We propose an AI-assisted design concept exploration tool, the “Character Space Construction”. Concept designers explore and articulate the target product aesthetics and semantics in language, which is expressed using “Design Concept Phrases”, that is, compound adjective phrases, and contrasting terms that convey what are not their target design concepts. Designers often utilize this dichotomy technique to communicate the nature of their aesthetic and semantic design concepts with stakeholders, especially in an early design development phase. The CSC assists this designers' cognitive (...) activity by constructing a “Character Space”, which is a semantic quadrant system, in a structured manner. A CS created by designers with the assistance of the CSC enables them to discern and explain their design concepts in contrast with opposing terms. These terms in a CS are retrieved and combined in the CSC by using a knowledge graph. The CSC presents terms and phrases as lists of candidates to users from which users will choose in order to define the target design concept, which is then visualized in a CS. The participants in our experiment, who were in the “arts and design” profession, were given two conditions under which to create DCPs and explain them. One group created and explained the DCPs with the assistance of the proposed CSC, and the other did the same task without this assistance, given the freedom to use any publicly available web search tools instead. The result showed that the group assisted by the CSC indicated their tasks were supported significantly better, especially in exploration, as measured by the Creativity Support Index. (shrink)

The logic of the hide and seek game $$\textbf{LHS}$$ was proposed to capture interactions between agents in pursuit-evasion environments. In this paper, we explore a hybrid extension of $$\textbf{LHS}$$ and show that such an extension is beneficial in several aspects. We will show that it improves the technical properties of the resulting logical system, and expands the potential applications of the system. Specifically, we will investigate the expressive power of the hybrid logic of the hide and seek game $${\mathcal {H}}(\textbf{LHS})$$ (...) and its crucial fragment $${\mathcal {H}}(\textbf{LHS}^{-})$$, at both model and frame levels. We will present complete Hilbert-style proof systems for both the logics $${\mathcal {H}}(\textbf{LHS}^{-})$$ and $${\mathcal {H}}(\textbf{LHS})$$, which in fact provides a solution to a known open problem. (shrink)

Sandrine Sanos's biography of Simone de Beauvoir situates Beauvoir's life and works in historical context, charting how she was enmeshed in most 20h century events and developments from WW2, to Decolonization, the Cold War, Socialist Politics, Feminismâe"as well as topics and ideas of contemporary relevance. Building on recent scholarship, this biography focuses especially on the colonial, transnational, and postcolonial influences that shaped Beauvoir and emphasizes her paradoxical and complicated relationship to politics. Written in accessible and lively prose, the book is (...) divided in 7 chapters and includes lesser-known photos of Beauvoir, as well as primary sources of both historical and contemporary interest. (shrink)

This paper proposes cut-free sequent calculi for Wansing (1995)’s expansions of Nelson’s logics $$\textbf{N4}^{\bot }$$ (Odintsov 2005) and $$\textbf{N3}^{\bot }$$ with the consistency operator $${{\textsf{M}}}$$, which was originally studied in Gabbay (1982). A key semantic feature of the logics is the failure of the persistency condition in the Kripke semantics, and, as a result, the deduction theorem fails. Reflecting this aspect, we formulate the right rule for intuitionistic implication simi larly to the right rule for the strict implication for modal (...) logic $$\textbf{S4}$$. Our calculus, with the cut rule, is sound, and its cut-free calculus is complete for the intended Kripke semantics. As a corollary, the cut-elimination theorem is established semantically. We also extract a Hilbert system from the sequent calculus. Unlike Omori (2016), we do not assume the existence of a root point in a Kripke model. Therefore, our Hilbert system is also semantically complete for the class of models that may lack the root point. (shrink)

In this paper, we discuss variations of K and S from the syntactical view of substructural logics without assuming both exchange and associativity. K and S are usually adopted as axioms on implication in Hilbert-style calculus for classical logic and intuitionistic logic. Particularly, K and S are related to weakening and contraction-like rules in sequent calculus LK and LJ. In substructural logics without the exchange rule, several variations of K and S can be considered because two types of implication exist. (...) We present non-commutative and non-associative substructural logics with variations of K and S using Hilbert-style calculus and consider consecution calculus, which is a type of Gentzen-style calculus, algebraic semantics, the derivability of structural rules, such as contraction, exchange, and associativity, and the hierarchy. (shrink)

Over the last decades, many scholars, feminist and others, have argued that critique must be reframed in different and more ‘productive’ ways because its ‘conventional’ formulation and practice have outlived its usefulness as a conceptual tool. Instead, they have called for affirmation or affirmative critique and a more generative mode of critical engagement in the search for new imaginaries, transformative potentialities and other futures. New feminist materialist thought’s emergence is, we argue, symptomatic of this contemporary intellectual landscape that claims to (...) move beyond critique. While sympathetic with the desire to rethink a form of critique that speaks to the (urgent) politics of the present and the remaking of political imaginaries, we argue that the theoretical gesture to move beyond critique may offer a potentially troubling remapping organised around certain kinds of repression (of the undetermined and ambivalent work of critique) and amnesia (of feminist genealogies and over different feminist projects’ conceptualisation of matter) that yield a politics without politics. (shrink)

The main goal of this paper is to introduce a novel method that allows us to construct systematically models of mereology. We call the resulting method mereological forcing. Whereas set-theoretic forcing deals with the construction of models which witness the compatibility of ZFC with certain set-theoretic statements, mereological forcing, is about the construction of models that establish the compatibility of a given mereological theory with certain mereological statements. Consequently, we claim that such a method constitutes a powerful tool for establishing (...) compatibility claims for the mereologist. More concretely, we showcase this by constructing models which display the compatibility of (atomic) classical mereology with the mereological statement that expresses that their exist inconsistent objects. (shrink)

While the traditional conception of inductive logic is Carnapian, I develop a Peircean alternative and use it to unify formal learning theory, statistics, and a significant part of machine learning: supervised learning. Some crucial standards for evaluating non-deductive inferences have been assumed separately in those areas but can actually be justified by a unifying principle.

Epistemic might is argued to be sensitive to agents’ perspective. A same might claim could be evaluated differently by different agents. We propose a framework to formalize might to capture this feature. The resulted model is a multi-agent model which combines a team-based semantics and a two-dimensional semantics. Furthermore we investigate properties of epistemic might in the model and its interaction with knowledge and belief in multi-agent contexts.

This article argues that the thesis of composition as identity (CAI) is incoherent because its proponents assume the existence of composite objects (i.e., objects with proper parts) to propose the thesis to cast light on their nature. To do so, the article proves that CAI is logically equivalent to the (part-whole) triviality thesis, the thesis that everything is a part of itself but of nothing else. In proving this, the article distinguishes three formulations of CAI resulting from different analyses of (...) the composition relation, and proves that all three formulations of the thesis are logically equivalent to the triviality thesis. It also argues that CAI is logically equivalent to the triviality thesis on any adequate analysis of composition. (shrink)

The interpolation theorem of Craig is one of the most important results in formal logic. In the paper it is shown that it holds for elementary ontology of Leśniewski (LO), commonly regarded as the most comprehensive calculus of names. LO is a theoretical basis for mereology, an alternative foundation of mathematics, and can be also used as an efficient tool for direct formalisation of reasoning in natural languages. Showing that it satisfies interpolation increases its credibility of a well-behaved logical system. (...) A cut-free analytic sequent calculus GO is used for this aim and a Maehara-style constructive proof of this result is provided. (shrink)

We give a new generalization of Strict-tolerant logic. The main idea is that strict truth is the standard of truth accepted by everyone, and tolerant truth the standard accepted by someone. To formalize the idea, we use generalized matrices in abstract algebraic logic, defining strict truth as the intersection of the closure system in the given generalized matrix, and tolerant truth the union of it. We connect our generalized strict-tolerant logics with p-consequences and propose conditions for such logics to be (...) classical. Compared to existing generalizations of Strict-tolerant logic, our generalization is both intuitive and general enough. (shrink)

Hybrid logic is a modal logic with additional operators specifying nominals and is highly expressive. For example, there is no formula corresponding to the irreflexivity of Kripke frames in basic modal logic, but there is in hybrid logic. Irreflexivity is significant in that irreflexive and symmetric Kripke frames can be regarded as undirected graphs reviewed from a graph-theoretic point of view. Thus, the study of the hybrid logic with axioms corresponding to irreflexivity and symmetry can help to elucidate the logical (...) properties of undirected graphs. In this paper, we formulate the tableau method of the hybrid logic for undirected graphs. Our main result is to show the completeness theorem and the termination property of the tableau method, which leads us to prove the decidability. (shrink)

The purpose of this paper is to investigate a variant of David Lewis’ imaging and to explore their relationship with conditionalization, a basic notion of belief change in Bayesianism, in terms of AGM-style postulates. This paper gives a formulation of conservative imaging restricting the selection function of possible worlds and its probabilistic postulates as an “intermediate” type of belief change in the sense that it has both the essential features of Lewis’ imaging and the significant property of conditionalization, namely, conservativity (...) and compares it with types of them, including the clarification of non-trivial and immediate condition under which conditionalization and conservative imaging coincide within a certain convex combination. (shrink)

We formalize a sequent calculus mG3 for multi-sequents. Our multi-sequent is a sequence of the usual sequents representing successive applications of the cut-rule. Proof-reduction rules for eliminating the cut-rule are represented as proof-construction rules in mG3. Cut-eliminability is then characterized by provability in mG3.

The purpose of this paper is to argue that the hybrid formalism fits naturally in the context of David Lewis’s counterfactual logic and that its introduction into this framework is desirable. This hybridization enables us to regard the inference “The pig is Mary; Mary is pregnant; therefore the pig is pregnant” as a process of updating local information (which depends on the given situation) by using global information (independent of the situation). Our hybridization also has the following technical advantages: (i) (...) it preserves the completeness and decidability of Lewis’s logic; (ii) it allows us to characterize the Limit Assumption as a proof-rule with some side-conditions; and (iii) it enables us to establish a general Kripke completeness result by using the proof-rule corresponding to the Limit Assumption. Keywords Counterfactual logic - David Lewis - Contextually definite description - Hybrid logic - Arthur Prior - The limit assumption - Strong completeness - Decidability - Bisimulation - Pure completeness. (shrink)

We propose a new information sharing system, named ``BisNet'', which automatically gathers information about the bookmarks stored in users' web browsers and helps the users exchange URIs of possibly interesting web pages with others who have similar interest with them. Being different from other typical agent services that gather and provide information according to pre-registered user profiles, BisNet is expected to share more relevant information because of its use of web browser bookmarks that are actively selected and ordered by many (...) humans. To enhance the relevance of information being shared, we developed a novel algorithm for directory evaluation. This algorithm only looks at the local referential structure between bookmark directories and URIs and calculates for each directory the ``order index'' that represents how well its content URIs are put in order with a focus on specific areas of interest. Then each directory receives new URIs from other related directories with large order indexes. The repetition of such URI exchanges makes the whole directory-URI networks dynamically form directory groups according to the commonness of the URIs they refer to. Our method is unique in that it pays no attention to the actual contents of web pages, and thus is much simpler and faster than other methods based on the result of content analysis. We carried out a field trial that involved 45 people who used a prototype version of BisNet clients. The result indicated that the relevance of shared URIs positively correlated with the ``order index'' of surrounding related directories, demonstrating the effectiveness of the method we proposed. (shrink)

Arbitrary objects play an important role in both ordinary and mathematical reasoning. The reason for that is their distinct behavior: an arbitrary object presents those properties common to all individual objects in its range—what, following Kit Fine, has become known as the Principle of Generic Attribution, or simply PGA. Many philosophers have argued this precise quality to be contradictory, therefore rejecting arbitrary objects altogether—of which the most famous is George Berkeley’s argument against Locke’s general ideas. However, all the arguments that (...) have been offered assume rejecting properties of an arbitrary object to be expressible in terms of asserting something of it—a unilateral setting. This paper has two main purposes: first, to show how, in the propositional bilateral system of Weak Rejectivist Logic, the PGA does not fall prey to the counter arguments which rise in tension with the nature of the logical connectives; second, to argue understanding sentences about arbitrary objects in terms of assertions which preserve (or not) generality better frames our reasoning about them, and is reflected by the Weak Rejectivist Logic. Then, following the relation between this propositional system and arbitrary objects, a further goal of this paper is to offer a characterization result for the Weak Rejectivist Logic with respect to first-order logic. (shrink)

This book brings together contributions from philosophers interested in logic and logicians with a philosophical orientation to address a variety of logical and philosophical topics of current interest, including modal logic, intuitionistic logic, relevant logic, substructural logic, many-value logic, formal semantics, proof theory, and paradox. In particular, it provides the state of the art in three major aspects of current research in philosophical logic: negation, modality, and proof. New frameworks are proposed, e.g., meta sequent, unified inductive logic, generalized Clemens semantics, (...) etc. The variety of topics and issues discussed in this volume is of interest to readers from a wide range of disciplines, such as logic, semantics, and computer science, philosophy, linguistics, artificial intelligence, and beyond. (shrink)

This paper deals with two main topics: One is a semantical investigation for a bimodal language with a modal operator \blacksquare associated with the intersection of the accessibility relation R and the inequality ≠. The other is a generalization of some of the former results to general extended languages with modal operators. First, for our language L\sb{\square\blacksquare}, we prove that Segerberg's theorem (equivalence between finite frame property and finite model property) fails and establish both van Benthem-style and Goldblatt-Thomason-style characterizations. We (...) extract the notion of \blacksquare-realizer (a generalization of bulldozing) as an essence from the proofs of our results. Second, we generalize the notion of \blacksquare-realizer and prove quite general versions of these semantical characterization results. The known and previously unknown characterization results for almost all of the languages extended with modal operators already proposed will be immediate corollaries. (shrink)

正しいから証明できるのか、証明できるから正しいのか。数学にとって証明とは何か、正しさとは何なのかは数学基礎論の根本的な問題である。様相論理を軸とした、証明と真理に関わる数学基礎論の古典的な結果から最先 端の議論までを解説した。.

The languages of logics based on team semantics typically only allow atomic negation or restricted negation. In this paper, we explore propositional team-based logics with full (intuitionistic) negation. We demonstrate that including full intuitionistic negation does not complicate the axiomatisation of propositional team-based logics with the downward closure property. We also review known expressive completeness results for these logics, highlighting how relevant complemented properties are expressed in propositional dependence logic without directly using negation. Building on these insights, we also prove (...) a new result: propositional logic extended with both dependence and inclusion atoms is expressively complete. (shrink)

Shin and DuBrow propose that a key principle driving event segmentation relates to causal analyses: specifically, that experiences that are attributed as having the same underlying cause are grouped together into an event. This offers an alternative to accounts of segmentation based on prediction error.

One of the problems we face in many-valued logic is the difficulty of capturing the intuitive meaning of the connectives introduced through truth tables. At the same time, however, some logics have nice ways to capture the intended meaning of connectives easily, such as four-valued logic studied by Belnap and Dunn. Inspired by Dunn’s discovery, we first describe a mechanical procedure, in expansions of Belnap-Dunn logic, to obtain truth conditions in terms of the behavior of the Truth and the False, (...) which gives us intuitive readings of connectives, out of truth tables. Then, we revisit the notion of functional completeness, which is one of the key notions in many-valued logic, in view of Dunn’s idea. More concretely, we introduce a generalized notion of functional completeness which naturally arises in the spirit of Dunn’s idea, and prove some fundamental results corresponding to the classical results proved by Post and Słupecki. (shrink)

For decades, scholars and politicians have vigorously debated whether Confucianism is compatible with democracy, yet little is known about how it affects the process of democratization in East Asia. In this book, Doh Chull Shin examines the prevalence of core Confucian legacies and their impacts on civic and political orientations in six Confucian countries: China, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and Vietnam. Analyses of the Asian Barometer and World Values surveys reveal that popular attachment to Confucian legacies has mixed (...) results on democratic demand. While Confucian political legacies encourage demand for a non-liberal democratic government that prioritizes the economic welfare of the community over the freedom of individual citizens, its social legacies promote interpersonal trust and tolerance, which are critical components of democratic civic life. Thus, the author argues that citizens of historically Confucian Asia have an opportunity to combine the best of Confucian ideals and democratic principles in a novel, particularly East Asian brand of democracy. (shrink)

In spite of an increasing number of studies on ethical climate, little is known about the antecedents of ethical climate and the moderators of the relationship between ethical climate and work outcomes. The present study conducted firm-level analyses regarding the relationship between chief executive officer (CEO) ethical leadership and ethical climate, and the moderating effect of climate strength (i.e., agreement in climate perceptions) on the relationship between ethical climate and collective organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Self-report data were collected from 223 (...) CEOs and 6,021 employees in South Korea. The results supported all study hypotheses. As predicted, CEOs' self-rated ethical leadership was positively associated with employees' aggregated perceptions of the ethical climate of the firm. The relationship between ethical climate and firm-level collective OCB was moderated by climate strength. More specifically, the relationships between ethical climate and interpersonally directed collective OCB and between ethical climate and organizationally directed collective OCB were more pronounced when climate strength was high than when it was low. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are addressed herein. (shrink)

A case study of multimodal systems and a new interpretation of Charles S. Peirce's theory of reasoning and signs based on an analysis of his system of ...

A number of artificial intelligence systems have been proposed to assist users in identifying the issues of algorithmic fairness and transparency. These AI systems use diverse bias detection methods from various perspectives, including exploratory cues, interpretable tools, and revealing algorithms. This study explains the design of AI systems by probing how users make sense of fairness and transparency as they are hypothetical in nature, with no specific ways for evaluation. Focusing on individual perceptions of fairness and transparency, this study examines (...) the roles of normative values in over-the-top platforms by empirically testing their effects on sensemaking processes. A mixed-method design incorporating both qualitative and quantitative approaches was used to discover user heuristics and to test the effects of such normative values on user acceptance. Collectively, a composite concept of transparent fairness emerged around user sensemaking processes and its formative roles regarding their underlying relations to perceived quality and credibility. From a sensemaking perspective, this study discusses the implications of transparent fairness in algorithmic media platforms by clarifying how and what should be done to make algorithmic media more trustable and reliable platforms. Based on the findings, a theoretical model is developed to define transparent fairness as an essential algorithmic attribute in the context of OTT platforms. (shrink)

This paper studies a combined system of intuitionistic and classical propositional logic from proof-theoretic viewpoints. Based on the semantic treatment of Humberstone (J Philos Log 8:171–196, 1979) and del Cerro and Herzig (Frontiers of combining systems: FroCoS, Springer, 1996), a sequent calculus \(\textsf{G}(\textbf{C}+\textbf{J})\) is proposed. An approximate idea of obtaining \(\textsf{G}(\textbf{C}+\textbf{J})\) is adding rules for classical implication on top of the intuitionistic multi-succedent sequent calculus by Maehara (Nagoya Math J 7:45–64, 1954). However, in the semantic treatment, some formulas do not (...) satisfy heredity, which leads to the necessity of a restriction on the right rule for intuitionistic implication to keep the soundness of the calculus. The calculus \(\textsf{G}(\textbf{C}+\textbf{J})\) enjoys cut elimination and Craig interpolation, whose detailed proofs are described in this paper. Cut elimination enables us to show the decidability of this combination both directly and syntactically. This paper also employs a canonical model argument to establish the strong completeness of Hilbert system \(\mathbf {C+J}\) proposed by del Cerro and Herzig (Frontiers of combining systems: FroCoS, Springer, 1996). (shrink)

We develop intuitionistic public announcement logic over intuitionistic \({\textbf{K}}\), \({{\textbf{K}}}{{\textbf{T}}}\), \({{\textbf{K}}}{{\textbf{4}}}\), and \({{\textbf{S}}}{{\textbf{4}}}\) with distributed knowledge. We reveal that a recursion axiom for the distributed knowledge is _not_ valid for a frame class discussed in [ 12 ] but valid for the restricted frame class introduced in [ 20, 26 ]. The semantic completeness of the static logics for this restricted frame class is established via the concept of pseudo-model.

The exponential growth of algorithms has made establishing a trusted relationship between human and artificial intelligence increasingly important. Algorithm systems such as chatbots can play an important role in assessing a user’s credibility on algorithms. Unless users believe the chatbot’s information is credible, they are not likely to be willing to act on the recommendation. This study examines how literacy and user trust influence perceptions of chatbot information credibility. Results confirm that algorithmic literacy and users’ trust play a pivotal role (...) in how users form perceptions of the credibility of chatbot messages and recommendations. Insights on how user trust is related to credibility provide a useful perspective on the conceptualization of algorithmic credibility. Algorithmic information processing that has been identified provides better foundations for algorithm design and development and a stronger basis for the design of sense-making chatbot journalism. (shrink)

Citing some recent experimental findings, I argue for the surprising claim that in some cases the less time you have the more you know. More specifically, I present some evidence to suggest that our ordinary knowledge ascriptions are sometimes sensitive to facts about an epistemic subject's truth-irrelevant time constraints such that less is more. If knowledge ascriptions are sensitive in this manner, then this is some evidence of pragmatic encroachment. Along the way, I consider comments made by Jonathan Schaffer and (...) Jennifer Nagel to construe a purist contextualist and a strict invariantist explanation of the data respectively, before giving reasons to resist them in favor of an account that indicates pragmatic encroachment. If successful, this may suggest a new way to argue for the controversial thesis that there is pragmatic encroachment on knowledge. (shrink)

Despite the prevailing discourses on the importance of top management ethical leadership, related theoretical and empirical developments are lacking. Drawing on institutional theory, we propose that top management ethical leadership contributes to organizational outcomes by promoting firm-level ethical and procedural justice climates. This theoretical framework was empirically tested using multi-source data obtained from 4,468 employees of 147 Korean companies from various industries. The firm-level analysis shows that top management ethical leadership significantly predicts ethical climate, which then results in procedural justice (...) climate that fully mediates the effects of top management ethical leadership on two organizational outcomes, namely, firm-level organizational citizenship behavior and firm financial performance. The present study provides a plausible theoretical account and empirical validation of a mechanism through which top management ethical leadership enhances organizational performance. (shrink)