Contract cheating is a challenging problem facing higher and further education providers (HE and FE) worldwide. In the UK, contract cheating has been identified as a growing problem by the HEA and, more recently, the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education and the Department for Education. The high rate of contact cheating among students suggests that 8–9% of degrees awarded in the UK are unsafe. To address this issue, the current study with a new approach seeks to investigate student’s motivations, (...) experiences, and rationale for using contract cheating from their point of view. Collected data has been subjected to content analysis and the findings show different phases and drivers in this process. This study will help increase awareness among UK academics and education providers about the processes involved in contract cheating and propose a set of recommendations for the future. (shrink)

Undocumented migrant workers are among a group of marginalized stakeholders who are severely exploited at their workplace and across broader society. Despite recent scholarly discussions in marginalized stakeholder theory and migration studies, our understanding of how undocumented workers experience marginalization in noncooperative spaces remains very limited. In noncooperative spaces, uncooperative powerful actors deliberately thwart cooperation with local marginalized stakeholders and fail to develop supportive institutional frameworks, such as regulative and transparent governance principles. To address these issues, we conducted interviews with (...) 47 undocumented workers and civil society workers in Italy. Our findings reveal that the marginalization experienced by undocumented workers encompasses socio-economic immobility, systemic incapability, and a sense of meaninglessness. Further, our research challenges the principles of stakeholder capitalism inherent in traditional stakeholder theory, revealing the inadequacy of conventional notions in noncooperative spaces where marginalized stakeholders deal with disempowerment and immobility. We delve into the silent and tacit collusion among uncooperative firms in these spaces, shedding light on the ways in which this problematic cooperation leads to the creation of normative harm. Moreover, we introduce the experience of meaninglessness as an internal barrier hindering migrant inclusion, underscoring the imperative need for widespread immigration reforms and normative changes to foster an environment conducive to meaningful transformations for migrants. (shrink)

Background Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, different countries sought to manufacture and supply effective vaccines to control the disease and prevent and protect public health in society. The implementation of vaccination has created many ethical dilemmas for humans, which must be recognized and resolved. Therefore, the present study was conducted to analyze the ethical considerations in vaccination against COVID-19 from the perspective of service providers. Methods The present qualitative research was conducted in 2022 in the north of Iran. (...) The participants included 23 health workers with at least five years of work experience and members of the COVID-19 vaccination team. The data were initially collected through systematic semi-structured interviews, then snowball sampling and finally continued until data saturation. The next steps were transcription of interviews, identification of meaning units, coding, categorization based on similarity and symmetry, extraction of themes and the analysis of themes through content analysis. Results The analysis of participants’ experiences led to the extraction of five main categories of themes and fifteen sub-categories of the ethical considerations of COVID-19 vaccination. Safe and standard vaccine production, vaccine supply, fairness, respect for autonomy, and accountability were the main categories. The subcategories included compliance with scientific and ethical procedures, effectiveness and profitability of vaccine, absence of severe adverse effects, allocation of resources for vaccine supply, vaccine availability, diversity and comprehensiveness of alternative vaccines, vaccination prioritization, prioritization of the vulnerable populations of society, autonomy of patient (equal rights), autonomy of community, autonomy of service providers, reporting correct information, reporting vaccine side effects, public trust and acceptance. Conclusion The health system managers should be adequately prepared to solve the ethical problems posed by COVID-19 vaccination. Therefore, it is recommended to avoid haste in vaccination and pay more attention to vaccination safety standards, provide sufficient resources for a comprehensive vaccine supply, pay close attention to collective interests versus individual interests, and meet community needs. (shrink)

This study examines local communities’ lived experiences and organizations’ care-giving processes regarding four oil and gas projects deployed in three countries. Analyzing the empirical data through the lens of ethics of care reveals that, together with mature justice, the inclination to care conceived at the focal organization creates an ethical culture encouraging caring activities by individuals at the local level. Through close communications with communities, project decision makers at the local level recognize the demanded care of local communities and develop (...) organizations’ caring capacity. The empirical analysis revealed that the care-giving process can also be influenced by the power dynamics of the network of stakeholders. This research emphasizes on the success of a bottom-up approach in caring for local communities, and sheds light on the capability of large organizations in giving care to their distal stakeholders by adopting this approach. Furthermore, it indicates that justice and care both have some useful characteristics and are complementary but, most importantly, are socially constructed and not mutually exclusive. (shrink)

This study examines the subtle and complex importance of food and eating in contemporary female fiction. It reveals how the chief concern with food, its consumption and the body are central to the work of writer like Margaret Atwood. Two novels in particular, Cat’s Eye (1988) and Alias Grace (1996) will be considered as they feature female protagonists who experience intense conflicts concerning their bodies, conflicts that result in or are a response to violence. This violence takes the form of (...) eating disorders. They highlight this form of bodily violence which supports their on going critique of dualistic thinking. In their fictions, Atwood shows the artificial bifurcation of human existence into body and self which tends to result in self-alienation or the splitting of the subject. This writer draws on feminist and sociological theory to engage with a diverse range of issues, including eating disorders as a form of self-violence or mutilation, to demonstrate the direct relationship of food and eating or not-eating with gender and cultural politics to manifest the role of using food in assumed association of the womanly body which leads to splitting of the subject. (shrink)

ABSTRACT Both stigma and discrimination, defined as a lack of knowledge of and a sense of discomfort in providing care to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, and + (LGBTQIA+) migrants, was found to manifest in a sample of LGBTQIA+ migrants who received nursing care in a recent study. The study concluded that nurses continue to have a limited understanding of the experiences of LGBTQIA+ migrants in the Canadian context, and that LGBTQIA+ migrants continue to have troubling 'care' experiences with (...) nurses. Miranda Fricker has developed the concept of epistemic injustice drawing on feminist philosophy and social epistemology. Epistemic injustice refers to unfair treatment of a person by judging them as 'not a knower' in a communicative situation. For example, in a few circumstances when LGBTQIA+ migrants were admitted to psychiatric units due to suicide ideations as a direct result of identifying as a LGBTQIA+ migrants, the medical and nursing team responded with 'They are in Canada now. It is safe here!' and 'So, you are [LGBTQIA + ]! What's the big deal?' These unjust statements reflect an epistemic situation in which the hearer is negating what was heard, that is, that the speaker's intersecting identities of LGBTQIA+ and new immigrant has directly led to suicide ideation. The concept of epistemic injustice helps to frame this situation as one where the care provider is not doing justice to the needs of LGBTQIA+ migrants. This article draws on the narrative of an LGBTQIA+ migrant who is not recognised as a credible source of knowledge about their own lives and needs in the context of Canadian nursing care. Epistemic injustice helps to understand how stigma and discrimination is produced in this community by the very nursing profession who ostensibly want to help them. (shrink)

The aviation industry is one of the most widely used applications in transportation. Due to the limited capacity of aircraft, revenue management in this industry is of high significance. On the other hand, the hub location problem has been considered to facilitate the demands assignment to hubs. This paper presents an integrated p-hub location and revenue management problem under uncertain demand to maximize net revenue and minimize total cost, including hub establishment and transportation costs. A fuzzy programming model and a (...) genetic algorithm are developed to solve the proposed model with different sizes. The mining and petroleum industry is used for case studies. Results show that the proposed algorithm can obtain a suitable solution in a reasonable amount of time. (shrink)

Background: Moral reasoning is a vital skill in the nursing profession. Teaching moral reasoning to students is necessary toward promoting nursing ethics. Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of problem-based learning and lecture-based methods in ethics education in improving (1) moral decision-making, (2) moral reasoning, (3) moral development, and (4) practical reasoning among nursing students. Research design: This is a repeated measurement quasi-experimental study. Participants and research context: The participants were nursing students in a University (...) of Medical Sciences in west of Iran who were randomly assigned to the lecture-based (n = 33) or the problem-based learning (n = 33) groups. The subjects were provided nursing ethics education in four 2-h sessions. The educational content was similar, but the training methods were different. The subjects completed the Nursing Dilemma Test before, immediately after, and 1 month after the training. The data were analyzed and compared using the SPSS-16 software. Ethical considerations: The program was explained to the students, all of whom signed an informed consent form at the baseline. Findings: The two groups were similar in personal characteristics (p > 0.05). A significant improvement was observed in the mean scores on moral development in the problem-based learning compared with the lecture-based group (p < 0.05). Although the mean scores on moral reasoning improved in both the problem-based learning and the lecture-based groups immediately after the training and 1 month later, the change was significant only in the problem-based learning group (p < 0.05). The mean scores on moral decision-making, practical considerations, and familiarity with dilemmas were relatively similar for the two groups. Conclusion: The use of the problem-based learning method in ethics education enhances moral development among nursing students. However, further studies are needed to determine whether such method improves moral decision-making, moral reasoning, practical considerations, and familiarity with the ethical issues among nursing students. (shrink)

ABSTRACT Youth development programs in the majority world are increasingly taking a strengths-based, positive youth development (PYD) approach to promoting youth thriving. Although character strengths are believed to support well-being, more evidence from majority-world contexts is needed. Using data derived from the Compassion International Study of PYD in Uganda (n = 606, M age = 12.5 years, SD age = 2.3, 50.2% female), we validated a measurement model of eight specific character strengths—goal selection, optimization, and compensation; hopeful future expectations; transcendence; (...) contribution/generosity; forgiveness; love; gratitude; and purpose—and assessed their relations to well-being. Character strengths were robustly and positively correlated with well-being, with gratitude, love, and hopeful future expectations consistently demonstrating the strongest correlations with well-being. Both consistency and differences in interrelations emerged across subgroups. These findings provide initial evidence of an ecologically valid and psychometrically strong measurement model that can be used in majority-world countries for assessing character strengths and their relation to well-being and thriving in PYD programs. (shrink)

ABSTRACT Person-specific and variable-focused assessments represent two distinct approaches to research, each offering valuable insights from different standpoints. However, the focus of character studies has mostly been on variable-focused assessments that measure between-person differences, leaving the specific trajectories of character development and the relation among character constructs at the within-person level unexplored. In this article, we studied youth character development and the relation among character constructs at both the between- and within-person levels using an intensive longitudinal data set from the (...) Compassion International (CI) Study of Positive Youth Development in Uganda. Participants were 200 CI-enrolled youth (49.5% female, M age = 12.13, SD age = 2.19) who completed a survey of character constructs across 15 weeks. Results showed that although between-person level findings were consistent with previous variable-focused studies, within-person findings supported the specificity and heterogeneity in character development and of the relation among character constructs. We discuss implications regarding the usefulness and necessity of person-specific assessment for character education and development programs. (shrink)

Background Providing quality care is of the fundamental elements of holistic nursing practice, and burnout and moral intelligence of nurses be mentioned as the important factors influencing the quality of nursing care. The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between moral intelligence, burnout, and the quality of nursing care. Methods This descriptive-correlative study was conducted on 125 nurses working in Sari-based Educational hospitals affiliated to Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Iran, between June and August 2020. The sample was (...) selected via random sampling. The data were collected by the Maslach Burnout Inventory, Lennick and Kiel Moral Intelligence Scale, and Quality of Patient Care Scale. The data were analyzed by SPSS-21 and Amos-24. Results A direct and significant relationship was found between the quality of nursing care and moral intelligence ( r = 0.285, p = 0.001). Quality of care had an inverse relationship with subscales of frequency of burnout including emotional exhaustion ( r = −0.369, p < 0.001) and depersonalization ( r = −0.471, p < 0.001) and also, a direct relationship with personal accomplishment ( r = 0.226, p = 0.011). The findings also showed an inverse relationship between quality of care and subscales of the intensity of burnout. Amos software yielded results that demonstrated moral intelligence as a robust mediator between burnout and the quality of care. Conclusion The findings implied the necessity for more attention to moral intelligence as a mediator in order to come up with properly managing the personality traits influencing the nurses’ burnout reduction, which can ultimately lead to improved quality of nursing care. (shrink)

Ras proteins function as critical relay switches that regulate diverse signaling pathways between cell surface receptors and the nucleus. Over the past 2‐3 years researchers have identified many components of these pathways that mediate Ras activation and effector function. Among these proteins are several guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), which are responsible for directly interacting with and activating Ras in response to extracellular stimuli. Analogous GEFs regulate Ras‐related proteins that serve other diverse cellular functions. In particular, a growing family of (...) proteins (Dbl homology proteins) has recently been identified, which may function as GEFs for the Rho family of Ras‐related proteins. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the structure, biochemistry and biology of Ras and Rho family GEFs. Additionally, we describe mechanisms of GEF activation of Ras in signal transduction and address the potential that deregulated GEFs might contribute to malignant transformation through chronic Ras protein activation. (shrink)

Yes, Roya, a 2016 graphic novel written by C. Spike Trotman and illustrated by Emilee Denich, depicts Roya, a woman of color who writes and illustrates a comic strip; Joe, a white man who gave up his career after meeting Roya, who now publishes under his name; and Wylie, a young white man starting in the profession. Roya completely dominates Joe’s career, making it hers. She also partly dominates Wylie’s, acting as his mentor. Roya dominates (...) Joe and Wylie personally too. She is their sexual dominant, and they are her submissives. Professionally and personally, moreover, Joe and Wylie each submit to Roya consensually. Further, though Roya both writes and illustrates her comic strip, often writer and illustrator differ. The former, creating the story, dominates the latter, illustrating the story after the fact – as Trotman and Denich themselves did consensually via a contract when creating their graphic novel. Hence Yes, Roya highlights domination and submission in comics creation and in sex. More than that, the graphic novel also presents both kinds of domination and submission as ethical. Because Aristotle, Kant, and Mill are the most influential ethicists in the Western tradition, this chapter investigates how each could accommodate such professional and personal dominant/submissive relationships in their philosophy. (shrink)

Resistance through writing is a non-traditional space for social and political confrontation. The real problems of society need a serious writer. In their writings, such writers tend to show their doubts against social and political trends of a particular set-up. Arundhati Roy is one such writer who writes with passion against marginalization. Her writing can be seen as a resistance against the oppressive social, and moral codes. The present chapter is concerned mainly with her discussion of the Hijra realities as (...) presented in her second novel The Ministry of Utmost Happiness (2017). In this novel, Roy purposefully takes a Hijra, a Muslim, a Malayalee Christian, and a Kashmiri to be the protagonists of her novel to explore and expose the limitlessness of marginality. Roy’s description of trans is not just a reading experience, rather it becomes a part of the reader’s experience. This is an atypical field to attempt since growing up as Hijra is a rare point of discussion and description. The present chapter analyzes the different dimensions of challenges that a hijra can face by living in a so-called normal world in the context of the novel, The Ministry of Happiness. (shrink)

In Anti-Oedipus and A Thousand Plateaus, Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari emphasise the difficulty of confronting ‘micro-fascisms’. Such fascisms occur at the micropolitical level as they permeate and modulate across social collectivities and networks. Arundhati Roy’s novel, The God of Small Things, reflects upon overt and violent modes of social division and classifications that determine ‘who should be loved and how. And how much’. Such a system ‘restrains or limits the individual’s power’, diminishing the ‘capacity to be affected’, as Deleuze (...) wrote in Spinoza, thereby nourishing and sustaining the fascists inside of them. This article will examine micro-fascisms within Roy’s novel, demonstrating how they function at the individual and interpersonal level. (shrink)

Presented as a “speculative manual on pedagogy,” this article seeks to provide praxis to Spivak’s Aesthetic Education in the Era of Globalization using Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things as a reading in Philippine schools. Its aim is to envision pedagogical ways in which a foreign literary text is introduced into a culturally distant setting, thereby prompting educators – the “supposed trainers of the mind” – to resolve: How does one educate aesthetically? How do we imagine the performance of (...) aesthetic education in local classrooms? In demonstrating a theory and its form, the paper first explores Spivak’s conception of aesthetic education and then adapts it in a specific case: in Philippine classrooms where learners are confronted by a literary work of the Other – particularly, Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things. Aesthetic education, as a theoretic idea, is visualized and imaginatively performed through its capacity to realize an “epistemic revolution” happening in local classrooms worldwide. (shrink)

Film maker Bimal Roy’s craftsmanship, influenced by a streak of Marxist aesthetics during his formative years, engages with societal shifts, economic challenges and the impact of colonialism. Roy’s humanistic approach and transparent scepticism, derived from his association with the Cultural Left, shaped his portrayal of the city-village dynamic, offering nuanced reflections on modernity. Unlike the titans of realism in the art/parallel films, some of whom also hailed from Bengal, Roy chose the Hindi commercial market as his professional field in his (...) prime. An alternative idea of Modern Man surfaced in response to the assimilating postcolonial narrative on science and technology in his work. Amidst the postcolonial State-patronised optimism, emerged a critical examination of the darker aspects of Nehruvian developmental strategy, introspecting the liberal atmosphere of that era. The intention was to consistently bring attention to the tasks left unaddressed. In these productions, a contrasting form of masculinity surfaced in response to the post-colonial narrative on science and technology. This alternative masculinity—subaltern, rustic and pastoral—presented a unique and non-mainstream viewpoint within popular culture. Moderately deviating from, rather resisting, the Rational Hero, it opposed the dominant features of modern masculinity, deliberately abstaining from the celebration of technological development and standing in opposition to metropolitan culture. This alternative masculinity asked questions around migrants, peasants, the underprivileged, lower caste women, sexually deprived, basically, there seemed to be a representation of the margin. This paper attempts to delve into Roy’s transition from studio days to independent production, highlighting the tensions between cultural ethics and mass market demands of the time and, by tracing the normative marks of modernity, focuses on his depiction of the displaced and vulnerable Other Male in the postcolonial India’s cinematic milieu. (shrink)

Xavier Le Roy’s performance Self-Unfinished is emblematic of how contemporary dance’s resistance to the submission of the body to a codified ideal body model manifests itself through the staging of bodies “beyond codes”, i.e., bodies that take surprising, sometimes even apparently “monstrous” shapes. The purpose of this article is to investigate the “monstrosity” of Self-Unfinished and to sketch out an analysis of it following Hermann Schmitz's theory of the Leib and Tonino Griffero’s account on atmospheres.

Ever since the start of the twentieth century, a growing interest and importance of studying fatwas can be noted, with a focus on Arabic printed fatwas (Wokoeck 2009). The scholarly study of end-of-life ethics in these fatwas is a very recent feature, taking a first start in the 1980s (Anees 1984; Rispler-Chaim 1993). Since the past two decades, we have witnessed the emergence of a multitude of English fatwas that can easily be consulted through the Internet (‘e-fatwas’), providing Muslims worldwide (...) with a form of Islamic normative guidance on a huge variety of topics. Although English online fatwas do provide guidance for Muslims and Muslim minorities worldwide on a myriad of topics including end-of-life issues, they have hardly been studied. This study analyses Islamic views on (non-)voluntary euthanasia and assisted suicide as expressed in English Sunni fatwas published on independent—i.e. not created by established organisations—Islamic websites. We use Tyan’s definition of a fatwa to distinguish between fatwas and other types of texts offering Islamic guidance through the Internet. The study of e-fatwas is framed in the context of Bunt’s typology of Cyber Islamic Environments (Bunt 2009) and in the framework of Roy’s view on the virtual umma (Roy 2002). ‘(Non-)voluntary euthanasia and assisted suicide’ are defined using Broeckaert’s conceptual framework on treatment decisions at the end of life (Broeckaert 2008). We analysed 32 English Sunni e-fatwas. All of the e-fatwas discussed here firmly speak out against every form of active termination of life. They often bear the same structure, basing themselves solely on Quranic verses and prophetic traditions, leaving aside classical jurisprudential discussions on the subject. In this respect they share the characteristics central in Roy’s typology of the fatwa in the virtual umma. On the level of content, they are in line with the international literature on Islamic end-of-life ethics. English Sunni e-fatwas make up an influential and therefore important developing body of Islamic orthodox normative authority on end-of-life ethics that is still open for further research. (shrink)

This paper takes as its point of departure the possibility that Frantz Fanon may have read Vladimir Lenin and M. N. Roy’s debate at the Second World Congress of the Communist International in 1920. I revisit the stakes of this earlier debate alongside Fanon’s later interventions and explore affinities and differences in how Fanon and Roy approach the class politics of anticolonial revolution. The paper also compares their critiques of nationalism and respective appeals to a “new humanism.” I argue that (...) while Roy more clearly recognizes the difficulties of trying to transcend nationalism by working through it, he also loses his earlier confidence in the political agency of the masses, which proves an enduring feature of Fanon’s new humanism. (shrink)

Édouard Le Roy (1870–1954) made an important contribution to philosophical debates at the start of the twentieth century on evolution and the position of the human species within nature. Yet his work has been overlooked, notably his role in the development of the concept of the noosphere. This article examines the context of Le Roy’s work, analyses the metaphysics and ontology set out in his two books L’Exigence idéaliste et le fait de l’évolution (1927) and Les origines humaines et l’évolution (...) de l’intelligence (1928). It explores the issue of anthropomorphism and the relevance of his ideas to contemporary debates on planetary ecology and the concept of the Anthropocene, noting that Le Roy’s decision to place the biosphere at the heart of his ontology ultimately means his philosophy can be regarded as a steppingstone towards a philosophy of Earth. (shrink)

In this book the author has equated Swaraj with Mahatma Gandhi’s ‘self-rule’, Bal Gangadhar Tilak’s ‘birthright for freedom’, Aurobindo’s ‘Sanatana Dharma’, Raja Rammohun Roy’s ‘individual liberty’, Rabindranath Tagore’s ‘humanity’, and Swami Vivekananda’s ‘love of the motherland’.

Born in Derby, UK, Sunjeev Sahota has published four novels: Ours Are the Streets; The Year of the Runaways; China Room; and The Spoiled Heart. Sahota’s paternal grandparents emigrated from Punjab to the UK in 1966, and his family moved from Derby to Chesterfield in the late 1980s. He studied mathematics at Imperial College London and later worked for an insurance company. Sahota has stated that he did not read a novel until 18, when he picked up Salman Rushdie’s Midnight’s (...) Children at an airport. Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things, Vikram Seth’s A Suitable Boy, and Kazuo Ishiguro’s The Remains of the Day quickly followed, after which Sahota is said to have read about four novels a week while completing his undergraduate degree (“Interview” n.p.). (shrink)

Dans « Spéculation, réaction et conclusion », Théo Bourgeron critique le modèle dit Le Roy–Haraway–Latour, proposant une lecture originale des spéculations culturelles des dernières décennies. Ce modèle prend appui sur un texte de fiction de Boris Le Roy, où la spéculation financière est explorée par les moyens de la création littéraire, et trouve sa formulation théorique. Ensemble, les deux auteurs esquissent une réflexion sur les liens entre spéculation, culture et politique dans le contexte réactionnaire actuel.

Avrupa Hristiyan mı? Müslümanlar ve siyaset ilişkisi üzerinde tanınmış çalışmaları olan Olivier Roy’un son eseridir. Avrupa’da sekülerlik, Hristiyanlık ve popülizm denklemini analiz eden kitap, 1054 Doğu-Batı ayrımından günümüze kadar uzanan geniş bir tarih panoraması ve sosyal-siyasi spektrum sunmaya çalışmaktadır. Kitapta Müslüman göçmenler ve onların meseleleri direk bir tartışma konusu değildir; ancak, bir İslam araştırmacısı olan Roy’un ‘Avrupa Hristiyan mı?’ sorusu aslında ‘İslam Avrupa ile uyumlu mu?’ münakaşasına cevap bulmak için ortaya çıkmıştır. Zira, yazara göre, Müslüman göçmenlerin kamusal alanda yeni dini (...) haklar iddia etmeleri, 1990’larda Avrupa’da yeni bir kimlik krizi doğurmuştur. Bu yeni kimlik krizi, 1960’lardaki kültür savaşlarından sonra Hristiyanlıktan uzaklaşan Avrupa’yı Hristiyan dini miras ve aidiyet üzerine yeniden düşünmeye sevketmiş, yeni söylemlerin ortaya çıkmasına sebep olmuştur. Kitap, bu yeni bağlamda Avrupa değerleri ve Hristiyanlık ilişkisinin izlerini sürmeye çalışmaktadır. Avrupa Hristiyan mı?, Avrupa’da din-sekülerlik ilişkisini çalışanlar veya Hristiyanlığın günümüz Avrupa'sındaki yerini anlamak isteyenlerin faydalanabileceği bir kitaptır. (shrink)

This article offers a new interpretation of anti-colonial constitutional thought of the mid-twentieth century. Historians and political theorists have long viewed the circulation of democratic constitutions at the moment of decolonization in terms of the diffusion of electoral, parliamentary government. This article argues against such a “parliamentary” reading of anti-colonial democracy by examining the political thought of Indian Marxist thinker M. N. Roy (1887–1954). I reconstruct Roy’s writings on anti-parliamentary forms of popular sovereignty through the 1940s. Further, I situate Roy’s (...) democratic theory as a response to understandings of political representation within the Indian national movement. (shrink)

This article offers a novel historical interpretation of the problem of jihadism through a critique of the philosophical foundations of Olivier Roy’s scholarship on Islam and jihadism. In particular, the article elucidates the consequences of the dominant positivist ontology and secular episteme of the social sciences for the analysis of jihadism. To this end, it formulates an alternative conceptualization of the main terms of analysis (namely, Islam, the ummah, the caliphate, and jihad), highlighting their political significance and disavowing thereby the (...) epistemic prejudices of Eurocentric social science. The article argues jihad designates a political phenomenon tied to Islam’s presence as a universal order and Muslims as an autonomous community. It is a signifier of the organized, collective warfare of Muslims as a distinct political group, represented by the caliphate as an ‘Islamicate great power’, and waged by its professional armies. Jihadism represents the venture to recover jihad in a world without a caliphate, its condition of possibility being the disappearance of the caliphate, and in that it signifies the fragmentation, disorganization, and de-politicization of jihad. (shrink)

Uma importante categoria filosófica conceitual para a compreensão de uma produção científica é a noção de autoridade cognitiva; autoridades atuam como agentes causais de certas produções científicas. A historiografia costuma dar muita atenção a influências que redundam em casos de sucesso científico. No entanto, há um caso na história da biologia em que o uso de autoridades cognitivas resultou em um fracasso teórico: a derrota de Charles Darwin (1809-1882) para o geólogo suíço Louis Agassiz, (1807-1873) na controvérsia sobre as “estradas (...) paralelas de Glen Roy”, um fenômeno geológico natural que se tornou um problema científico. Darwin, em suas investigações, empregou diversas autoridades cognitivas como por exemplo, William Whewell (1794-1866) e Charles Lyell (1797-1875) e considerou várias hipóteses, mas não a de Agassiz, já disponível na literatura, fazendo uso do “princípio da exclusão”. O objetivo deste artigo é mostrar que Darwin estava justificado em proceder como procedeu, devido exatamente às suas fontes, autoridades impecáveis em ciência. (shrink)

Henri Poincaré’s philosophy of science has been widely studied and has been related to other important scientific and philosophical figures such as Einstein, Hilbert, Helmholtz, Duhem, and even Bergson. Poincaré refers to many people in his works, but there is one name that appears repeatedly in his texts, in particular when he develops his general views on the value of science. That is Édouard Le Roy. There is a lack of secondary sources on Le Roy’s work and, when compared to (...) Poincaré, references are usually given to Poincaré’s interpretation of his works and not to Le Roy himself. When writing on the value of science, Poincaré structures his discourse as a reply to Le Roy’s views. This paper aims at clarifying why it was so important for Poincaré to reply to Le Roy. To do that, we will discuss the figure of Le Roy in the context of the time, his philosophy (which he called nouveau positivisme), and the relation between Poincaré’s philosophical position and Le Roy’s. This will make Le Roy’s work more familiar to contemporary audiences but will also clarify some controversial aspects in Poincaré’s position. (shrink)

"I’ve seen things you people wouldn’t believe. Attack ships on fire off the shoulderof Orion. I watched c-beams glitter in the dark near the Tanhauser Gate. Allthose… moments will be lost… in time. Like… tears… in rain. Time… to die." . With these lines Roy testifies to his memories and to his death, a death that has, in a sense,already taken place, and one that is, by definition, prohibited. While one cannotexperience one’s own death, death is not strictly a limit (...) on the ‘other side’; it comes to usfrom the grave, haunting our lives here and now. If there is a being-towards-death, there isa death-towards-being, and in this interminable aporia, Roy, the ‘replicant’, testifies toDeckard, the ‘human’ – who might himself be a replicant. Roy gives his memories, and doesnot ask for return. He gives, he dies. And he has become immortal, `tears in rain’ havingbecome the film’s signature to which the fans continue to countersign,attesting to Roy’s testimony. Between the signature and countersignature there is aresonance and an affiliation, to the point, as paradoxical as this may seem, where it cannotbe properly distinguished which came first. Did Roy’s signature call for itscountersignature, or did Roy and the film ‘follow’ the fans? Frankly, there is no‘first’ here. This is not a sequential history. This is a story about ‘humanity’–technology. (shrink)

Through the lens of her meandering faith journey, this essay reviews the work of the celebrated Canadian writer Gabrielle Roy. A metaphor Roy used in an interview, that of life as a prison and the artist as a bird singing between the bars, provides a common theme in the shifting religious attitudes of her writings. At times her attitude grows bitterly satirical, with a “broad steak of anti-clericalism” (The Cashier). But Roy’s spirituality shows through in how she was affected by (...) her two sisters’ illnesses and deaths. If a prison, life was still able to grant “sacramental moments” pointing to a “radiant world beyond this one.”. (shrink)

The ‘rise’ and ‘decline’ refer to the rationale behind Islamic attractiveness and its rejection. What I intend to write is a narrative based on theoretical intuitions and empirical facts very different from Olivier Roy’s thesis on the ‘failure’ of political Islam (1992) and Asef Bayat’s post-Islamism (1996). My theoretical intuition is that political Islam has for years at best taken advantage of a long-term series of failures. First, there is the failure of modernization, of secularity and of national ideology. Islamist (...) movements transformed this kind of ‘negative legitimacy’ into an electoral success. This is the case with En-Nahdha in Tunisia. Second, however, this electoral legitimacy was rapidly eroded. Third, post-Islamist expectations were not met: political Islam with its radicalism was not cut off and did not digest jihadism and terrorism. It is still worked out by a double-handed attempt: a neo-authoritarian politics and a religious anti-liberal zeal. Now, this project is failing, not because political Islam entered into a ‘post-Islamist’ area but thanks to a strong and heroic resistance of secular civil society. (shrink)