Was soll die Integrative Bioethik integrieren, das nicht bereits integriert ist? Zwei Quellen des bioethischen Denkens, die vielfach als Gegensatz gesehen werden: die Normativität des Lebens selbst und den Selbstbestimmungsanspruch von Subjekten. In journalistischen Berichten über Schwangerschaft und Geburt identifiziert der Artikel das Aufeinandertreffen von Autonomieansprüchen und Limitationen der Willensverwirklichung. Deren erste liegt darin, dass für das Selbst der Andere die Ermöglichung der Freiheit ist, die allein keiner verwirklichen kann. In den lebensweltlich-kulturellen Zeugnissen wird das nicht explizit, da (...) sie einer verbreiteten Vorstellung von individueller Selbstbestimmung folgen. Indem sie von prekärer Selbstverwirklichung berichten, zeigt aber gerade das, was nicht ausgesagt wird, die „Lücke“ in der Selbstbesinnung, welche Bedingung die Möglichkeit der Freiheit hat. (shrink)

Der Beitrag stellt die Integrative Bioethik als ein Forschungsprogramm vor, das sowohl seiner bisherigen Geschichte wie seinen systematischen Besonderheiten nach entfaltet wird. Die Integrative Bioethik stellt insgesamt eine Reaktion auf Defekte der „MainstreamBioethik“ dar, die sie auf methodologischer, aber auch inhaltlicher Ebene zu beheben antritt. Sodann wird aufgezeigt, wie sich die Integrative Bioethik zu bestimmten anderen philosophischen Konzeptionen des „integrativen Denkens“ verhält und worin sie sich von anderen Versionen der Bioethik exemplarisch unterscheidet: die (...) Integrative Bioethik ersetzt das Modell der „Angewandten Ethik“ durch einen holistischen Zugang zu den jeweiligen Fragestellungen; sie sucht die Verankerung in der realen Lebenswelt; sie kennt keinen abstrakt-normativen Diskurs, sondern betreibt eine kulturphilosophisch reflektierte Kontextualisierung; sie fragt nach der Präsenz der entscheidenden normativen Instanzen in ihrem Gegenstand. (shrink)

Der Beitrag lotet die Grenzen zwischen der Pflicht zu heilen, die die Medizinethik seit Hippokrates leitet und den mit der modernen Technik verbundenen Möglichkeiten zur Verbesserung der menschlichen Grundkonstitution durch Gentechnologie, Neuroenhancement und Implantate aus. Um eine Integrative Bioethik zu entwickeln, die der Dynamik des medizintechnischen Fortschritts gerecht wird, genügen freilich weder der Hippokratische Eid noch die von Beauchamp und Childress formulierten vier Prinzipien. Ergänzt werden müssen beide durch die Synthese der Schwerpunkte, die die fünf dominanten Ethiken entwickelt (...) haben: die prinzipiengeleitete Form der Ethik, der Utilitarismus, die Verantwortungs- und Care- sowie die Tugendethik. Da Menschen als Lebewesen offene Systeme sind, muss ihr Weltbezug in seiner ganzen Komplexität berücksichtigt werden: die Sorge um die Natur ebenso wie die für andere Personen, müssen Werte, die in konkreten Situationen konfligieren priorisiert werden und Folgen genauso abgeschätzt werden wie Verantwortung übernommen und Haltungen eingeübt werden. Obwohl der Einsatz moderner Technologien auch in Zukunft zu einer Steigerung von Gesundheits- und Lebensspanne führen wird, bleibt der Tod nach wie vor unausweichlich. Den Umgang mit dieser letzten Lebensphase zu thematisieren gehört daher auch zu den Aufgaben einer Integrativen Bioethik. Dabei ist die Frage nach dem Wert des Lebens untrennbar verbunden mit der nach dem Wert des Bewusstseins: Ist Leben ohne jede Form der Bewusstheit noch lebenswert? (shrink)

Das Jahr 2024 markiert das „20-jährige Jubiläum der Integrativen Bioethik“, denn die internationale Konferenz Bioethik in Süd- und Südosteuropa. Chancen einer integrativen ethischen Reflexion vor dem Hintergrund intrakultureller Differenzen in Europa gilt zu Recht als Geburtsort der Integrativen Bioethik. Diese Konferenz fand vom 1. bis 3. September 2004 in Dubrovnik statt und war ein Ergebnis der Zusammenarbeit zweier wissenschaftlicher Projekte – „Nutzenkultur vs. Normenkultur: Zu den intrakulturellen Differenzen in der westlichen Bioethik“ (Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Projektleiter: Walter Schweidler, (...) wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter: Thomas Sören Hoffmann) und „Bioethik und Philosophie (Universität Zagreb, Projektleiter: Ante Čović). Die Idee einer Integrativen Bioethik kam jedoch nicht „aus dem Nichts“, sondern entstand aus früheren Bewegungen, vor allem in Kroatien. Hervorzuheben ist hier das umfassende, langlebige und einflussreiche publizistische, wissenschaftliche und kulturelle Projekt „Filozofska istraživanja“ [Philosophische Untersuchungen], in dessen Rahmen der Begriff des integrativen Denkens seit Anfang der 1980er Jahre artikuliert wurde und noch immer weiterentwickelt wird, wie auch die Anfänge und die beschleunigte Entwicklung der bioethischen Debatte in Kroatien in den späten 1990er und frühen 2000er Jahren. Daher stellt dieser Beitrag die Entstehung und Entwicklung des Begriffes der Integrativen Bioethik dar und berücksichtigt dabei sowohl die expliziten als auch die impliziten Dimensionen seiner Geschichte, was auch die „Entschlüsselung“ bisher unbekannter oder nicht erkannter Momente dieser Geschichte impliziert. Gestützt auf veröffentlichte Publikationen und bislang unveröffentlichte Dokumente gliedert der Autor seine Darstellung in drei Etappen: (1) die Urgeschichte des Begriffes der Integrativen Bioethik – das Prinzip der Integrativität; (2) die Vorgeschichte des Begriffes der Integrativen Bioethik – Integrative Bioethik als Hintergrundbegriff; und (3) die Geschichte des Begriffes der Integrativen Bioethik – Integrative Bioethik als Leitbegriff. (shrink)

Am 11. Dezember 2024 fand in Freiburg eine internationale wissenschaftliche Tagung anlässlich 20 Jahre Integrative Bioethik unter dem Titel Herausforderungen und Potentiale einer Integrativen Bioethik statt, welche durch Regine Kather von der Albert-LudwigsUniversität in Freiburg und Marcus Knaup von der FernUniversität in Hagen und der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität in Freiburg organisiert wurde. Im Rahmen der Tagung wurden acht Vorträge gehalten, die durch acht anregende Diskussionen ergänzt wurden.

Die Integrative Bioethik ist eine dreifache Herausforderung. (1) Als Ethik thematisiert sie die in der gelebten Sittlichkeit bereits wirksamen Prinzipien, Kriterien und Normen sittlichen Handelns. Als Vollzugsform der praktischen Vernunft in fundamentalphilosophischer Absicht lenkt sie das Augenmerk auf den Anspruchscharakter von Sein und unterläuft damit Antithesen wie die von Sein/Sollen, Natur/Vernunft bzw. Freiheit, Deskription/Präskription. (2) Sie ist keine „Angewandte Ethik“. Als Ethik des Bios unterstreicht sie die seinsmäßige Rückbezüglichkeit des Lebens und bewahrt es vor einer systemtheoretischen Reduzierung. Indem (...) sie die Genesis des Gegensatzes von Natur und Vernunft aufdeckt, kann sie dem Phänomen des Lebens wieder dem ihm gebührenden ontologischen Rang zuweisen. (3) Als Integrative Bioethik stellt sie eine kommunikative Einheit dar. Indem sie die vielfältigen Perspektiven als Perspektiven sichtbar macht, kann sie partielle Erkenntnisse wieder in den lebenspraktischen Erfahrungsbereich re-integrieren, von dessen methodischer Ausklammerung diese Erkenntnisse leben. Schließlich besteht Integration nicht in bloßer Multidisziplinarität, sondern in Inter- bzw. Transdisziplinarität. Integrieren heißt nicht, perspektivisch gewonnenene Ergebnisse zu einem Metakonstrukt zusammenfügen, sondern deren Perspektivität reflektieren und also das in jeder Perspektive mitgegebene Ganze thematisieren. (shrink)

Integrative Bioethik spiegelt zum einen die dominierende Engführung von Bioethik auf Biomedizinethik, zum anderen die Tatsache, dass nicht allein menschliches Leben von wissenschaftlich-technischen Entwicklungen betroffen ist. Der dynamische Zuwachs differenter Praxisfelder drängt zu systematischen Vermittlungen und zugleich über ihre Bestimmung als bloße Bereichsethik hinaus. Bioethik indiziert die Erosion einer ehemals naturteleologisch orientierenden Ethik durch die modernen experimentellen Naturwissenschaften. Eine „neue Ethik“ für das technologische Zeitalter hat somit zu klären, wer oder was nach welchen empirischen oder ethischen (...) Maßstäben exkludiert, inkludiert oder integriert werden soll. In Reibung an einer exklusionistischen Medizinethik und einer inklusionistischen Tierrechtsethik wird gezeigt, dass es dazu der ethisch-reflexiven Konzeption moralischer Subjektivität bedarf, die sich im nicht-empirischen Horizont universaler Menschenwürde und unveräußerlicher Menschenrechte als verantwortungsfähig begreift. (shrink)

Ivan Illich verbindet mit dem Projekt der Integrativen Bioethik nicht nur biografische Umstände, vielmehr dient auch sein Denken als inhaltliche Orientierungshilfe. Sowohl Illichs Methode als auch seine ethischen Grundsätze, die sich insbesondere auf das Gute, Proportionalität, Freundschaft und Freiheit stützen, erfüllen die Ansprüche einer Integrativen Bioethik. Durch den Fokus auf destruktive Entwicklungen moderner Industriegesellschaft kommen einige seiner Schriften auch direkt in Berührung mit bioethischen Problemen. Illich bleibt aber nicht bei bloßer Kritik stehen, sondern stellt den Entwicklungen eine konviviale (...) Lebensweise entgegen, in der Technik und Institutionen danach ausgerichtet werden, schöpferisches Tun zu fördern. Ein solch menschliches Zusammenleben ist bestimmt durch persönliche Freiheit und Lebendigkeit. (shrink)

Der Beitrag untersucht die Anwendung des Begriffs der Integration im Rahmen der Ethik und der Bioethik. Er fragt, was es heißt, wenn Moral als integrierend verstanden wird und ob Ethik als normativ orientierte Moralreflexion integrierend sein kann. Als Beispiel für die Integration verschiedener ethischer Ansätze im Rahmen der Ethik und der Bioethik wird Paul Ricœurs Spätwerk vorgestellt. Eine gerade für die Problemfelder der Bioethik angemessene Ethik verlangt nach diesem Ansatz eine sinnvolle Zuordnung aristotelischer und kantischer Theorieelemente. Ricœur (...) gibt dabei auch Hinweise für die Erklärung von moralischem Dissens und für den moralisch angemessenen Umgang mit diesem Dissens. (shrink)

Ausgehend von der Unterscheidung zwischen Historie und Geschichte, bestimmt der Verfasser in seiner Arbeit die Historie als den sich ereigneten Teil der Geschichte (res gestae), während Geschichte selbst einen umfänglicheren Begriff darstellt, der in der Zukunftsdimension den sich noch nicht ereigneten, idealen, utopischen Teil geschichtlichen Geschehens einschließt. Einheiten innerhalb von sich ereigneter Geschichte wie auch die gegenwärtige, nach vornehin offene Einheit geschichtlichen Geschehens bezeichnet der Verfasser als Epochen. An die These anknüpfend, dass Geschichte durch Wissen konstituiert werde, führt er als (...) Kriterium zur Unterscheidung geschichtlicher Epochen den dominanten Wissenstyp an, welcher eine Epoche jeweils konstituiert. Die neuzeitliche Wissenschaft als besondere Wissenschaftsform stellt den dominanten Wissenstyp dar, auf dem die Neuzeit als geschichtliche Epoche begründet ist. Hervorgegangen ist sie aus einer großen Erneuerung (instauratio magna) der alten Wissenschaft. Diese Erneuerung inaugurierten Francis Bacon und René Descartes, die als allgemeines ethisches Ziel der Wissenschaft den Nutzen des Menschengeschlechts postulierten, was der Verfasser als „generischen Utilitarismus“ bezeichnet. Auf der Grundlage eines solchermaßen gesetzten ethischen Zieles wird als strategisches Ziel neuzeitlicher Wissenschaft die Naturbeherrschung zum Nutzen des Menschen bestimmt. Die Geschichte der Neuzeit erfolgte im Grunde als die allmähliche Loslösung des strategischen Zieles der neuzeitlichen Wissenschaft von ihrem ethischen Postament, bis Ziel und Postament sich schließlich an völlig gegensätzlichen Positionen wiederfanden. Konkret bedeutet das, dass sich die Kategorie des generischen Nutzens allmählich zur Kategorie generischer Gefahr wandelte bis hin zu dem Punkt, an dem diese Gefahr offensichtlich und total in Erscheinung trat. Dieser Punkt bedeutete zugleich den Kollaps des Modells wissenschaftlich-technischen Fortschritts und somit das Ende der Neuzeit als geschichtlicher Epoche. Der Autor untersucht ferner die Zeitenwende, an der die Neuzeit endet und eine neue Epoche beginnt. Er definiert sowohl den zeitlichen Rahmen wie auch den „locus der epochalen Veränderung“ und bestimmt somit die ausschlaggebenden wissenschaftlichen Errungenschaften, welche die epochale Veränderung determinieren. Mit diesen Errungenschaften hat die Menschheit, statt des angekündigten Nutzens, die reale Möglichkeit ihrer totalen Selbstauslöschung bekommen. Diese neue Situation, in der sich die Menschheit wiedergefunden hat, offenbart sich in der Begriffstriade Gefahr – Zukunft – Verantwortung, welche die kategoriale Grundlage in den Werken von Hans Jonas und Van Rensselaer Potter darstellt. Nach einer Analyse dieser Begriffstriade im abschließenden Teil dieser Arbeit postuliert der Verfasser als die geistige Aufgabe der Zeit, eine „dritte Wissenschaft“ zu erschaffen, welche als dominanter Wissenstyp, in Synergie mit bioethischer Sensibilität, das Einsetzen einer neuen geschichtlichen Epoche ermöglichen soll, die der Autor als bioethische Epoche bezeichnet. (shrink)

The concept of Integrative Bioethics is the idea of an equal discussion between different ethical concepts from different backgrounds. This concept is not only suitable for the specific situation in Southeast Europe. It can also be a basis to affect the ethical discourse in other parts of the world, either with a homogeneous historical background or within a very diverse ethical setting. With this essay I will try to point out the possibilities for the discussion of ethical problems in (...) other parts of the world if the core idea of Integrative Bioethics is added to bioethical discussions. It seems to be a chance to find a way to deal with the differences between traditional and modern concepts of ethics. Der Entwurf der integrativen Bioethik steht für die Idee einer gleichgestellten Auseinandersetzung zwischen verschiedenerlei ethischen Konzepten aus differenten Hintergründen. Dieses Schema ist nicht lediglich am außerordentlichen Beispiel des Südosteuropas verwendungsfähig. Es könnte gleichermaßen als Basis zur Einflussnahme auf den ethischen Diskurs in den restlichen Regionen der Welt fungieren, entweder jenen mit einem homogenen historischen Hintergrund oder denjenigen mit einer mannigfaltigen ethischen Färbung. Innerhalb dieses Essays wage ich den Versuch, auf die Möglichkeiten zur Debatte über ethische Angelegenheiten in anderen Teilen der Welt zu verweisen, sollte die Kernidee der integrativen Bioethik den bioethischen Erörterungen hinzugefügt werden. Sie nimmt sich aus als die Chance, einen Weg ausfindig zu machen, die Differenzen zwischen den traditionellen und zeitgenössischen Konzepten der Bioethik in Angriff zu nehmen. (shrink)

When is it ethically permissible for clinicians to surgically intervene into the genitals of a legal minor? We distinguish between voluntary and nonvoluntary procedures and focus on nonvoluntary procedures, specifically in prepubescent minors (“children”). We do not address procedures in adolescence or adulthood. With respect to children categorized as female at birth who have no apparent differences of sex development (i.e., non-intersex or “endosex” females) there is a near-universal ethical consensus in the Global North. This consensus holds that clinicians may (...) not perform any nonvoluntary genital cutting or surgery, from “cosmetic” labiaplasty to medicalized ritual “pricking” of the vulva, insofar as the procedure is not strictly necessary to protect the child’s physical health. All other motivations, including possible psychosocial, cultural, subjective-aesthetic, or prophylactic benefits as judged by doctors or parents, are seen as categorically inappropriate grounds for a clinician to proceed with a nonvoluntary genital procedure in this population. We argue that the main ethical reasons capable of supporting this consensus turn not on empirically contestable benefit–risk calculations, but on a fundamental concern to respect the child’s privacy, bodily integrity, developing sexual boundaries, and (future) genital autonomy. We show that these ethical reasons are sound. However, as we argue, they do not only apply to endosex female children, but rather to all children regardless of sex characteristics, including those with intersex traits and endosex males. We conclude, therefore, that as a matter of justice, inclusivity, and gender equality in medical-ethical policy (we do not take a position as to criminal law), clinicians should not be permitted to perform any nonvoluntary genital cutting or surgery in prepubescent minors, irrespective of the latter’s sex traits or gender assignment, unless urgently necessary to protect their physical health. By contrast, we suggest that voluntary surgeries in older individuals might, under certain conditions, permissibly be performed for a wider range of reasons, including reasons of self-identity or psychosocial well-being, in keeping with the circumstances, values, and explicit needs and preferences of the persons so concerned. Note: Because our position is tied to clinicians’ widely accepted role-specific duties as medical practitioners within regulated healthcare systems, we do not consider genital procedures performed outside of a healthcare context (e.g., for religious reasons) or by persons other than licensed healthcare providers working in their professional capacity. (shrink)

En el presente artículo se busca exponer sintéticamente el meta-modelo de la Psicología integral de la persona. A partir de seis preguntas fundamentales se intenta mostrar sus principales planteamientos: (1) qué es la Psicología clínica, (2) qué es la salud psíquica, (3) qué es el desorden psíquico, (4) en qué consiste el diagnóstico clínico, (5) en qué consiste el proceso de sanar psíquicamente y (6) cuál es el rol del terapeuta.

What are the ethics of child genital cutting? In a recent issue of the journal, Duivenbode and Padela (2019) called for a renewed discussion of this question. Noting that modern health care systems...

The book addresses the growing interconnectedness between philosophical counseling and traditional psychotherapy. It explores the organic links between core philosophical concepts and theories, and the corresponding problems and theories in psychotherapy. Aleksandar Fatic focuses on the use of modal logic as a foundation for psychotherapy within the proposed Modal Integrative Psychotherapy model. The book functions both as a research work and a manual for the development and application of integrative psychotherapy, viewed through the lens of philosophical counseling and (...) the exploration of the logical underpinnings of psychotherapy as its conceptual foundation. (shrink)

Morality and economic rationality: integrative economic ethics as the rational ethics of economic activity; Part II. Reflections on the Foundations of Economic ...

We introduce a new type of pluralism about biological function that, in contrast to existing, demonstrates a practical integration among the term’s different meanings. In particular, we show how to generalize Sandra Mitchell’s notion of integrative pluralism to circumstances where multiple epistemic tools of the same type are jointly necessary to solve scientific problems. We argue that the multiple definitions of biological function operate jointly in this way based on how biologists explain the evolution of protein function. To clarify (...) how our account relates to existing views, we introduce a general typology for monist and pluralist accounts along with standardized criteria for judging which is best supported by evidence. (shrink)

Integrative systems biology is among the most innovative fields of contemporary science, bringing together scientists from a range of diverse backgrounds and disciplines to tackle biological complexity through computational and mathematical modeling. The result is a plethora of problem-solving techniques, theoretical perspectives, lab-structures and organizations, and identity labels that have made it difficult for commentators to pin down precisely what systems biology is, philosophically or sociologically. In this paper, through the ethnographic investigation of two ISB laboratories, we explore the (...) particular structural features of ISB thinking and organization and its relations to other disciplines that necessitate cognitive innovation at all levels from lab PI’s to individual researchers. We find that systems biologists face numerous constraints that make the production of models far from straight-forward, while at the same time they inhabit largely unstructured task environments in comparison to other fields. We refer to these environments as adaptive problem spaces. These environments they handle by relying substantially on the flexibility and affordances of model-based reasoning to integrate these various constraints and find novel adaptive solutions. Ultimately what is driving this innovation is a determination to construct new cognitive niches in the form of functional model building frameworks that integrate systems biology within the biological sciences. The result is an industry of diverse and different innovative practices and solutions to the problem of modeling complex, large-scale biological systems. (shrink)

Managing ethical behavior is a one of the most pervasive and complex problems facing business organizations today. Employees' decisions to behave ethically or unethically are influenced by a myriad of individual and situational factors. Background, personality, decision history, managerial philosophy, and reinforcement are but a few of the factors which have been identified by researchers as determinants of employees' behavior when faced with ethical dilemmas. The literature related to ethical behavior is reviewed in this article, and a model for understanding (...) ethical behavior in business organizations is proposed. It is concluded that managing ethics in business organizations requires that managers engage in a concentrated effort which involves espousing ethics, behaving ethically, developing screening mechanisms, providing ethical training, creating ethics units and reinforcing ethical behavior. (shrink)

This paper presents an integrative, descriptive model of ethical decision making, with special attention given to issues of measurement. After building the model, hypotheses are developed from a portion of it. These hypotheses are tested in an exploratory analysis to determine if further research and testing of this model and the measurement instruments it employs are warranted.

Abstract“Integrative Social Robotics” (ISR) is a new approach or general method for generating social robotics applications in a responsible and “culturally sustainable” fashion. Currently social robotics is caught in a basic difficulty we call the “triple gridlock of description, evaluation, and regulation”. We briefly recapitulate this problem and then present the core ideas of ISR in the form of five principles that should guide the development of applications in social robotics. Characteristic of ISR is to intertwine a mixed method (...) approach (i.e., conducting experimental, quantitative, qualitative, and phenomenological research for the same envisaged application) with conceptual and axiological analysis as required in professional studies in applied ethics; moreover, ISR is value-drivenand abides by the “Non-Replacement Principle”:Social robots may only do what humans should but cannot do. We briefly compare ISR to other value-sensitive or value-directed design models, with a view to the task of overcoming the triple gridlock. Finally, working from an advanced classification of pluridiscplinary research, we argue that ISR establishes a research format that can turn social robotics into a new transdiscipline. (shrink)

Humans can recollect past events in details (recollection) and/or know that an object, person, or place has been encountered before (familiarity). During the last two decades, there has been intense debate about how recollection and familiarity are organized in the brain. Here, we propose an integrative memory model which describes the distributed and interactive neurocognitive architecture of representations and operations underlying recollection and familiarity. In this architecture, the subjective experience of recollection and familiarity arises from the interaction between core (...) systems (storing particular kinds of representations shaped by specific computational mechanisms) and an attribution system. By integrating principles from current theoretical views about memory functioning, we provide a testable framework to refine the prediction of deficient versus preserved mechanisms in memory-impaired populations. The case of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is considered as an example because it entails progressive lesions starting with limited damage to core systems before invading step-by-step most parts of the model-related network. We suggest a chronological scheme of cognitive impairments along the course of AD, where the inaugurating deficit would relate early neurodegeneration of the perirhinal/anterolateral entorhinal cortex to impaired familiarity for items that need to be discriminated as viewpoint-invariant conjunctive entities. The integrative memory model can guide future neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies aiming to understand how such a network allows humans to remember past events, to project into the future, and possibly also to share experiences. (shrink)

There are numerous approaches to psychotherapy with distinct underlying theories. Yet, it is unlikely that any of these is conclusive because they broadly yield similar therapeutic effects. A different approach attempts to derive the common factors from the specific treatments and proposes that these common factors primarily promote therapeutic effects. But although generally promising, these common factors have not been integrated into a more fundamental explanatory framework that also considers the effectiveness of specific factors. Therefore, an integrative model of (...) psychotherapeutic interventions is still missing. The aim of this paper is to help fill that gap by applying the theory of predictive processing to interventions from various psychotherapeutic approaches, including cognitive behavioural therapy, client-centred therapy, and psychoanalysis. The analysis results in the predictive processing model of psychotherapeutic interventions (3PI model for short). The new model reveals that psychotherapy comprises two main functions: to provide a safe and positive environment to which the patient can adapt, and to facilitate the process of updating a dysfunctional generative model. Further, it shows that common factors primarily promote the first function, while specific factors mainly support the second function, offering a new perspective to the debate on common and the specific factors. (shrink)

What causes adolescents to develop consumer’ ethical beliefs? Prior research has largely focused on the negative influence of peers and negative patterns of parent–child interactions to explain risky and unethical consumer behaviors. We take a different perspective by focusing on the positive support of parents and peers in adolescent social development. An integrative model is developed that links parental and peer support with adolescents’ self-worth motives, their materialistic tendencies, and their consumer ethical beliefs. In a study of 984 adolescents, (...) we demonstrate support for a sequential mediation model in which peer and parental support is positively related to adolescents’ self-esteem and feelings of power, which are each associated with decreased materialism as a means of compensating for low self-worth. This reduced materialism is, in turn, associated with more ethical consumer beliefs. (shrink)

The relation between first and higher order mental states is currently unknown. In particular, the relation between conscious experience and introspection is difficult as the same methods are used to investigate them. In order to make progress in the scientific understanding of consciousness, introspection or both, it is fundamental to understand whether their relation is serial or reciprocal. Although the amount of empirical evidence directly addressing this question is sparse, the little that exists suggests a more complex situation that must (...) be taken into account in order to characterise the relationship between first and higher order mental states. We propose a testable integrative model in an attempt to explain the existing data and to make new empirical predictions. (shrink)

During the past ten years Integrative Social Contracts Theory (ISCT) has become part of the repertoire of specialized decision-oriented theories in the business ethics literature. The intention here is to (1)␣provide a brief overview of the structure and strengths of ISCT; (2) identify recurring themes in the extensive commentary on the theory including brief mention of how ISCT has been applied outside the business ethics literature; (3) describe where research appears to be headed; and (4) specify challenges faced by (...) those who seek to reform ISCT. Key themes in the critiquing literature relate to (a) the identification process for hypernorms; (b) justification of the recognition of hypernorms; (c) proposals for considering meso or meta norms; (d)␣clarification of the relationship between stakeholder concepts and ISCT; (e) problems with potentially unoccupied moral free space; (f) sources of ethical obligation within the ISCT framework; and (g) the potential role for concepts of stakeholder dialogue and engagement. (shrink)

The idea of agency has long been used in the nursing literature in the study of nurses' roles regarding the patients they take care of, but it has not often been used to study its relationship with nurses themselves and their status in the healthcare system. The purpose of this article is to analyze how the idea of agency is used in nursing research to better understand how we might advance our thinking around nurses' agency to shape nursing and healthcare (...) with an emancipatory intent. Based on the results of a literature review focused on the study of conceptions, treatments, and applications of the concept of agency in nursing, we present a critical discussion to reflect on the need to consistently define the idea of nurses' agency, to guide research concerned with this topic in theoretical frameworks with emancipatory and social change tenets, and to make a call to develop the idea of agency as a central one to rework nurses' relationship with themselves. The idea of agency provides a valuable analytical framework for the study of a wide range of issues around nurses' status in healthcare organizations and in the healthcare system while offering a means for nurses' emancipation. (shrink)

The prefrontal cortex has long been suspected to play an important role in cognitive control, in the ability to orchestrate thought and action in accordance with internal goals. Its neural basis, however, has remained a mystery. Here, we propose that cognitive control stems from the active maintenance of patterns of activity in the prefrontal cortex that represent goals and the means to achieve them. They provide bias signals to other brain structures whose net effect is to guide the flow of (...) activity along neural pathways that establish the proper mappings between inputs, internal states, and outputs needed to perform a given task. We review neurophysiological, neurobiological, neuroimaging, and computational studies that support this theory and discuss its implications as well as further issues to be addressed. (shrink)

Prior research on sustainability in business often assumes that decisions on social and environmental investments are made for instrumental reasons, which points to causal relationships between corporate financial performance and corporate social and environmental commitment. In other words, social or environmental commitment should predict higher financial performance. The theoretical premise of sustainability, however, is based on a systems perspective, which implies a tighter integration between corporate financial performance and corporate commitment to social and environmental issues. In this paper, we describe (...) the important theoretical differences between an instrumental and integrative logic in managing business sustainability. We test the presence of each logic using data from 738 firms over 13 years and find evidence of integrative logic applied in business. (shrink)

I argue for a transformative revival or actualization of the very core of an integrative, methodologically secured form of intellect‑mystical asceticism. This approach draws on traditional sources that are re‑examined from a systematic—synthetic and transcultural—philosophical perspective and in light of the multi‑civilizational global environment of the 21st century. The main traditional points of reference in this paper are provided by Nicolaus de Cusa and Ibn Sīnā, and I refer toa few others, such as Attar of Nishapur, in passing. I (...) begin by developing a basic concept of intellect‑mystical asceticism. It is distinguished from mystification, science, scientism, and modes of everyday communication and cognition. Then, I make the case for an updated, transcultural approach to intellect‑mysticism that can foster the internal (social) and external (environmental) reintegration of the human noosphere and technosphere in future planetary development. In this context, a modern intellect‑mystical philosophical notion of “knowing non‑knowing” (wissendes Nichtwissen, docta ignorantia) is developed. It is inspired by Nicolaus de Cusa and contextualized from a systematic transcultural angle at the same time. Finally, I discuss the problem of the practical, or rather ascetic, realization of the related possibilities of intellect‑mystical self‑enfolding. Here, the preceding steps of the reflection are mapped onto an outline regarding distinct developmental stages of such a transformative intellect‑mystical practice in Ibn Sīnā’s Remarks and Admonitions (al‑Ishārāt wat‑Tanbīhāt). (shrink)

Organizational scholars tend to view justice and compassion as incompatible. While both have important functions in organizational life, compassion's affective elements appear difficult to synthesize with the reasoning and impartiality that underlie the concept of justice. We draw on theoretical arguments from the sensemaking perspective to argue that we can integrate organizational compassion and organizational justice conceptually because both are inherently dynamic processes that rely on emotional and cognitive components, and both are shaped by the social context of the organization. (...) Based on this integrative conceptualization, we propose a construct we call ‘compassionate organizational justice’, in which compassion becomes an integral element of an organization's justice requirements and members’ fairness perceptions, and that those justice perceptions in turn inform future instances of organizational compassion. (shrink)

This piece defends an integrative medicine approach to Medical AI, grounded in a Daoist perspective. Specifically, it draws on the Daoist classic _Zhuangzi_ to argue that algorithms in medical AI should not be restricted to offering diagnoses and treatments from a Western medical perspective alone. Instead, medical AI should be prepared to provide patients with various forms of alternative medicine (such as Chinese medicine). This can significantly benefit public health and address the healthcare needs of a broader population.

Engineering ethics education has undergone significant development across institutions worldwide over the last three decades. While earlier analyses have examined aspects of this development, few integrated accounts have traced the evolution of a leading institution’s approach to engineering ethics education across this period. This paper addresses this gap. It presents an integrative review of engineering ethics education at Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), one of Europe’s most influential institutions in this field. Drawing on peer-reviewed articles, books, book chapters, (...) conference papers, and institutional documents published by TU Delft scholars over three decades, we trace the historical development of the institution’s approach, analyze its core theoretical assumptions and examine its learning goals and evolving pedagogical practices. The review identifies two distinct stages in the institution’s development. It reflects a deepening of learning goals and, most notably, a shift toward experiential and non-cognitive pedagogical approaches. These findings offer a reference point for discussing how ethics should be taught to engineers, how to integrate it into technical curricula, and which kinds of normative stances institutions should adopt in their ethics programs. (shrink)

BackgroundClinical ethics support aims to support health care professionals in dealing with ethical issues in clinical practice. Although the prevalence of CES is increasing, it does meet challenges and pressing questions regarding implementation and organization. In this paper we present a specific way of organizing CES, which we have called integrative CES, and argue that this approach meets some of the challenges regarding implementation and organization.MethodsThis integrative approach was developed in an iterative process, combining actual experiences in a (...) case study in which we offered CES to a team that provides transgender health care and reflecting on the theoretical underpinnings of our work stemming from pragmatism, hermeneutics and organizational and educational sciences.ResultsIn this paper we describe five key characteristics of an integrative approach to CES; 1. Positioning CES more within care practices, 2. Involving new perspectives, 3. Creating co-ownership of CES, 4. Paying attention to follow up, and 5. Developing innovative CES activities through an emerging design.ConclusionsIn the discussion we compare this approach to the integrated approach to CES developed in the US and the hub and spokes strategy developed in Canada. Furthermore, we reflect on how an integrative approach to CES can help to handle some of the challenges of current CES. (shrink)

Integrative experiment design should be extended to thought-experiments. Thought-experiments are closely connected to “real” experiments. They are involved in devising the design space of theories and possible experiments. The latter may be partitioned into experiments to be really performed and mere thought-experiments. The proposed extension of integrative experiment design lends guidance to a more methodical performance of thought-experiments.

Integrative experiment design is a needed improvement over ad hoc experiments, but the specific proposed method has limitations. We urge a further break with tradition through the use of an enormous untapped resource: Decades of causal discovery artificial intelligence (AI) literature on optimizing the design of systematic experimentation.

Disparate attempts exist to identify the key components that make an ethics pedagogy more effective and efficient. To integrate these attempts, a review of 408 articles published in leading journals is conducted. The key foci of extant literature are categorized into three domains labeled as approach, content, and delivery, and a comprehensive framework for ethics pedagogy developed. Within each of these domains, binaries that reflect two alternatives are identified. Approach, the philosophical standpoint, can be theory-laden or real-world connected. Content, the (...) constituencies addressed, can have a focus on breadth or depth. Delivery, the execution of the adopted pedagogy, can be traditional or innovative. The review of articles also identifies the lack of pedagogies that comprehensively focus on all the binaries across domains. The other substantive contribution of this article addresses this gap by developing a generic pedagogy—Integrative Live Case—based on the ACD framework. Based on an incident that is currently unfolding, this pedagogy allows integration of binaries across the three domains. It also allows for a modular course plan that can accommodate varied pedagogical preferences. Volkswagen Dieselgate is presented as a stylized example to showcase the significant advantages of using this pedagogy. (shrink)

Searching for better ways to inspire people to pursue wisdom, Frederick D. Aquino argues that teachers and researchers should focus less on state-of-the-art techniques and learning outcomes and instead pay more attention to the intellectual formation of their students. We should, Aquino contends, encourage the development of an integrative habit of mind, which entails cultivating the capacity to grasp how various pieces of data and areas of inquiry fit together and to understand how to apply this information to new (...) situations. To fully explore this notion, _An Integrative Habit of Mind_ brings the work of the great religious figure and educator John Henry Newman into fruitful conversation with recent philosophical developments in epistemology, cognition, and education. Aquino unearths some crucial but neglected themes from Newman’s writings and carries them forward into the contemporary context, revealing how his ideas can help us broaden our horizons, render apt judgments, and better understand our world and how we think about it. (shrink)

The integrative approach to punishment appears more adequate than the utilitarian and retributive theories. It does not only engender restitution, retribution, and deterrence but it also reconciles the physical and nonphysical realms of existence. The goal of punishment is to maintain social balance or order. Content analysis is employed. The integrative notion of punishment is associated with the principle of proportionality within a vigorous collective conscience. This paper seeks to contribute to the criminal justice system by going beyond (...) the discussion of the utilitarian- retributive punishment framework. (shrink)

An Integrative Model of Moral Deliberation suggests that the inadequacy of models of moral deliberation to deal effectively with contemporary moral complexity is a result of the lack of an inadequate theory of moral cognition. Drawing from work in neuroscience, evolutionary psychology, social theory, dual process cognitive theory, and the work of William James, this book develops a theory of moral cognition to be used as the basis for a model of moral deliberation. This model portrays moral deliberation as (...) a back and forth movement between intuitive and analytic cognitions, by which narrative scenarios are constructed and then assessed by aesthetic sensibilities. (shrink)

Background: Vulnerability is a concept frequently encountered in the bioethical literature, particularly in the context of research ethics. It can be said that the usage of the concept expanded in the 2000s and started to be used in many new contexts in the literature. However, there appears to be no systematic review that examines the definition of the concept of vulnerability. Objectives: The rationale for this study constitutes the questions regarding how vulnerability is defined and which components are used to (...) define the concept of vulnerability in the bioethics literature. Research design: The integrative review method was conducted to reach various definitions of the concept of vulnerability in bioethics. Whittemore and Knafl’s revised framework for integrative reviews guided the analysis. ‘Vulnerability’ and ‘vulnerable’ keywords, intercrossing with the words ‘bioethics’ and ‘medical ethics’, were searched in three different databases (PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus). Collected data were analysed thematically and a taxonomy was developed. Findings: A total of 1287 studies obtained through search were reduced to 123 that kept the definition of vulnerability. As a result of the review, a comprehensive taxonomy of vulnerability has been proposed. The proposed taxonomy of vulnerability has two categories, ontological and circumstantial, with three subcategories each, which might provide a multidimensional perspective. Discussion: Publication dates, origins and contexts of included publications were discussed. Specifications of the term vulnerability and components of its definition and factors that constitute these components provided from the view were evaluated and also discussed. Conclusion: The proposed taxonomy provides a useful classification for assessing vulnerability in bioethics. It is hoped that the taxonomy we put forward as a result of the review will increase awareness on the issue and also take into account the factors that create vulnerability in the context of research, healthcare and nursing care policies. Ethical considerations: The review was conducted in accord with ethical and scientific standards. (shrink)

This study provides much-needed empirical study of workplace inclusion of underresourced employees of low socioeconomic status. Based upon a conservation of resources perspective, we have examined the centrality of resources as a key inclusion process for well-being outcomes for employees with insufficient resources. In the context of misuse of institutional power over operative workers within highly segmented and hierarchical work settings, this study validates the importance of economic inclusion for fostering workers’ well-being via fair employment practices. This study also offers (...) new knowledge of the integrative resource model of workplace inclusion research by validating workers’ personal resources of learning orientation as an internal condition for strengthening the positive effect of economic inclusion on well-being. (shrink)

This fine collection of essays by a leading philosopher of science presents a defence of integrative pluralism as the best description for the complexity of scientific inquiry today. The tendency of some scientists to unify science by reducing all theories to a few fundamental laws of the most basic particles that populate our universe is ill-suited to the biological sciences, which study multi-component, multi-level, evolved complex systems. This integrative pluralism is the most efficient way to understand the different (...) and complex processes - historical and interactive - that generate biological phenomena. This book will be of interest to students and professionals in the philosophy of science. (shrink)

This paper is a critique of ‘integrative medicine’ as an ideal of medical progress on the grounds that it fails to realise the cognitive value of alternative medicine. After a brief account of the cognitive value of alternative medicine, I outline the form of ‘integrative medicine’ defended by the late Stephen Straus, former director of the US National Centre for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Straus’ account is then considered in the light of Zuzana Parusnikova’s recent criticism of ‘ (...) class='Hi'>integrative medicine’ and her distinction between ‘cognitive’ and ‘opportunistic’ engagement with alternative medicine. Parusnikova warns that the medical establishment is guilty of ‘dogmatism’ and proposes that one can usefully invoke Karl Popper’s ‘critical rationalism’ as an antidote. Using the example of Straus, I argue that an appeal to Popper is insufficient, on the grounds that ‘integrative medicine’ can class as a form of cognitively-productive, critical engagement. I suggest that Parusnikova’s appeal to Popper should be augmented with Paul Feyerabend’s emphasis upon the role of ‘radical alternatives’ in maximising criticism. ‘Integrative medicine’ fails to maximise criticism because it ‘translates’ alternative medicine into the theories and terminology of allopathic medicine and so erodes its capacity to provide cognitively-valuable ‘radical alternatives’. These claims are then illustrated with a discussion of ‘traditional’ and ‘medical’ acupuncture. I conclude that ‘integrative medicine’ fails to exploit the cognitive value of alternative medicine and so should be rejected as an ideal of medical progress. (shrink)