Social networks can influence people’s behaviour and therefore it is assumed that central individuals in social networks, also called “opinion leaders”, play a key role in driving change in agricultural and food systems. I analyse the outcomes of an intervention (that encouraged Sulawesi smallholder farmers to take a specific action toward improving the health of their cocoa trees) to assess the impact of engaging opinion leaders in agricultural programs that aim to change farmers’ practices. The intervention has been implemented through (...) (a) 18 opinion leaders identified by interviews and a social network survey of 1885 cocoa farmers; and (b) 18 randomly selected farmers who were not central in local social networks. The obtained social networks and statistical data were quantitatively analysed and the results were interpreted with input from the field staff. Contrary to expectations, the highly socially central opinion leaders were not more effective in promoting the initiative in their communities. On average, randomly selected low-centrality farmers convinced almost twice as many of their peers to take the recommended action as compared to the identified opinion leaders (17.1 versus 8.6) but the variation within the random group was also significantly higher. Importantly, while the identified opinion leaders were mostly senior men, women performed better in influencing others into taking action even when their centrality in local social networks of agricultural advice was lower. I discuss the implications of the conventional selection of perceived opinion leaders as model farmers for achieving sustainable and equitable change at scale in agriculture and propose practical alternatives. (shrink)

What makes safety claims about general purpose AI systems such as large language models trustworthy? We show that rather than the capabilities of security tools such as alignment and red teaming procedures, it is security practices based on these tools that contributed to reconfiguring the image of AI safety and made the claims acceptable. After showing what causes the gap between the capabilities of security tools and the desired safety guarantees, we critically investigate how AI security practices attempt to fill (...) the gap and identify several shortcomings in diversity and participation. We found that these security practices are part of securitization processes aiming to support (commercial) development of general purpose AI systems whose trustworthiness can only be imperfectly tested instead of guaranteed. We conclude by offering several improvements to the current AI security practices. (shrink)

In examining epistemic injustice as outlined by Fricker, I highlight its conceptual shortcomings and propose a synthesis that includes class-based inequalities. Philosophical ideas and sociological theories share similar notions of power, as found in Foucault’s analysis, Fricker’s concept of epistemic justice, and Marxist critical theories. Yet discourse on epistemic injustice too often neglects the experiences of subordinated social classes, necessitating a framework that acknowledges how they are excluded. -/- While most research focuses on colonialism, ethnicity, and gender, class remains underexplored. (...) Fricker argues that certain groups face discrimination through the availability of limited conceptual resources, stigmatization, and marginalization. This hinders their understanding of political conditions. If class epistemic injustice is widely condemned, do we also grant credibility to manual workers and those living in precarious circumstances? -/- Deliberative democracy presupposes rational communication and consensus on discussion rules, but these can exclude subjugated classes lacking the education that transmits dominant communicative skills. Consequently, they remain marginalized. A political-sociological approach would address structural inequalities and highlight the ways dominant classes sustain privilege. By acknowledging and integrating the contributions of all social class, we can build more equitable frameworks that advance our understanding of epistemic injustice across the board. (shrink)

This paper presents a unified algebraic study of a family of logics related to Abelian logic (Ab), the logic of Abelian lattice-ordered groups. We treat Ab as the base system and refer to its expansions as superabelian logics. The paper focuses on two main families of expansions. First, we investigate the rich landscape of infinitary extensions of Ab, providing an axiomatization for the infinitary logic of real numbers and showing that there exist 2 Superscript 2 Super Superscript omega $2^{2^\omega }$ (...) 22ω distinct logics in this family. Second, we introduce pointed Abelian logic (pAb ${\text {pAb}}$ pAb), the logic of pointed Abelian lattice-ordered groups, by adding a new constant to the language. This framework includes Łukasiewicz unbound logic. We provide axiomatizations for its finitary and infinitary versions as extensions of pAb ${\text {pAb}}$ pAb and establish their precise relationship with standard Łukasiewicz logic via a formal translation. Finally, the methods developed for this analysis are generalized to axiomatize the logics of other prominent pointed groups. (shrink)

This study explores the evolution of encyclopaedism as an early modern intellectual movement, distinct from the traditional philosophies of rationalism and empiricism. It reveals its relation to pansophism, and presents a theoretical framework for researching what I generally call the “history of cultural ideas”, specifically the history of the cultural idea of encyclopaedia. To depict this history, the study further provides a concise survey on the ideas of “circle”, “cycle”, and “sphere” in ancient Greek cosmology, Roman rhetorics, and Transalpine Renaissance (...) Humanism. The contributions of figures such as Johann Heinrich Alsted and Jan Amos Comenius, culminating in Alsted’s 1630 Encyclopaedia septem tomis distincta, mark a critical shift from metaphorical “circular knowledge” to a comprehensive embodiment of knowledge in one book on all that can be known (omne scibile). In conclusion, the study argues that the conceptual-metaphorical blending of “circle” and “book” was decisive in this process, shaping the modern understanding of the cultural idea of encyclopaedia. (shrink)

Celek environmentalniho diskursu nesestava pouze z ryze teoretickych složek, ale zapojuji se do něj media, „agora“ (veřejnost) a je i mistem exhibice a působnosti politiků. Vysledkem je skutečnost, že se rozvolňuje a kontextualně posouva uživana terminologie. Může to směřovat k jistemu „rozmyvani“ kontur a přetrvavani terminologickych nepřesnosti či nelogičnosti. Předmětem zajmu tohoto přispěvku je otazka fungovani a role některych terminů, ktere patři do slovniku daneho diskursu (tradičně např. „ekologie“ či „životni prostředi“). Některe zavaděne nove terminy jsou z hlediska sveho obsahu (...) vicemeně synonymy stavajicich standardnich současti teorie (biosfera – Gaia, holocen – antropocen). Přes toto kriticke vychodisko stoji za uvahu, zda nemůže tento terminologicky vyvoj přinašet i jista pozitiva. Nejde o prosazovani terminologickeho purismu, ale o to, že uvedene znejistěni můžeme považovat za projev i prostředek pronikani věděni o zavažnosti některych problemů do povědomi široke veřejnosti. To může byt i zasadnim předpokladem ke hledani vychodisek řešeni krizove situace. (shrink)

The issue delivers an analysis of schellingian motives in the later works by A.F. Losev. The author brings information about Losev’s retrospective evaluation of Schelling’s influence on the formation of his own philosophical approach, it’s specific character and it’s grade. The author shows that all the main investigation projects of the later Losev which have been realized during several decades of systematic studies have their ground in the same conceptual model which bears from Schelling’s idea of potencies as various form (...) of quantitative difference between opposite factors. Losev refers to Schelling both explicitly in his commentaries on the history of philosophy and implicitly in his attempts to clear and to elaborate Schelling’s dialectical concepts. In his monumental project of his “History of the ancient aesthestics” Losev uses Schellings theory of potencies as the main instrument for the conceptualizing ancient Greek culture with it’s emphasis on the real and the corporal. In the context of his sigh theory it makes him able to draw an integral theory of verbal and plastic expression which synthesizes the most imporrtant innovations of semiotics, structural linguistics and information theory. In his studies on the European aesthetics it delivers him a matrix for his typology of styles in the art history. Schelling’s method of potencies is for Losev both a mean of hermeneutics and a conceptual tool for the elaboration of the system of categories of culture. The key reference in both contexts is Schelling’s theory of symbol. Thea author proves his hypothesis throgh the intertextual analysis of Losev’s works from 1970-1980s published in his life time and posthumously. Manifold parallelisms in these texts without any explicit cross references build a specific connection of meanings which make it possible to reveal a religious metaphysical background of the scientific language of Losev’s later works. The study creates precinditions for the more differentiated understanding of the discursive strategy of the later Losev and demonstrates their consistency and continuity in regard on the earlier works from 1920s. (shrink)

This paper proposes a conceptual model of decision-making tying specific preferences to broader individual goals. Specifically, we consider terminal goals, representing fundamental objectives, and instrumental goals, serving as complexity-reducing intermediate steps toward achieving terminal goals and determining eventual preferences. Notably, the hierarchical goal structure allows for contextual misalignments between different instrumental goals, which may lead to suboptimal decisions – as evaluated from an outside perspective. Thus, applied to the discussion about nudging and paternalism, the model provides a methodological justification for (...) paternalistic interventions as it is compatible with arguments in favour of interventions aimed to correct such choices. (shrink)

The last chapter gives a short introduction to the study of first-order predicate logics built over weakly implicative logics. We follow a semantics-first approach in which we start from semantically defined predicate logics and then propose suitable Hilbert-style axiomatizations and prove corresponding completeness theorems by following non-trivial generalizations of Henkin’s proof of completeness of classical first-order logic. More precisely, to introduce a general semantics of predicate models we utilize the fact that any reduced model of a given weakly implicative logic (...) is ordered and define the truth-value of a universal (resp. existentially) quantified formula as the infimum (resp. supremum) of the truth-values of its instances.Then, for any given class of reduced models of the logic in question, we define a corresponding consequence relation on predicate formulas. We focus on three particular meaningful logics: the predicate logic of all reduced models, the subdirectly irreducible ones, and the restriction of the latter to witnessed predicate models in which quantifiers are actually computed as minima and maxima. We propose axiomatic systems for these three logics and, under certain conditions, prove the corresponding completeness theorems.While the first completeness result is relatively straightforward and works in absolute generality, the other two require non-trivial modifications of Henkin’s proof by making use of a suitable disjunction connective which needs to be added as a requirement for the propositional logic. As a by-product, we also obtain, for certain logics, a form of Skolemization. The relatively modest assumptions on the propositional side allow for a wide generalization of previous approaches and help to illuminate the ‘essentially first-order’ steps in the classical Henkin’s proof. (shrink)

The goal of this article is to detail the opposition to “Ramean tree” dichotomic divisions which emerged in the age of swelling Antitrinitarianism, especially Socinianism. Scholars such as Bartholomaeus Keckermann, Jan Amos Komenský and Richard Baxter made a point of preferring the trichotomic to the dichotomic division of Petrus Ramus and the Ramist tradition. This paper tracks the origin of Komenský’s “universal triadism” as present in his book metaphorics and in his metaphysics. Komenský’s triadic book metaphorics (the notion of nature, (...) human mind and Scripture as “the triple book of God”) has its source in late sixteenth-century Lutheran mysticism and theosophy, mediated perhaps by Heinrich Khunrath and, above all, by Johann Heinrich Alsted. Komenský’s metaphysics follows the same triadic pattern. What is more, Komenský illustrates both these domains by means of Ramist-like bracketed trees; regarding book metaphorics, clearly his sources are Khunrath and Alsted. Although inspirations from Lullus, Sabundus and Nicholas of Cusa are most probably involved, the crucial role has to be ascribed to the influence of Lutheran mysticism and Alsted’s “Lullo-Ramism.”. (shrink)

Autor artykułu bada relacje kronikarzy dotyczące nadania lub przyznania królewskiego tytułu czeskiemu władcy od pierwszej koronacji królewskiej (Wratysław II) aż do ostatecznego ustanowienia państwa czeskiego jako królestwa pod rządami Przemysła Ottokara I oraz zmieniającą się interpretację tych wydarzeń w czeskiej historiografii średniowiecznej. Współcześni im kronikarze, tacy jak dziekan praski Kosmas, kanonik praski Wincenty, opat Milevska Jarloch czy nieznany praski kanonik na przełomie XII i XIII wieku, zasadniczo przedstawiali te wydarzenia zgodnie z historyczną rzeczywistością jako nagrodę za zasługi już oddane lub (...) oczekiwane w przyszłości. Z biegiem czasu interpretacja tych wydarzeń ulega zmianie, a relacja „służba–nagroda” zostaje osłabiona. Rzecznik czeskiej szlachty na początku XIV wieku, tzw. Dalimil, przedstawiał nagrodę w postaci królewskiej korony w sposób niejednoznaczny, dostosowując narrację do swojej wizji historii Czech, w której decydującą rolę odgrywała szlachta, oraz do swojej niechęci wobec Niemców. Według niego to właśnie szlachta miała wybrać „koronę” dla Wratysława jako nagrodę dla czeskiego władcy. Władysław II według tzw. Dalimila miał wzbudzić niezadowolenie czeskich panów, ponieważ sprowadzał do kraju Niemców z Ratyzbony, gdzie miał zostać koronowany. Tzw. Dalimil zmodyfikował również przyczynę nadania korony Przemysłowi Ottokarowi I i rozszerzył „nagrodę” o inne korzyści. Přibík Pulkava z Radenína przedstawił wszystkie te wydarzenia w duchu oficjalnej ideologii Karola IV. Umiejscowił on początki królewskiego tytułu czeskiego władcy w najdawniejszych czasach. Korona nie była nagrodą za zasługi, lecz królestwo czeskie było potrzebne cesarzowi i Rzeszy jako następca dawnego Królestwa Morawskiego. Přibík Pulkava z Radenína, zgodnie z zamierzeniami Karola IV, podkreślał przede wszystkim przywileje nadawane czeskiemu władcy przy tych okazjach. (shrink)

This chapter focuses on the other family that motivated the general study of logics with implication: semilinear logics, defined as logics complete with respect to linearly ordered reduced matrices.We start by formulating and proving useful characterizations of semilinear logics in terms of linear filters, a syntactical metarule akin to the proof by cases property, and the coincidence of finitely subdirectly irreducible and linearly ordered reduced matrices. We use these characterizations to show which of the examples of weakly implicative logics considered (...) in the previous chapters are actually semilinear logics and prove which of them are not semilinear with respect to any possible implication. Then we study the problem of, given an arbitrary weakly implicative logic (in particular, given a substructural logic), finding its least semilinear extension. We also use the presence of disjunction and the results obtained in the previous chapter to prove better characterizations of semilinearity leading to axiomatizations of the least semilinear extension of a given logic. Finally, we focus on completeness with respect to the subclass of linear models in which the order is dense and discuss its relation with completeness with respect to reduced matrices defined over the rational and the real unit intervals. (shrink)

Clearly, not only implication, but also other logical connectives are crucial for the theory and the applications of particular logics. Hence, this chapter is devoted to the study of two groups of important connectives: lattice and residuated connectives.We start by exploring the logical and algebraic properties of these connectives. In the style of this book, we introduce them in terms of Hilbert-style rules which enforce the expected semantical behavior and study consequences of their presence in a logic.After that, we introduce (...) and study two minimal logics containing certain collections of these connectives: Lambek logic LL (the least weakly implicative logic where all the residuated connectives have the minimal intended behavior) and the logic SL (the least expansion of LL where also the lattice connectives have the minimal intended behavior and furthermore the truth constant 1 behaves as the unit). We axiomatize them by means of strongly separable Hilbert-style calculi and describe their classes of reduced models and show that they admit regular completions. These two logics also serve as bases for our study of substructural logics. Indeed, we define them as the class of weakly implicative logics expanding the implicative fragment of LL and then we build a hierarchy of substructural logics expanding SL, which contains the most prominent members of this family.The rest of the chapter is devoted to the study of deduction theorems in substructural logics, capitalizing on the presence of implication and residuated conjunction. We introduce a general notion of implicational deduction theorem and provide a characterization in terms of the existence of a presentation that only has one binary rule (modus ponens) and unary rules of a certain simple form. As interesting byproducts, for any logic enjoying such deduction theorem, we obtain a description of filter generation (in its reduced models) and a construction technique for a new form of generalized disjunction connective (given by a set of formulas) with the proof by cases property. (shrink)

The general kind of disjunctions enjoying the proof by cases property obtained for substructural logics in the previous chapter (given by a set of formulas instead of a single disjunction connective) motivates the abstract study of generalized disjunctions that we present in the fifth chapter.First, we introduce several forms of proof by cases property and corresponding generalized disjunctions, yielding a hierarchy of logics that we illustrate and separate with suitable examples. We continue by providing several (groups of) characterizations of generalized (...) disjunctions.The first characterization is based on the notion of special forms of a rule, which is obtained from the original rule by disjuncting its premises and conclusion with an arbitrary formula. This notion allows us to characterize logics with a strong p-disjunction as those closed under the formation of these forms of its rules. This characterization is then used to study the preservation of the proof by cases property in expansions and to prove its transfer to the general matrix semantics in terms of generated filters. The second group of characterizations is based on various generalized distributivity properties of the lattice of filters. The third characterization is based on prime filters, a generalization of the well-known notion for classical and intuitionistic logic and its relation to the intersection-prime filters. Finally, we use generalized disjunctions in order to: (1) obtain some axiomatizations of interesting extensions of a given logic, (2) introduce a symmetric notion of consequence relation with a disjunctive reading on the right-hand side, (3) improve some of the characterizations of completeness properties seen in Chapter 3, and, finally, (4) study completeness with respect to finite matrices and matrices with prime filters. (shrink)

This chapter is the real beginning of our story and hence it is devoted to presenting its main object of study: the class of weakly implicative logics.We start by introducing basic syntactical notions (variables, connectives, formulas, Hilbert-style proof systems, etc.) and giving a purely syntactical definition of logics as mathematical objects (namely, as structural consequence relations). After testing the definition with three extreme, mostly uninteresting examples, we immediately present some of the most important logics that one can find in the (...) literature and that will accompany the reader throughout the book: classical logic, intuitionisticlogic, Łukasiewicz logic (both its finitary and infinitary version), Gödel-Dummett logic, and the implicational logics known as BCI or BCK. We conclude the syntactical part of the chapter with a brief study of important metalogical properties of these logics such as (variants of) the deduction theorem and the proof by cases property; these properties are later, in Chapters 4 and 5, studied in a much more abstract setting.Next, we start introducing basic semantical notions. The fundamental one is that of a logical matrix, which is an arbitrary algebra equipped with a set of designated truth-values, called the filter of the matrix. Any logic can be assigned a class of logical matrices, whose members we call models of the logic, which can be shown to provide a complete semantics, albeit a very uninformative one with a very loose connection to the logic in question. In order to obtain a more meaningful semantics,we introduce the notion of Leibniz congruence of a given matrix, which allows us to define, for any given logic, a class of reduced models which provide a more refined complete semantics and are more tightly related to the logic in question.Finally, we give a purely syntactical definition of the class of weakly implicative logics and show that these are exactly the logics where the Leibniz congruence admits a simple description using the implication connective. This connective can also be used to define another fundamental notion of the book: the matrix order in the reduced models of weakly implicative logics. The chapter is concluded by introducing and exploring the class algebraically implicative logics, in which one can disregard logical matrices and work just with algebras instead. (shrink)

This paper presents a short reflection of the life and work of Vítězslav Gardavský, who was one of the most important representatives of the Czech marxistic version of dialogical philosophy in the second Half of the 20th Century.

This chapter presents the foundations of the theory of logical matrices with a special focus on the question of which classes of matrices provide a complete semantics for a given logic. We identify three kinds of completeness based on how we restrict the cardinality of the sets of premises: we distinguish strong completeness, where there is no restriction, finite strong completeness, where we restrict ourselves to finite sets of premises, and weak completeness, where we disregard premises altogether and speak about (...) theorems and tautologies only. Throughout the chapter we introduce increasingly complex model-theoretic constructions on (classes of) matrices and use them to characterize not only the completeness properties but also other important notions. We start by introducing submatrices, homomorphisms and direct products of matrices. We use these tools to improve our understanding of the Leibniz congruence and obtain an important semantical characterization of the notion of conservative expansions and of the class of algebraically implicative logics. Our next tools are the subdirect products and subdirectly irreducible matrices. We show that each finitary logic is strongly complete with respect to such matrices, in particular recovering the completeness of classical logic with respect to the two-element Boolean algebra. Finally, the most complex construction we use are the filtered products, in particular countably-filtered products and ultraproducts, whichwe use to give a purely semantical characterization of finitary logics and completeness properties. (shrink)

The present paper focuses on the development of Czech philosophical thought during the period of the First Republic. It is a time of remarkable diversity in this important part of spiritual culture. Many modern philosophical trends also developed during this time. Here we also encounter a change in the institutional security of theoretical and educational work (the creation of new universities, the publication of journals and monographs, and the organization of a world philosophical congress). This development had a discursive character. (...) The question of the social involvement of philosophy in new political conditions was raised. This concerns one aspect of the discourse on the role of theoretical thought (philosophy, ethics, science) in the development of a program of real humanity within the framework of a democratic society. The so-called “struggle for the freedom of Czech philosophy” represented an intergenerational conflict, reflecting the broader issue of interpreting Czech history and its meaning. This article thus attempts to provide a brief perspective on intellectual diversity as the outcome of this discourse. It illustrates, through a specific historical period, the view that, in Czech philosophy and ethics, many thinkers and ideas can be found which are so original that they may serve as a remarkable source of inspiration even for the present day. (shrink)

This chapter gives the main motivations of the book and some historical perspective.

Even though our primal concern is strictly philosophical, this article has also relevance for psychiatry and psychotherapy, as it is focused on the application of Heidegger’s existential analysis in the area of mental disorders. After a critical examination of the works of Ludwig Binswanger, Medard Boss and Alice Holzhey-Kunz who based their psychiatric and psychotherapeutic conceptions on the ontological fundament laid by Heidegger’s existential analysis, we try to uncover new thematic possibilities relevant to psychopathological phenomena in the ontological frame of (...) the existential analysis. This brings us to the notion of the third mode of temporality that differs both from the temporality of the authentic existence and from the temporality of the inauthentic existence. Finally, we come to the possibility of the temporal disintegration of Dasein, in which we find the very core of the psychopathological phenomena. The phenomenon of temporal disintegration of Da-sein, however, shows the whole ontological structure of Dasein in a new light which is why it brings us to a fundamental revision of Heidegger’s existential analytics. (shrink)

Even though our primal concern is strictly philosophical, this article has also relevance for psychiatry and psychotherapy, as it is focused on the application of Heidegger’s existential analysis in the area of mental disorders. After a critical examination of the works of Ludwig Binswanger, Medard Boss and Alice Holzhey-Kunz who based their psychiatric and psychotherapeutic conceptions on the ontological fundament laid by Heidegger’s existential analysis, we try to uncover new thematic possibilities relevant to psychopathological phenomena in the ontological frame of (...) the existential analysis. This brings us to the notion of the third mode of temporality that differs both from the temporality of the authentic existence and from the temporality of the inauthentic existence. Finally, we come to the possibility of the temporal disintegration of Dasein, in which we find the very core of the psychopathological phenomena. The phenomenon of temporal disintegration of Da-sein, however, shows the whole ontological structure of Dasein in a new light which is why it brings us to a fundamental revision of Heidegger’s existential analytics. (shrink)

Can one extend crisp Peano arithmetic PA by a possibly many-valued predicate Tr(x) saying "x is true" and satisfying the "dequotation schema" $\varphi \equiv \text{Tr}(\bar{\varphi})$ for all sentences φ? This problem is investigated in the frame of Lukasiewicz infinitely valued logic.

Petr Kot'átko; XI*—Two Notions of Utterance Meaning, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Volume 98, Issue 1, 1 June 1998, Pages 225–240, https://doi.org/10.

The starting point of this work is the gap between two distinct traditions in information engineering: knowledge representation and data - driven modelling. The first tradition emphasizes logic as a tool for representing beliefs held by an agent. The second tradition claims that the main source of knowledge is made of observed data, and generally does not use logic as a modelling tool. However, the emergence of fuzzy logic has blurred the boundaries between these two traditions by putting forward fuzzy (...) rules as a Janus-faced tool that may represent knowledge, as well as approximate non-linear functions representing data. This paper lays bare logical foundations of data - driven reasoning whereby a set of formulas is understood as a set of observed facts rather than a set of beliefs. Several representation frameworks are considered from this point of view: classical logic, possibility theory, belief functions, epistemic logic, fuzzy rule-based systems. Mamdani's fuzzy rules are recovered as belonging to the data - driven view. In possibility theory a third set-function, different from possibility and necessity plays a key role in the data - driven view, and corresponds to a particular modality in epistemic logic. A bi-modal logic system is presented which handles both beliefs and observations, and for which a completeness theorem is given. Lastly, our results may shed new light in deontic logic and allow for a distinction between explicit and implicit permission that standard deontic modal logics do not often emphasize. (shrink)

Fuzzy logic is understood as a logic with a comparative and truth-functional notion of truth. Arithmetical complexity of sets of tautologies and satisfiable sentences as well of sets of provable formulas of the most important systems of fuzzy predicate logic is determined or at least estimated.

A very simple many-valued predicate calculus is presented; a completeness theorem is proved and the arithmetical complexity of some notions concerning provability is determined.

An important task for every major philosopher is to offer us an understanding of the nature of mind. The essays in this volume discuss different aspects of the philosophical theories of mind put forward in the century and a half that followed Descartes' Meditations of 1641. These years, often referred to as the 'early-modern' period, are probably unparalleled for originality and diversity in conceiving the mind. The volume not only includes two essays on Descartes' own thinking, but there are also (...) examinations of what Spinoza, Malebranche, Locke, Berkeley, Reid, the Cambridge Platonists, and others, have to say about the nature of mind. The aim of the volume is to represent some of the best contemporary research and reflection on mind in early-modern philosophy. The contributors, who teach at a range of universities in mainland Europe, Great Britain and North America, are Margaret Atherton, Miran BozoviÄ, Petr GlombìÄek, Boris Hennig, James Hill, Nicholas Jolley, Jan Palkoska, G. A. J. Rogers, and Anthony Savile. All the essays appear here for the first time. (shrink)

We construct a faithful interpretation of ukasiewicz's logic in product logic (both propositional and predicate). Using known facts it follows that the product predicate logic is not recursively axiomatizable.We prove a completeness theorem for product logic extended by a unary connective of Baaz [1]. We show that Gödel's logic is a sublogic of this extended product logic.

Each closed (i.e. variable free) formula of interpretability logic is equivalent in ILF to a closed formula of the provability logic G, thus to a Boolean combination of formulas of the form n.

Two variants of monadic fuzzy predicate logic are analyzed and compared with the full fuzzy predicate logic with respect to finite model property (properties) and arithmetical complexity of sets of tautologies, satisfiable formulas and of analogous notion restricted to finite models.

An arithmetical interpretation of dynamic propositional logic (DPL) is a mapping f satisfying the following: (1) f associates with each formula A of DPL a sentence f(A) of Peano arithmetic (PA) and with each program α a formula f(α) of PA with one free variable describing formally a supertheory of PA; (2) f commutes with logical connectives; (3) f([α] A) is the sentence saying that f(A) is provable in the theory f(α); (4) for each axiom A of DPL, f(A) is (...) provable in PA (and consequently, for each A provable in DPL, f(A) is provable in PA). The arithmetical completeness theorem is proved saying that a formula A of DPL is provable in DPL iff for each arithmetical interpretation f, f(A) is provable in PA. Various modifications of this result are considered. (shrink)

When discussing the morality of gonad transplantation for procreative purposes, it can be tempting to examine the act solely qua reproductive technology. This paper, instead, compares the gonad to the kidney and evaluates the act qua organ transplantation. First, the author expounds a hierarchy of organs in relation to personal identity. Next, after considering an organ’s subjective effect on identity, the author elucidates an organ’s objective effect by ranking the powers of the soul and the goods of the human person. (...) The hierarchy of organs shows the gonad to be among the highest organs and most perfective of the human person. Because of the gonad’s highly personal nature, it cannot licitly be directed to another’s good. (shrink)