In social and organizational research, theory is conventionally used to explain social phenomena. However, theory may be transformative in the sense that in using and testing the theory in a practical domain, researchers may attempt to help practitioners transform and improve their social practices and institutions. This idea is illustrated by a research-and-development project in Denmark, headed by the author, which used transformative theory to design professional conferences that are more conducive to participant learning and involvement than is the conventional, (...) lecture-based format. A number of learning techniques were derived from the theory and were tested as hypotheses: When implemented in thirty live conference experiments, did they contribute to learning, as specified by the theory? Used in this manner, transformative theory may supplement the aspirations motivating change agents by some of the well-known qualities of scientific research, including theoretical grounding, a coherent ontology, testable hypotheses, systematic evaluation, external validity, and theory–action consistency. (shrink)

Translation of Sren Kierkegaards psykologi.

People face a vast range of different cognitive tasks in their lives. Classic problem-solving theories do not fully capture the impact of the task structure on sequential decision-making. Here, we argue that it is important to consider task features that determine the search space structure of a task as it presents itself to the problem solver because the search space determines which algorithms are appropriate to solve the problem optimally. Knowledge of these optimal algorithms provides a base for cognitive modelling (...) of sequential decision-making. We propose a new task taxonomy by identifying ten features in four categories related to search space properties. We describe how these constrain the space of optimal algorithms. Furthermore, we categorise and compare several sequential decision-making tasks used in studies on human behaviour with our taxonomy and illustrate how the proposed task features can inform the creation of new tasks and computational modelling of behaviour. (shrink)

Building on critical approaches that understand algorithms in terms of communication, culture and organization, this paper offers the supplementary conceptualization of algorithms as organizational figuration, defined as material and meaningful sociotechnical arrangements that develop in spatiotemporal processes and are shaped by multiple enactments of affordance–agency relations. We develop this conceptualization through a case study of a Danish fintech start-up that uses machine learning to create opportunities for sustainable pensions investments. By way of ethnographic and literary methodology, we provide an in-depth (...) analysis of the dynamic trajectory in and through which the organization gives shape to and takes shape from its key algorithmic tool, mapping the shifting sociotechnical arrangements of the start-up, from its initial search for a viable business model through the development of the algorithm to the public launch of its product. On this basis, we argue that conceptualizing algorithms as organizational figuration enables us to detail not only what algorithms do but also what they are. (shrink)

The issue of responsibility is directly linked to the notion of causation because asserting legal and moral qualifications is dependent on it. The problem arises when negative events are introduced into the consideration of causation because they are part of structuring statements that speak to omission, inaction, or prevention. Hence, the question of can negative events represent a cause and/or effect is extremely important. Although negative events are most commonly treated in analogy with positive events and brought under genuine causation, (...) this placement is unjustified because – unlike positive events – negative events are causally inert. This explanation reflects unfavourably on the practice of forming singular statements on causal connections to negative events. Despite this being the case, it does not render meaningless the common practice of formulating legitimate causal explanations that serve as grounds for statements on omission, inaction, or prevention. (shrink)

Socio-philosophical work in response to the philosophy of Pitirim Aleksandrovich Sorokin.

The interpretability of AI is just as important as its performance. In the LegalAI field, there have been efforts to enhance the interpretability of models, but a trade-off between interpretability and prediction accuracy remains inevitable. In this paper, we introduce a novel framework called LK-IB for compulsory measure prediction (CMP), one of the critical tasks in LegalAI. LK-IB leverages Legal Knowledge and combines an Interpretable model and a Black-box model to balance interpretability and prediction performance. Specifically, LK-IB involves three steps: (...) (1) inputting cases into the first module, where first-order logic (FOL) rules are used to make predictions and output them directly if possible; (2) sending cases to the second module if FOL rules are not applicable, where a case distributor categorizes them as either “simple” or “complex“; and (3) sending simple cases to an interpretable model with strong interpretability and complex cases to a black-box model with outstanding performance. Experimental results demonstrate that the LK-IB framework provides more interpretable and accurate predictions than other state-of-the-art models. Given that the majority of cases in LegalAI are simple, the idea of model combination has significant potential for practical applications. (shrink)

This book has been designed specifically to support the student through the IB Diploma Programme in Mathematical Studies. It includes worked examples and numerous opportunities for practice. In addition the book will provide students with features integrated with study and learning approaches, TOK and the IB learner profile. Examples and activities drawn from around the world will encourage students to develop an international perspective.

This Course Companion supports the new syllabus for 2009 and includes all options. It promotes cross-cultural links and connections to TOK, international-mindedness and the IB learner profile. Written by two experienced IB examiners and teachers, it contains historical information alongside data from the latest research. Students are stimulated by a wealth of engaging activities and features. They are encouraged to think critically and relate ideas to other subjects and to world issues. There is an emphasis on research and research methods, (...) as well as advice on internal and external assessment. (shrink)

The most comprehensive coverage of the core content Being Human, this course book will help learners grasp complex philosophical ideas and develop the crucial thinking skills. Developed directly with the IB, dedicated assessment support straight from the IB builds confidence.

Build confident critical thinkers who can process and articulate complex ideas in relevant, real-life contexts. The inquiry-based approach actively drives independent thought and helps learners connect ideas and frameworks while pushing them above and beyond typical TOK boundaries. This online course book is completely mapped to the 2013 syllabus.

Build confident critical thinkers who can process and articulate complex ideas in relevant, real-life contexts. The enquiry-based approach actively drives independent thought and helps learners connect ideas and frameworks while pushing them above and beyond typical TOK boundaries. The course book pack is completely mapped to the 2013 syllabus.

Collection of author's articles predominantly on Buddhist dialect and logic.

This article presents, translates and discusses a previously unpublished letter written by Muḥammad Amīn, Imām Shāmil's third and most noteworthy emissary (nāʾib) to the Circassians. The letter was found in the Ottoman archives (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi) of the prime minister's office in Istanbul. The letter, dated 22 May 1854 (24 Shaʿbān 1270) and dispatched from Circassia, is addressed to the Ottoman Grand Vizier, Giritlı Mustafa Nâili Pasha. This article provides insight into the developments in the Caucasus during the Crimean War (...) (1853–1856), notably the competition between the Ottomans and the Russians for control of that region, and it also sheds new light on Shāmil's military strategy and on the activities and policies of his nāʾib with regard to the Circassians of the northwestern Caucasus. (shrink)

The volume contains editions of the extant parts of two hitherto unknown theological works by the _Būyid_ vizier al-Ṣāḥib b. ʿAbbād. The manuscripts on which the edition is based come from Cairo Geniza store rooms.

최근 국제적인 교육의 동향이 ‘민주시민을 양성하는 것’으로 변화되고 있다. 신세대와 기성 세대 간의 갈등, 빅데이터·AI의 발달로 인한 생활의 급변화, 지나친 개발로 인한 기 후 위기 문제, 국가 간의 전쟁으로 인한 영향 등 현대 사회는 과거와 달리 문명과 가치관 의 변화 속도가 빠르며, 세계화에 따라 한 나라의 문제가 전 세계적으로 연결되어 영향을 미친다. 따라서 미래 세대를 양성하는 교육에 있어서도 급변하는 현대 사회에 적응하고 미래 문제를 해결할 수 있는 역량을 길러주는 방향으로 핵심 목표를 정하게 되었다. 이러한 역량 교육의 목적은 개인을 넘어 전 (...) 세계적인 차원에서 미래의 문제에 대응하고 긍정적인 변화를 위한 행동을 추구한다는 점에서 민주시민으로서의 자질과 일맥상통한다. 민주시민 교육은 2015 개정 교육과정의 추구하는 인간상에서부터 교육의 목표로 강조하고 있으며 최근 발표된 2022 개정 교육과정에서도 여전히 교육의 중요한 목표로 자리 잡고 있다. 최근 우리 사회의 쟁점이 되는 환경 문제, 가치관 갈등 및 혐오 문제, 국제 분쟁 등에 대한 해답으로 민주시민성의 함양과 민주시민으로서의 주체적인 행동이 제시되지만, 현재 학교 현장에서는 민주시민성 개념에 대한 이해 부족, 특정 교과에 편중된 시민 교육, 지행 합일을 위한 방안 부족 등의 이유로 이러한 민주시민성을 제대로 실천하는 교육이 이루어 지지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 실질적인 시민교육의 방안을 IB PYP(국제바칼로레아) 교육과정 속 액션 (Action)을 통해 찾고자 한다. IB PYP 개념 기반 교육과정은 2022 개정 교육과정과 유사 하나 여섯 가지 초학문적 주제를 중심으로 교과 간 재구성을 통해 학습 내용을 조직한다는 점에서 전 교과에 걸친 민주시민성 함양에 더욱 효과적이다. 또한, IB PYP에서는 국제적 마인드(global mindeness)를 기본 전제로 하여 계획 단계에서부터 학생들이 전 지구적 차원의 문제에 관심을 두도록 하며, 세계적인 관점에서 문제를 해결하거나 예방하기 위한 구체적인 행동을 하도록 설정한다는 점에서 자율적인 실천을 통한 민주시민성 함양에도 적합하다. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Der Islam Jahrgang: 92 Heft: 2 Seiten: 442-467.

In the 1970s and the 1980s, multicultural education spread in many countries. However, in the mid-1980s the golden age of multiculturalism came to an end. Neo-conservative political forces attacked multicultural policies and progressively a neo-liberal discourse pervaded economic and social policies, also affecting national education systems. In contrast, multicultural approaches have emerged with tremendous vigour in the field of business management. Juxtaposing cognitive, emotional and socio-communicative multiculturalism found in organisational studies onto multiculturalism in the International Baccalaureate (IB) curriculum indicates whether (...) multiculturalism in international schools aims to respond to the needs of global capitalism. The findings show that emotional, cognitive and socio-communicative multiculturalism are seen as essential traits for good performance in transnational corporations, and they are strongly encouraged in the IB curriculum. The relevance of multicultural skills in global management alongside the decay of multiculturalism in public education systems entails a growing educational disparity between lower class and higher class children. A new educational structure in which two differentiated systems – a national system and an international system – emerges and redefines the terms of inequality of opportunities. (shrink)

This comprehensive and accessible book is designed for use by students following the Theory of Knowledge course in the International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Programme. The book is also useful for students following other critical thinking courses. The fundamental question in Theory of Knowledge is 'How do you know? In exploring this question, the author encourages critical thinking across a range of subject areas and helps students to ask relevant questions, use language with care and precision, support ideas with evidence, argue (...) coherently and make sound judgements. All chapters include the following features: - preliminary quotations to prompt critical thinking - questions and exercises to encourage students to actively engage with the material - reading resources to explore some of the topics in greater depth - illustrations to support the text Richard van de Lagemaat has more than 20 years' experience in international education. (shrink)

Filosooa ja üleüldse inimmõtlemise naturaliseeritavuse küsimus on viimase aja mõtteloos üks aktuaalsemaid. Siinses artiklis analüüsin ma ühe sellise naturaliseerimiskatse — evolutsioonilise epistemoloogia — põhilisi seisukohti, otsustamaks, kuivõrd edukaks uurimisprogrammiks võib seda pidada. Arutluse selle programmi õigustatuse või edukuse üle olen jaotanud kuue põhiteema vahel, esitades järgmised küsimused. (1) Mida tähendab „teadmine“ vaadeldavates argumentatsioonides? (2) Kuivõrd saab esitatud järeldusi empiiriliselt uurida? (3) Kui vajalik teadmine evolutsiooniliselt üldsegi on? (4) Kas evolutsioonilisest epistemoloogiast on võimalik tuletada mõne konkreetse maailmavaatelise positsiooni õigsust? (5) Kas (...) teadust saab rakendada usaldusväärse abivahendina esitatud argumentide õigustamisel? (6) Kas selliselt on lõppkokkuvõttes tegu epistemoloogia biologiseerimise või hoopiski alternatiivse uurimisprogrammiga? Tervikuna on artikli eesmärgiks näidata, miks rangelt võttes on õigustatav evolutsioonilist epistemoloogiat oma põhilistes eesmärkides pidada ebaõnnestunuks, kuid samas just selle tõttu osutub ta palju huvitavamaks näiteks laiemas küsimuses, mida ja kuivõrd on inimlikust positsioonist võimalik uurida. It can be said that the question of whether philosophy and human thought in general can be naturalized is one of the most intensely discussed topics in contemporary research. In this article I intend to analyse the main arguments of one such attempt at naturalization --- the evolutionary epistemology. My goal is to determine how successful this research programme can be said to be. I have divided the discussion into six parts: (1) what does "knowledge" mean in the subsequent discussions?, (2) how much of it can be studied empirically?, (3) how necessary is knowledge anyway?, (4) can one deduce the validity of any specific worldview from the evolutionary epistemology?, (5) can we utilise science as a trustworthy tool to justify the conclusions of evolutionary epistemology?, and lastly (6) whether this all amounts to a biologization of epistemology or perhaps indicates that it is an entirely alternative programme of research? Overall the goal of the article is to show that, strictly speaking, evolutionary epistemology is unsuccessful, however, it is just this unsuccessfulness that makes it far more interesting in evaluating what can and what cannot be studied from the human position. (shrink)

Al-Jabartī, ʿAjāʾib al-āthār fī l-tarājim wa-l-akhbār. Edited by Shmuel Moreh. Max Schloessinger Memorial Series, Texts, vol. 9. 5 vols. Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 2013. Pp. 2,780. $525.

Literature and the Islamic Court: Cultural Life under al-Ṣāḥib Ibn ʿAbbād. By Erez Naaman. Culture and Civilization in the Middle East, vol. 52. London: Routledge, 2016. Pp. xv + 315. $155, £115.

Esse estudo consiste numa tradução preliminar em Português do capítulo 12 do Kitab Ghara’ib al-fanun wa mulah al-‘uyun, sobre a Sicília e Palermo, exclusivamente durante o período islâmico. Todos os termos, lugares e locais de Balarm e Sicília mencionados no texto são explicados. Eles proporcionam ao leitor uma nova versão sobre a cidade nos primeiros anos do século 11, um pouco diferente daquela anteriormente dada por Ibn Hawqal no final do século 10. Palavras-chave: Kitab Ghara’ib; Balarm ; Sicília; século 11; (...) ilha islâmica. (shrink)