion of nonconscious cognition and Zygmunt Bauman’s analysis of bureaucratic violence to develop new theoretical tools for understanding algorithmic warfare. This study shows that military AI systems, though formally integrated into command structures and bound by legal regulations, produce decision patterns through computational processes beyond the prediction or control of individual operators. This creates a paradox: the systems simultaneously reflect and escape human intent. This phenomenon carries significant implications for governance, military ethics, and the evolving role of human agency in an era dominated by algorithmic decision-making. (shrink)

This article interrogates the Westphalian requirement of territoriality as a prerequisite for statehood, proposing a reconstituted model of non-territorial legal personality to address the existential threat of climate-induced displacement. Utilizing a TWAIL-informed critique, the study identifies the geographic trap within the Montevideo Convention as a colonial artifact that facilitates the legal erasure of vanishing island nations and displaced polities. By decoupling legal subjectivity from physical soil, the research reinterprets Article 1 of the ICCPR to frame the continuity of the polity (...) as a functional necessity for the protection of collective human rights. Drawing on precedents from the ICJ and UNGA regarding governments-in-exile and observer status, the paper argues for the recognition of Necessary Subjects within international law. It provides a doctrinal blueprint for a post-territorial legal order, ensuring that the erosion of sovereign land does not result in the termination of the human rights regime for the dispossessed. (shrink)

This study adds to business ethics research by examining how employees’ religiosity might enhance their propensity to engage in change-oriented citizenship behavior, as well as how this effect may be invigorated in adverse organizational climates with respect to voluntarism. Two-wave survey data collected from employees in Pakistan show that change-oriented citizenship activities increase to the extent that employees can draw on their personal resource of religiosity and perceive little adversity, measured in this study with respect to whether voluntarism is encouraged. (...) Further, the relative usefulness of religiosity for spurring change-oriented citizenship behavior is particularly strong when employees experience high levels of this organizational adversity, because employees with high religiosity tend to believe that such behavior is more needed in these organizational contexts. For organizations, these results demonstrate that the energy derived from religiosity may stimulate voluntary efforts that invoke organizational change, and the perceived value of such energy allocation is greater when employees perceive organizational environments that provide little encouragement to go beyond formal job duties. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:THE PROBLEMS OF VIOLENCE AND CONFLICT IN ISLAM Qamar-ul Huda Boston College This paperis aworkin progress and itanalyzes theIslamic reasoning for the use of violence and conflict while also examining the reconciliation of violence in accordance to the Qur'ân and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad (Hadîth). Generally the ethics of violence and the interpretation of its use in the Islamic tradition was historically connected to legalists and theologians who (...) collaborated in devising policies for the imperial state. Their reading of the sources to support violence can be explained in areas of survival, self-defense, and resistance to oppression. Here, violence is explained in terms ofthe needs ofthe state, meaning that what is good for the government is good for the religion of Islam. More modern scholars of Islam are revisiting the problem of violence and the weaknesses ofclassical interpretations, and also examining, in light of the Qur'ân and Hadîths, contemporary issues like rights of the unborn, abortion, individual versus communal self-defense, domestic violence, and unprovoked aggression. The scope ofthis paperis, first, to discuss the ideas ofharmony and divine unity in Islamic theology and also the reasons Ithink they are crucial to any understanding of violence. Second, I proceed to analyze some of the ideas relating to violence "for" and "against" God in the Islamic tradition and how those ideas fit into the larger Islamic theology. Third, I am interested in presenting the specific verses from the Qur'ân, as well as Hadîths or sayings of the Prophet that deal with war, conflict and violence, and demonstrate that their contextuality is crucial. Fourth and last, but not least, I will suggest some new hermeneutics for Qamar-ul Huda81 using all of the above for developing, enriching, and incorporating it into an Islamic liberation theology that is desperately needed in the modern Islamic world. I. Islamic Theology, Muslims, and Divine Unity The beginning of all Islamic thought begins with God, or more specifically, with the testimony of faith or shahadâh,1 the statement that "There is no Godbut God, and the ProphetMuhammad is theMessenger.2" This attestation for Muslims is understood to be a unique certainty upon which all other truths depend and exist. With this as the starting point for Islamic beliefand practices, and indeed for all Islamic theology, the logical question for us here at COV&R is, then, to ask: "What is the Islamic perspective on peace and violence as it is related to God and to the testimony of faith?" Also, along the same line of thinking, one needs to pursue the question: "How does the Islamic faith respond to the problems ofviolence, i.e., destructive behaviorto oneselforto others by persons who thus believe that they are thereby serving and surrendering to God?" The word islam3 stems from the root salâm, "peace." The literal sense ofthe word is to be liberated from something or to gain peace in respect to it. Those who participate in this act of surrendering to the Divine are called Muslims, and through submitting one's will to God's Will, one gains safety from error, deviation, and corruption. One is integrally tied into the Divine Unity and is in harmony with the Divine. With this in the background, alThe shahadâh was established during the early period of the Prophet's missionary work. The belief that "There is no God but God, and the Prophet Muhammad is the final Messenger" was hostile to the religious practices of the Arab Bedouin culture. What distinguished the new Muslim converts was that they publicly affirmed the shahadâh and rejected contemporary cultural and religious norms of idolatry. After each reference of the beloved Prophet Muhammad, it is the custom in islam to recite or write "peace be upon him" (or pbuh). The actual Arabic benediction is sa'ala allahu alayhi wa salâm sometimes written in English as SAWS. For the sake ofnon-repetitiveness and to make it easier for the reader's eyes, this paper will not include that benediction after each reference. I use the word islam with the lower case "i" to indicate the personal piety of surrendering to the divine and the journey of making one... (shrink)

This article offers a Levinasian hermeneutic of the Tirukkural ’s ethical vision of hospitality, illuminating how Thiruvalluvar’s classic Tamil text resonates with Emmanuel Levinas’s philosophy of radical responsibility for the Other. While the Tirukkural traditionally frames hospitality ( virunduōmbal ) as a dharmic obligation rooted in social harmony and spiritual merit, a Levinasian reading reorients it as an unconditioned ethical demand that unsettles transactional or hierarchical frameworks. By foregrounding Levinas’s insistence on infinite responsibility, the study demonstrates that the Kural’s hospitality (...) extends beyond mere decorum or religious duty, evolving into an encounter wherein the host is existentially answerable for the guest. This shift challenges caste-based exclusivities and refines understandings of reciprocity, showing how Thiruvalluvar’s moral universe anticipates Levinasian concepts of asymmetrical ethics. The article further addresses feminist critiques regarding patriarchal underpinnings in both Levinas’s thought and the Kural’s social context, highlighting tensions between unconditional welcome and gendered household norms. Ultimately, this Levinasian hermeneutic reveals hospitality in the Tirukkural as a radical ethical practice that disrupts the autonomy of the host, reconceiving domestic space as a site of moral transformation. In bridging Indic and Levinasian perspectives, the article contributes to broader debates on hospitality, justice and the ethical imperative to welcome the stranger. (shrink)

ḥeleḳ rishon. Sheʼelot u-teshuvot be-ʻinyanim shonim mi-toratenu ha-ḳedoshah shebi-khetav ṿeshe-be-ʻal peh -- ḥeleḳ sheni. Leḳet mikhtavim u-maʼamarim le-ḥizuḳ ṿe-hitʻorerut ba-ʻavodat ha-Shem yitbarakh -- ḥeleḳ shelishi. Leḳet mikhtavim me-a.m. ṿe-r. ha-Rav Ḥayim Shaʼul z. l.l. h.h. Grainiman baʻal ha-ḥidushim u-veʼurim".