Robert Aumann influentially claimed that the completeness axiom in utility theory is neither descriptively accurate nor normatively compelling. Separately, it’s commonly accepted that dynamic consistency in individual decision-making is a demand of rationality. These assertions may conflict, however, even in mundane decision problems lacking any form of preference change. I characterise the most permissive preference-based choice rule which allows an agent with incomplete but transitive preferences to satisfy a strong form of dynamic consistency. The resulting behaviour is not generally rationalisable (...) by a completed preference relation. I thereby present a challenge to—and conditions for—the simultaneous satisfaction of strong dynamic consistency and preservation of preferential gaps. (shrink)

It is often assumed that adaptation — a temporary change in sensitivity to a perceptual dimension following exposure to that dimension — is a litmus test for what is and is not a “primary visual attribute”. Thus, papers purporting to find evidence of number adaptation motivate a claim of great philosophical significance: That number is something that can be seen in much the way that canonical visual features, like color, contrast, size, and speed, can. Fifteen years after its reported discovery, (...) number adaptation’s existence seems to be nearly undisputed, with dozens of papers documenting support for the phenomenon. The aim of this paper is to offer a counterweight — to critically assess the evidence for and against number adaptation. After surveying the many reasons for thinking that number adaptation exists, we introduce several lesser-known reasons to be skeptical. We then advance an alternative account — the old news hypothesis — which can accommodate previously published findings while explaining various (otherwise unexplained) anomalies in the existing literature. Next, we describe the results of eight pre-registered experiments which pit our novel old news hypothesis against the received number adaptation hypothesis. Collectively, the results of these experiments undermine the number adaptation hypothesis on several fronts, whilst consistently supporting the old news hypothesis. More broadly our work raises questions about the status of adaptation itself as a means of discerning what is and is not a visual attribute. (shrink)

Does the visual system adapt to number? For more than fifteen years, most have assumed that the answer is an unambiguous “yes”. Against this prevailing orthodoxy, we recently took a critical look at the phenomenon, questioning its existence on both empirical and theoretical grounds, and providing an alternative explanation for extant results (the old news hypothesis). We subsequently received two critical responses. Burr, Anobile, and Arrighi rejected our critiques wholesale, arguing that the evidence for number adaptation remains overwhelming. Durgin questioned (...) our old news hypothesis — preferring instead a theory about density adaptation he has championed for decades — but also highlighted several ways in which our arguments do pose serious challenges for proponents of number adaptation. Here, we reply to both. We first clarify our position regarding number adaptation. Then, we respond to our critics’ concerns, highlighting seven reasons why we remain skeptical about number adaptation. We conclude with some thoughts about where the debate may head from here. (shrink)

If you stare at a purple image that suddenly turns grey, you will experience a repulsive aftereffect: You will not experience grey, but green. If you stare at a waterfall with downward motion and then you stare at something stationary, you will experience another repulsive aftereffect: You will now experience upward movement. According to an orthodox view in vision science, these adaptive aftereffects are not limited to lower-level visual features like color and motion but also proliferate to higher-level features like (...) variance, causality, and number. These instances of high-level adaptation are thereby said to answer deep, otherwise intractable questions about the nature and content of visual processing — but is this true? In the present treatment, we question this orthodoxy. We begin by considering number adaptation as a paradigmatic case of high-level visual adaptation, reiterating recent arguments against the existence of number adaptation and offering additional reasons for skepticism. We then argue that even if number adaptation were to exist, it could not serve the roles expected of it in mainstream philosophy and vision science since adaptation of the proposed sort fails to usefully demarcate perceptual content. Despite these conclusions, we close by suggesting that there may be better reasons to believe that number is represented by the visual system. (shrink)

The visual system adapts to a wide range of visual features, from lower-level features like color and motion to higher-level features like causality and, perhaps, number. According to some, adaptation is a strictly perceptual phenomenon, such that the presence of adaptation licenses the claim that a feature is truly perceptual in nature. Given the theoretical importance of claims about adaptation, then, it is important to understand exactly when the visual system does and does not exhibit adaptation. Here, we take as (...) a case study one specific kind of adaptation: visual adaptation to size. Supported by evidence from four experiments, we argue that, despite robust effects of size adaptation in the lab, (1) size adaptation effects are phenomenologically underwhelming (in some cases, hardly appreciable at all), (2) some effects of size adaptation appear contradictory, and difficult to explain given current theories of size adaptation, and (3) prior studies on size adaptation may have failed to isolate size as the adapted dimension. Ultimately, we argue that while there is evidence to license the claim that size adaptation is genuine, size adaptation is a puzzling and poorly understood phenomenon. (shrink)

In this article, I compare two varieties of abduction as reconstructive models for analysing discovery. The first is 'Hansonian abduction', which is based on N. R. Hanson's formulations of abduction. The other is 'Harmanian abduction', the Inference to the Best Explanation (IBE) model, formulated especially by Gilbert Harman. Peter Lipton has analysed processes of discovery on the basis of his developed form of Harmanian abduction. I argue that Hansonian abduction would, however, be a more apt model for this purpose. As (...) an example, I reconstruct, in a Hansonian manner, Ignaz Semmelweis's research on childbed fever and compare it to the IBE reconstruction of Lipton. I argue that Hansonian abduction is in accordance with Lipton's aim of taking into account the distinction between actual and potential explanations on the one hand, and between likely and lovely explanations on the other. I maintain that a developed version of Hansonian abduction combined with loveliness gives an important, new conceptual means for analysing processes of discovery. (shrink)

This article analyzes three approaches to resolving the classical Meno paradox, or its variant, the learning paradox, emphasizing Charles S. Peirce’s notion of abduction. Abduction provides a way of dissecting those processes where something new, or conceptually more complex than before, is discovered or learned. In its basic form, abduction is a “weak” form of inference, i.e., it gives only tentative suggestions for further investigation. But it is not too weak if various sources of clues and restrictions on the abductive (...) search are taken into account. We present three, complementary versions of abduction: (1) as a sort of guessing instinct or expert-like intuition, where unconscious clues are important; (2) as a form of inference, where a strategic point of view is essential; and (3) as a part of distributed cognition and mediated activity, where the interaction with the material, social, and cultural environment is emphasized. Our starting point is Peirce’s own notion of abduction, but we broaden the perspective, especially to the direction of distributed cognition. (shrink)

Journal of Philosophy of Education, Volume 56, Issue 1, Page 12-21, February 2022.

Visual number adaption is a widely accepted phenomenon. This paper advances an alternative explanation for putative cases of the phenomenon. We propose that such cases may simply reflect observers adapting to the items in perceived displays, rather than their numerical quantity. Three experiments motivate consideration of this novel proposal and call into question the evidential basis for received formulations of the number adaptation hypothesis.

In The Sublime Object of Ideology (1989) wendet sich Žižek von einer traditionellen Ideologiekritik ab, die Ideologie als falsches Bewusstsein versteht. Er fokussiert stattdessen auf die „phantasmatische Dimension“ von Ideologie, die die uns umgebende Realität konstituiert; anstatt sie zu verschleiern. Diese Perspektive sieht Ideologie folglich nicht als Wissensproblem, sondern als konstitutiv für die Entfaltung sozialer Räume geteilter Erfahrungen. Žižek erweitert somit die Ideologiekritik. Letztere kann dann zwar keinen positiven Standpunkt der Kritik einnehmen, und doch heißt dies für Žižek nicht, in (...) der postmodernen Nacht des Symbolischen und Imaginären nur graue Ideologie zu sehen. (shrink)

Perspective taking is a critical yet tangled construct that is used to describe a range of psychological processes and that is applied interchangeably with related constructs. The resulting ambiguity is particularly vexing in science education, where although perspective taking is recognized as critical to informed citizens’ ability to negotiate scientifically related societal issues, or socioscientific issues via socioscientific reasoning, the precise nature of perspective taking remains elusive. To operationalize perspective taking, a theoretical conceptual analysis was employed and used to position (...) perspective taking within the context of SSR. The resulting, more precise construct identified as socioscientific perspective taking requires engagement with others or their circumstances, an etic/emic shift in one’s viewpoint, and a moral context guided by conscience. (shrink)

In this article, the role of abductive reasoning within Peirce's diagrammatic reasoning is discussed. Both abduction and diagrammatic reasoning bring in elements of discovery but it is not clear if abduction should be a part of a fully developed diagrammatic system or not for Peirce. This relates to Peirce's way of interpreting abduction in his later writings. Iconicity and perceptual elements as a basis for discoveries are analyzed, both in deductive and abductive reasoning. At the end, the role of modern (...) ideas of distributed cognition applied to the Peircean scheme is shortly delineated. (shrink)

Classical Arabic poetry is replete with animal and fruit metaphors commonly used for endearment purposes. The comparative analysis of love metaphors in classical ghazal shows, however, a shift in the poetics of love from the use of animal metaphors in Badi poetry to the occurrence of fruit imagery in Bedouin ghazal. Based on a selection of classical Arabic love poetry, the paper traces the journey of love and sexuality to illustrate the conceptual change from the prevalence of the gazelle metaphor (...) in Bedouin ghazal of pre- and early Islam times to the emergence of fruit metaphors in Badi poetry of the Abbasid era. Evidenced in poetry, the metaphorical shit mirrors a change in the portrayal of women, who cease to be conceived as wild preys, fearing and fleeing male hunters to become exotic ripe fruits, waiting for the male to pick. Seemingly fortuitous, the shift in love imagery is reminiscent of sociocultural changes that help redefine the poetics of love in classical Arabic literature and inform gender dynamics in medieval Arabia. (shrink)

In this paper, we investigate non-homogeneous wave equations in fractional space-time domains of space dimension _D_, \(0 and time dimension \(\beta\), \(0. We write the wave equations in terms of potential functions and non-zero source terms. For scalar source terms, the potential functions are also scalar functions, and for vector source terms, the potential functions are vector functions. We derived an expression for the wave to propagate from the source point to the observation point. The study shows that the time (...) for a wave to propagate from the source point to the observation point in a fractional space-time domain could be different from that in an integer order space-time domain. (shrink)

Sergius of Reshaina’s Syriac exposition of Aristotle’s _Categories_, with its discussion on substance, quantity, quality, relatives and the other categories, but also the teaching on space from the _Physics_, is presented here in a critical edition with an English translation.

The origins of Roman legal science date back to the later Republican era, when the pontifices greatly influenced the interpretation and administration of law. They were instrumental in shaping the law outlined in the Twelve Tables. In the second century BCE, secular jurists started to take over the roles of the pontiffs. The contributions of these jurists energetically fostered the rapid development of Roman private law. Their mastery lay in their ability to create a legal system that could be refashioned (...) in accordance with changing social and political circumstances, through the successful integration of Roman material and Greek scientific methodologies. Their contributions enabled private law to attain greater independence from political authorities. Unlike their predecessors, who adhered to strict formalism and resisted alterations to the law's text, these Roman jurists embraced innovation. Their creativity in establishing a legal system capable of evolving with society's demands highlights a significant contribution of Roman legal science to Western culture. Mucius Scaevola and Servius Sulpicius Rufus are regarded as foundational figures in Roman legal science. They were a prime example of a new class of jurists who were to exert a powerful impact on Roman legal science in the following centuries. Classical jurists treated them with utmost respect, giving them due recognition for their contributions and innovative ideas. Their roles were indispensable in establishing the theoretical and philosophical foundations of the legal science that developed during their time. (shrink)

In this paper we maintain that abductive inferential processes should be embedded to a more general outlook on human cognition. Abduction has clear a.nities to the so-called interrogative model of inquiry in which inquiry and reasoning are conceptualized as a dialogue. We think, in addition, that dialogicality must be broadened to a “trialogical” framework which means a threefold relationship with mediating artefacts where the inquirer, other inquirers , and the object of knowledge are inextricably bound up with each other in (...) long term processes of inquiry. Seen from this perspective Peirce's semeiotic pragmatism has close connections to modern ideas about distributed cognition; also to Pera's dialectical model of science, and Davidson's theory of triangulation concerning human mind, cognition, and knowledge. (shrink)

Bu çalışmanın amacı, COVID-19 nedeniyle yakınlarını kaybetmiş bireylerin yaşadıkları stres verici durumla başa çıkma sürecini ve bu süreçte yararlandıkları dini başa çıkma stratejilerini tespit etmektir. Ayrıca çalışma, kayıp sonrası kişilerin yaşamış oldukları psiko-sosyal değişimi ortaya çıkarmayı da amaçlamaktadır. Nitel araştırma yönteminin kullanıldığı makalede veriler, süreç gereği açık uçlu soruların olduğu e-posta anket yoluyla toplanmıştır. Durum çalışması deseninin benimsendiği araştırmada amaçsal örnekleme tekniklerinden kartopu ve ölçüt örnekleme tekniği benimsenmiştir. Ölçüt örnekleme göre yakınlarını COVID-19 nedeniyle kaybetme ve kaybın üzerinden en az 5 (...) ay geçmiş olma şartı aranmıştır. Araştırmaya 17-43 yaş aralığında toplam 28 kişi katılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre katılımcıların kayba, ölen kişinin hayatta olduğunu düşünme, inanamama, şok tepkileri verdikleri gözlenmiştir. Katılımcıların kayıp sonrası daha çok olumlu dini başa çıkma stratejilerini benimsedikleri tespit edilmiştir. Bu sürecin etkisini hafifletmek konusunda Ahiret inancı, imtihan düşüncesi, yaşanılanların Allah’ın bir takdiri olduğu fikrinin yanında olumlu dini başa çıkma unsurlarından dua etmek, şükür, sabretmenin de katkısı olduğu gözlenmiştir. (shrink)

Overlaps in form and meaning between morphologically related words have led to ambiguities in interpreting priming effects in studies of lexical organization. In Semitic languages like Arabic, however, linguistic analysis proposes that one of the three component morphemes of a surface word is the CV-Skeleton, an abstract prosodic unit coding the phonological shape of the surface word and its primary syntactic function, which has no surface phonetic content (McCarthy, J. J. (1981). A prosodic theory of non-concatenative morphology, Linguistic Inquiry, 12 (...) 373-418). The other two morphemes are proposed to be the vocalic melody, which conveys additional syntactic information, and the root, which defines meaning. In three experiments using masked, cross-modal, and auditory-auditory priming we examined the role of the vocalic melody and the CV-Skeleton as potential morphemic units in the processing and representation of Arabic words. Prime/target pairs sharing the vocalic melody but not the CV-Skeleton consistently failed to prime. In contrast, word pairs sharing only the CV-Skeleton primed reliably throughout, with the amount of priming being as large as that observed between word pattern pairs sharing both vocalic melody and CV-Skeleton. Priming between morphologically related words can be observed when there is no overlap either in meaning or in surface phonetic form. (shrink)

From the hypothesis that all Turing closed games are determined we prove: (1) the Continuum Hypothesis and (2) every subset of ℵ1 is constructible from a real.

Background: This systematic review explores a diverse range of international and indigenous healthcare research studies, spanning topics from diabetes management to cardiovascular care. The synthesis aims to identify overarching themes, sub-themes, and emerging trends in healthcare practices, emphasizing the integration of digital technologies and advancements in nutrition therapy. Aim: The primary objective is to provide a comprehensive overview of healthcare literature, combining international and indigenous perspectives, to uncover commonalities and distinctions in approaches to patient care, treatment modalities, and research methodologies. (...) Method: A systematic and thorough review of 20 selected studies, encompassing international and Saudi Arabian research, was conducted. The studies, published between 2020 and 2024, were analyzed for their key themes, sub-themes, and trends, creating a detailed understanding of the current landscape of healthcare practices. Results: The synthesis revealed recurring themes, including the integration of digital technologies in diabetes care, advancements in medical nutrition therapy for obesity management, dynamic risk assessment in atrial fibrillation, and the potential of genetically modified food for nutritional security in Saudi Arabia. Sub-themes elucidated nuanced aspects of these overarching themes, offering a holistic perspective on contemporary healthcare strategies. Conclusion: International and indigenous research studies collectively underscore the importance of collaborative and context-specific approaches to healthcare. While global insights contribute to a broader understanding, indigenous studies emphasize the necessity of tailoring interventions to local needs. The synthesis not only highlights current achievements in healthcare but also identifies areas for further exploration and improvement. (shrink)

Peirce presented early formulations of abductive inference nearly 150 years ago. Since then new interpretations have been presented (some of them quite independently of Peirce), but there is still a close link to Peirce’s formulations. Lorenzo Magnani has written a new book on abduction where the main theme is not Peirce’s interpretation of abduction as such, but the book is very interesting from the Peircean perspective. In this review I shall focus on some of the themes from this point of (...) view. Magnani presents a broad view on abduction instead of presenting only one specific interpretation of abduction. This reflects the history of abduction. Peirce’s writings themselves give elements for various.. (shrink)

Taking the debate between Benjamin and Adorno as a guiding framework, this chapter engages with the peculiarities of Benjamin’s materialism. While Adorno warned that Benjamin’s alleged “anthropological materialism” would stand on “the crossroads of magic and positivism,” the chapter explores these crossroads—their beaten tracks, productive dead ends, and epistemo-political trajectories. Although Benjamin’s heterodox materialism is “neither Frankfurt nor Brechtian nor vulgar” (M. Cohen, 1993), its elements can be traced to anthropological, historical, and dialectical materialisms. Avoiding a reconstructive approach of the (...) intellectual history of Benjamin’s materialism, I concentrate on three key elements: (1) Benjamin’s materialist anthropology of image space and body space; (2) ideology as material relation of phantasmagoria and dialectical images, and (3) the materiality of commodity society and Benjamin’s adaptation of Marx’s theory of the fetish character of the commodity. In unpacking these three elements, the chapter aims to show how Benjamin’s reworkings and adaptations of anthropological-materialist, Marxian, neo-Marxist, phenomenological, psychoanalytical, surrealist, and post-Kantian motifs paved the way for a new type of materialism, exceeding the scope of a merely epistemological concept of ideology and image production. (shrink)

In Baire space N = ω ω we define a sequence of equivalence relations $\langle E_\nu| \nu , each E v being Σ 1 1 with classes in Π 0 1 + ν + 1 and such that (i) E ν does not have perfectly many classes, and (ii) N/E ν is countable iff $\omega^L_\nu . This construction can be extended cofinally in (δ 1 3 ) L . A new proof is given of a theorem of Hausdorff on partitions (...) of R into ω 1 many Π 0 3 sets. (shrink)

Nonprofits today face increasing demands for programming, evaluation, and transparency while still needing to raise funds for operations. In an increasingly competitive funding environment, how can or should nonprofits diversify their revenue streams, add earned income initiatives or pursue other efforts to achieve financial sustainability? Focused on institutions in the U.S., this qualitative research presents a discussion of subject matter experts’ perceptions on earned income, resource diversification, and characteristics of financially sustainable nonprofit organizations.

This communique presents the Q-S synchronization of two nonidentical complex nonlinear hyperchaotic systems with unknown parameters. An adaptive controller based on adaptive integral sliding mode control and parameter update laws are designed to realize the synchronization and parameter identification to a given map vector. The aforementioned strategy’s employment demands the transformation of a system into a specific structure containing a nominal part and some unknown terms. An integral sliding mode controller is used to stabilize the error system by designing nominal (...) control accompanied by compensator control. For chattering suppression, a continuous compensator of smooth nature is used instead of conventional control. The stability of the proposed algorithm is established in an impressive way, using Lyapunov criteria. A numerical simulation is performed to illustrate the validity of the proposed synchronization scheme. (shrink)

Moderne Roboter und andere komplexe Maschinen sind nicht nur mit immer ausgeklügelteren intelligenten Algorithmen ausgestattet, sie besitzen vor allem einen mit zunehmend neuartigen Fähigkeiten ausgestatteten Körper, der es ihnen grundsätzlich ermöglicht sich in der physischen Welt zu bewegen und mit dieser zu interagieren. Diese sich rasant entwickelnde Zukunftstechnologie der verkörperten Künstlichen Intelligenz (KI), also der KI mit Körper, besitzt mittel- und langfristig enormes Potenzial zur Lösung großer gesellschaftlicher Herausforderungen, wie der einer zunehmend älter werdenden Gesellschaft oder dem Klimawandel, beizutragen. Sie (...) hält Lösungen zur Abschaffung menschenunwürdiger Arbeit in der Produktion bereit, ermöglicht neue Mobilitätskonzepte und fördert die personalisierte Medizin. Gleichzeitig stellt verkörperte KI die Forschung aber auch vor ganz besondere Herausforderungen. Künstliche Intelligenz mit und ohne Körper funktionieren nämlich grundlegend verschieden, wobei die großen Fortschritte künstlicher Intelligenz ohne Körper nun auch die ungleich höheren Anforderungen derer mit Körper befruchten. Diesen neuen Weg an der Schnittstelle zwischen Künstlicher Intelligenz, Robotik und Perzeption beschreitet die Munich School of Robotics and Machine Intelligence als neues Integratives Forschungszentrum der TUM. (shrink)

Firearm violence has soared in American cities, but most states statutorily preempt municipal firearm regulation. This article describes a unique collaboration in Philadelphia among elected officials, public health researchers, and attorneys that has led to litigation based on original quantitative analyses and grounded in innovative constitutional theories and statutory interpretation.

Lacans These, dass Marx das Symptom erfunden habe, bildet ein Zentrum von Žižeks ideologiekritischen Überlegungen. So verdeutlicht die von Marx im Kapital entfaltete Theorie des Warenfetischismus, dass Ideologie primär das Handeln der Menschen betrifft, nicht ihr Wissen. Žižek erweitert in diesem Zusammenhang Marx’ Satz „Sie wissen das nicht, aber sie tun es“ zu „Sie wissen, dass sie in ihrem Tun der fetischistischen Illusion folgen, aber sie tun es trotzdem“. Dies unterstreicht die phantasmatische Dimension der Ideologie und den Zusammenhang von ideologischer (...) Verkennung und praktischer Realität. Die soziale Realität wird durch fetischistische Handlungen konstituiert und nicht verkannt. (shrink)

Little attention has been given by researchers in organizational behavior to the study of public managers' values and how these values affect their managerial behavior. Therefore, the major objective of this study was to identify the personal value systems and value profiles of public managers, and to systematically examine and discuss the relationship between personal values and related organizational behavior including decision making. The significance of the findings for public policy is briefly discussed, and the need for future research is (...) indicated. (shrink)

Extremism has been a problematic term to define and suggests different and opposing meanings. This study explores how Twitter users conceptualize extremism in Arabic and express their opinions/arguments to construct the term. A corpus of tweets was collected from Twitter API using the word ‘تطرف أو متطرف’ in Arabic for extremist/extremism. A topic modeling algorithm was then applied to the dataset to uncover latent associated concepts underlying extremism, followed by a critical discourse analysis using Van Dijk’s Sociocognitive approach. The discursive (...) and linguistic strategies used by Twitter users to support and justify their views of extremism were examined. The findings demonstrate an ideological influence that controls the concept of extremism, keeping it open to manipulation to serve shared interests and goals. Arab users of Twitter use extremism to promote their groups’ positive schema against others-negative schema. (shrink)

Withholding and withdrawing artificial nutrition and hydration from terminally ill patients poses many ethical challenges. The literature provides little information about the Islamic beliefs, attitudes, and laws related to these challenges. Artificial nutrition and hydration may be futile and reduce quality of life. They can also harm the terminally ill patient because of complications such as aspiration pneumonia, dyspnea, nausea, diarrhea, and hypervolemia. From the perspective of Islam, rules governing the care of terminally ill patients are derived from the principle (...) that injury and harm should be prevented or avoided. The hastening of death by the withdrawal of food and drink is forbidden, but Islamic law permits the withdrawal of futile, death-delaying treatment, including life support. Nutritional support is considered basic care and not medical treatment, and there is an obligation to provide nutrition and hydration for the dying person unless it shortens life, causes more harm than benefit, or is contrary to an advance directive that is consistent with Islamic law. The decision about withholding or withdrawing artificial nutrition and hydration from the terminally ill Muslim patient is made with informed consent, considering the clinical context of minimizing harm to the patient, with input from the patient, family members, health care providers, and religious scholars. (shrink)