Transhumanists seek to use biotechnology to overcome the limitations of the human body and ultimately evolve into a “posthuman” being. This issue considers the extent to which transhumanism may be reconciled with a Christian worldview. Several authors propose ways that human enhancement technology may be limitedly compatible with Christian anthropology. Nevertheless, all the authors of this issue argue that the philosophy behind transhumanism threatens to distort our understanding of human nature, basic goods, ways of thinking, hope, justice, and even heaven (...) itself. Thus, transhumanism presents an alternate culture to Christianity. This issue culminates in a reflection on Christian identity and our relationship to technology in the “age of the posthuman.” A uniquely Christian technology, typified in the Eucharist, infuses nature with human creativity in a vital act that directs us to God as our ultimate good. (shrink)

The main aim of this article is to show how a possible theoretical articulation between Uexkull’s notion of Funktionskreis and the stratificational model of semiotic structures proposed by Louis Hjelmslev can be made. In order to bridge the gap between these two models, Luis Prieto’s model of cognition will be used. The advantage of Prieto’s model is that it retains the Hjelmslevian stratificational ideas (i.e. a semiotic structure is made up of an expression and a content plane, each one with (...) a dimension of form and substance), while it also pays attention to agency and practice. To put it briefly, according to Prieto the foundation of practice and knowledge is to be found on aisthesis. Hence, as in Uexküll, there is a way to merge action with perception, while retaining the semiotic structure that makes such a merging possible. The key point, however, is that Prieto’s model calls for an “ontological commitment” to the substance strata (both in expression and in content to some extent). Therefore, bridging Uexküll and Hjelmslev via Prieto suggests a possible way to provide a general structural model of semiosis which is closer to semiotic realism than to immanentism usually attributed to structuralism. (shrink)

This interview with Silvana Rabinovich, a philosopher working at the crossroads of ethics, discourse analysis, decolonial thought and political theology, presents an overview of Rabinovich’s positions regarding the study of language and languages. It then proceeds to the philosophical problems of translating and observes the connections between translation and interreligious dialogue by looking at the case of Judeo-Arabic language. The conversation then moves on to explore Rabinovich’s idea, drawing on Levinas, of building a heteronomous relationship with language. In its closing (...) part, the interview presents an apt comment on how academics might contribute to the solving of social problems. (shrink)

© 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited.Both governments and the private sector urgently require better estimates of the likely incidence of extreme weather events, their impacts on food crop production and the potential consequent social and economic losses. Current assessments of climate change impacts on agriculture mostly focus on average crop yield vulnerability to climate and adaptation scenarios. Also, although new-generation climate models have improved and there has been an exponential increase in available data, the uncertainties in their projections over years and (...) decades, and at regional and local scale, have not decreased. We need to understand and quantify the non-stationary, annual and decadal climate impacts using simple and communicable risk metrics that will help public and private stakeholders manage the hazards to food security. Here we present an 'end-to-end' methodological construct based on weather indices and machine learning that integrates current understanding of the various interacting systems of climate, crops and the economy to determine short- to long-term risk estimates of crop production loss, in different climate and adaptation scenarios. For provinces north and south of the Yangtze River in China, we have found that risk profiles for crop yields that translate climate into economic variability follow marked regional patterns, shaped by drivers of continental-scale climate. We conclude that to be cost-effective, region-specific policies have to be tailored to optimally combine different categories of risk management instruments. (shrink)

En este trabajo, revisamos la literatura clásica en modularidad cognitiva. Ofrecemos una descripción cognitiva neuronal de la modularidad, que incluye: patrones de disfunción específicos, la doble disociación, una actividad cerebral asociada, y un proceso de especialización funcional. Posteriormente, analizamos un módulo de cognición social, i.e., el módulo de detección de tramposos. Compilamos las objeciones clásicas a este módulo, y ofrecemos algunas nuevas, para posteriormente contrastarlas con las primeras. En la última parte, ofrecemos algunas implicaciones y direcciones futuras para los estudios (...) actuales sobre cognición social. (shrink)

El estudio radica en que la creciente complejidad de la administración pública ha propiciado una aplicación fragmentada e incluso contradictoria de los principios procedimentales, lo que ha generado tensiones interpretativas de seguridad jurídica. Por tal razón, el objetivo de la investigación consiste en analizar los principios comunes a los procedimientos administrativos desde una perspectiva transversal. Metodológicamente, se adopta un enfoque cualitativo con técnicas de análisis bibliométrico y se trabajó con 26 artículos depurados. Con esto, se evidenció que, los principios procedimentales (...) operan como categoría estructural, es decir como función ordenadora e integradora, también se evidenció la existencia de parámetros de validez del acto y del itinerario procedimental. Además, se comprobó que la centralidad del marco ecuatoriano de la Constitución del 2008 y el COA así como la densificación jurisprudencial sobre motivación, debido proceso y proporcionalidad. Finalmente, se logra concluir que, identificar el núcleo común fortalece la coherencia interpretativa, protección de derechos y legitimidad de la actuación administrativa. (shrink)

Based on a theoretical approach to current problems of democracy, the amplification of the public citizen action sphere, and changes generated by the transitions in democratic systems, the Venezuelan political process is analyzed since the rise to power of Hugo Chávez in 1998. The Chavez pheno..

José-Antonio Orosco’s Toppling the Melting Pot: Immigration and Multiculturalism in American Pragmatism carefully documents an expansive history of US anti-immigrant rhetoric dating back to the late nineteenth century. Along with its historical tracing, this work contributes great depth to current debates on immigration.The book focuses on writers described as US American philosophers including Horace Kallen, Louis Adamic, W. E. B. Du Bois, Josiah Royce, Jane Addams, and Cesar Chavez. Their works are meant to deliver a pragmatic conceptual framework on (...) US immigration and interculturalism, a term Orosco favors against popular assimilatory values. Following this frame of analysis, Orosco explains the ways in which... (shrink)

Resumen Las tecnologías actuales no son neutrales. Reflejan las necesidades, perspectivas y experiencias de quienes las desarrollan. Estos sesgos han dado lugar a la creación de armas digitales como los deepfakes, una tecnología que, de manera desproporcionada, se utiliza en mujeres para crear contenido sexual. El presente estudio analiza el auge de aplicaciones deepfake en América Latina y el Caribe (ALAC), enfocándose en su disponibilidad, facilidad de uso y los riesgos que representan en contextos de desigualdad estructural y violencia digital (...) de género. Para ello, se realizó una recolección automatizada de datos mediante una API, identificando 105 aplicaciones deepfake disponibles a diciembre de 2024 en Google Play Store. Posteriormente, se llevó a cabo una evaluación fundamentada en dimensiones como año, alcance, diseño, accesibilidad, modelos de negocio y funcionalidades. Finalmente, se realizó un análisis crítico para comprender cómo estas herramientas configuran dinámicas de poder, perpetúan narrativas de cosificación y amplifican la violencia digital contra las mujeres. Los hallazgos evidencian un diseño intencionado que facilita la adopción de estas aplicaciones, eliminando barreras técnicas y normalizando la cosificación de los cuerpos de las mujeres, siendo el 89.5% de estas herramientas un potencial peligro para ellas. La investigación enfatiza la urgencia de cuestionar la supuesta neutralidad de estas tecnologías y la necesidad de repensar su desarrollo desde una perspectiva que contribuya a construir entornos digitales más seguros y respetuosos para todas las personas. Abstract Current technologies are not neutral; they reflect the needs, perspectives, and experiences of their developers. These biases have led to the creation of digital weapons like deepfakes, a technology that is disproportionately used against women to create sexual content. This study examines the rise of deepfake applications in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), focusing on their availability, ease of use, and the risks they pose in contexts of structural inequality and digital gender-based violence. To that end, an automated data collection was carried out using an API, identifying 105 deepfake applications available on the Google Play Store as of December 2024. Subsequently, an evaluation was conducted based on criteria such as year, scope, design, accessibility, business models, and functionalities. Finally, a critical analysis was performed to understand how these tools shape power dynamics, perpetuate objectification narratives, and amplify digital violence against women. The findings reveal an intentional design that facilitates the adoption of these applications, removing technical barriers and normalizing the objectification of women's bodies, with 89.5% of these tools posing a potential danger to them. The research emphasizes the urgency of questioning the supposed neutrality of these technologies and the need to rethink their development from a perspective that contributes to building safer and more respectful digital environments for everyone. (shrink)

In this study, we propose considering membership in the Ethics Officer Association (EOA) as a proxy for the firm''s commitment to ethical decision making, and we analyze the influence of firm- and CEO-specific characteristics on this commitment. While we observe a positive relationship between membership and firm size, we also document a negative relationship between EOA membership and the executive''s time in position and, to a more modest extent, accounting returns. Pursuing this further, we present evidence that firms with past (...) legal issues may seek EOA membership as a signal of their intention to be compliant in the future. (shrink)

The following notes are a commentary on Luis J. Prieto’s text “A semiology: Problems and routes”, an English translation of “Une semiologie: problems et parcours”. The notes begin by introducing the different versions under which “A semiology…” was originally published, and then explain some problems faced when working on the English translation. After that, the introduction provides a historical and theoretical contextualization of the original text, focusing on Prieto’s disagreement with Cesare Luporini’s views on (scientific) knowledge from a materialist (Marxist-Leninist) (...) perspective. The notes then move on to Prieto’s own theory and examine the interrelations between knowledge, practice and subjectivity as they are treated in “A semiology…” and in related texts written by Prieto around the same time. Finally, the notes close with a brief observation of how Prieto’s theory could be developed and what its shortcomings are, especially regarding contemporary semiotic theory. (shrink)

Technology and its products “reveal us” to ourselves. Patients and practitioners alike come to understand human nature through the mediation of technological practices in the clinic. The articles in this issue provide novel considerations of clinical interventions that emerge throughout the human lifespan, focusing on topics such as assistive reproductive therapy, embryo research, abortion, diagnosis, and organ donation. The questions raised in this issue bring into sharp relief the tension between human nature and the artifacts used to represent it. Caring (...) for the human person in varied settings, as presented in this issue, requires one to stake a claim, albeit tacitly, in matters of philosophical anthropology. As technology enables new ways of interacting with and studying the human person, we are urged to consider what it means to be human and how we should engage with technology to manifest the goods that are proper to human nature. (shrink)

Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar los resultados del proyecto educativo en estudiantes de enfermería de salud reproductiva de licenciatura en enfermería, periodo agosto 2021 enero 2022, se empleó una metodología mixta, participaron 66 estudiantes, 64 familias. el resultado fue que los estudiantes; brindaron charlas educativas, abordaron temas de prevención de cáncer cervical, prevención de cáncer mamario y prevención de enfermedades de trasmisión sexual, se sintieron en confianza, los integrantes de las familias realizaron diversas preguntas, solicitaron más temas de interés (...) personal y fue agradable su experiencia de enseñar y compartir información en el ámbito familiar. (shrink)

Wonder Woman's co‐creator William Marston believed that sexual bondage was key to achieving a peaceful society. Though Marston intended Wonder Woman to provide an alternative to the masculinity of the superheroes of his day, Marston's vision remains relevant today. The behavior and attitude of Marston's Wonder Woman anticipated contemporary feminist philosophers' contributions to the ethics of care. There is also an underlying ethics of care in Wonder Woman's role as what Marston calls a "Love Leader", and that combination of kink (...) and care is itself reflected in contemporary BDSM. Marston's stated goal in his academic writing was to promote "a new code of conduct, based on love supremacy". Marston's comic‐book creation, Wonder Woman, fit his depiction of an ideal Love Leader: a sexually alluring and powerful, yet loving, mistress whose feminine charms would make women and men submit to her authority. (shrink)

Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar los resultados del proyecto educativo en estudiantes de enfermería de salud reproductiva de licenciatura en enfermería, periodo agosto 2021 enero 2022, se empleó una metodología mixta, participaron 66 estudiantes, 64 familias. el resultado fue que los estudiantes; brindaron charlas educativas, abordaron temas de prevención de cáncer cervical, prevención de cáncer mamario y prevención de enfermedades de trasmisión sexual, se sintieron en confianza, los integrantes de las familias realizaron diversas preguntas, solicitaron más temas de interés (...) personal y fue agradable su experiencia de enseñar y compartir información en el ámbito familiar. (shrink)

Resumen El concepto de amor historicamente ha ruborizado a la filosofia, pues se mantiene totalmente ajeno a las exigencias de dar una explication critica de si mismo. El amor ha respondido con resistencia muda a los interrogatorios del pensamiento critico. De hecho, parece existir un consenso respecto de que el amor se situa en un territorio mas alla de lo pensable y en la doxa romantica se ha establecido que el amor es un tipo de intensidad que no puede reducirse (...) a ningun principio regulador. Como senala Alain Badiou, es "lo que se sustrae de la teoria". En este ensayo me opongo a una postura tan antifilosofica y exploro el parentesco del amor con el pensamiento y la verdad. Basado principalmente en la obra de Jean-Luc Nancy y Alain Badiou, sondeo la relation entre amor y pensamiento, pues ello constituye una ocasion para que nos percatemos de la "connivencia intima entre el amor y el pensar", en palabras de Nancy. En un momento en que el amor se ve amenazado por acusaciones de no ser nada mas que un "optimismo cruel", sugiero que Nancy y Badiou hacen una defensa filosofica del amor al subrayar su parentesco con el pensamiento y la verdad.The concept of love has historically been somewhat of an embarrassment for Philosophy because it remains relentlessly oblivious to the demands for it to present a critical account of itself. Against the interrogations of critical thought, it has only responded with mute resistance. indeed, the consensus seems to be that love dwells in the domain beyond the thinkable, and it is ensconced in the Romantic doxa that it is a form of intensity that is not subject to any organizing principle. As Alain Badiou observes, it is "what is subtracted from theory". In this essay, I oppose such an "anti-philosophical" position, and offer an exploration of love's kinship with thought and truth. Drawing primarily from the work of Jean-Luc Nancy and Alain Badiou, I explore the relationship oflove and thought, for it is an occasion that obligates one to realize the "intimate connivance between love and thinking," to use the words of Nancy. At a time when love is threatened by accusations ofbeing nothing more than a "cruel optimism", I suggest that Nancy and Badiou offer a philosophical defense of love by underscoring its kinship to thought and to truth. (shrink)

The establishment of Mexico's National Bioethics Commission (Comisión Nacional de Bioética), in 1992, was conceived within the context of a global movement aimed at raising awareness of the ethical implications of technological and scientific development, especially in biomedicine. In 2005, a new decree put the commission under the scope of the Secretariat of Health and granted it technical and operational autonomy, allowing it to become a regulatory agency aimed at promoting a culture of bioethics, encouraging reflection on human health, and (...) developing guidelines for health care, research, and education, through a global, secular, and democratic perspective. The commission became the leading actor in the strategy for institutionalizing bioethics in Mexico after reforms to the country's General Health Act in 2011, which required that public, social assistance, or private health care facilities establish a hospital bioethics committee to address bioethical dilemmas or issues and, when relevant, a research ethics committee to address research with human subjects. This assignment has shifted the focus of the activities and goals of the National Bioethics Commission toward establishing these committees in line with current regulations and developing mechanisms to ensure that they operate with the highest standards of ethical conduct, performance, and accountability. (shrink)

The main focus of this article is to present the practical aspect of the code rules of variation and the search for a second set of genomic rules, including comparison of sequences to understand how to preserve compatible organisms in danger of extinction and how to generate biodiversity. Three new rules of variation are introduced: 1) homologous recombination, 2) a healthy fertile offspring, and 3) comparison of compatible genomes. The novel search in the natural world for fully compatible genomes capable (...) of homologous recombination is explored by using examples of human polymorphisms and by the production of fertile offspring by crossbreeding. By a rational control of: natural crossbreeding of organisms with compatible genomes (something already happening in nature), the current work focuses on the generation of new varieties after a careful plan. This study is presented within the context of biosemiotics, which studies the processing of information, signalling and signs by living systems. I define a group of organisms having compatible genomes as a single theme: the genomic species or population, able to speak the same molecular language through different accents, with each variety within a theme being a different version of the same book. These studies have a molecular, compatible genetics context. Population and ecosystem biosemiotics will be exemplified by a possible genetic damage capable of causing mutations by breaking the rules of variation through the coordinated patterns of atoms present in the 9/11 World Trade Center contaminated dust (U, Ba, La, Ce, Sr, Rb, K, Mn, Mg, etc.), combination that may be able to overload the molecular quality control mechanisms of the human body. I introduce here the balance of codons in the circular genetic code: 2[1(1)+1(3)+1(4)+4(2)]=2[2(2)+3(4)]. (shrink)

Cinema and Machine Vision unfolds the aesthetic, epistemic, and ideological dimensions of machine-seeing films and television using computers. With its critical-technical approach, this book presents to the reader key new problems that arise as AI becomes integral to visual culture. The book theorises machine vision through a selection of aesthetics, film theory, and applied machine learning research, dispelling widely held assumptions about computer systems designed to watch and make images on our behalf. At its heart, Cinema and Machine Vision is (...) an invitation for film and media scholars to critically engage with AI at a technical level, a prompt for scientists and engineers working with images and cultural data to critically reflect on where their assumptions about vision come from, and a joint recognition of the fruitful problems of working together to understand the algorithmic governance of the visual. (shrink)

What is considered to be fair depends on context-dependent expectations. Using a modified version of the Ultimatum Game, we demonstrate that both fair behavior and perceptions of fairness depend upon beliefs about what one ought to do in a situation—that is, upon normative expectations. We manipulate such expectations by creating informational asymmetries about the offer choices available to the Proposer, and find that behavior varies accordingly. Proposers and Responders show a remarkable degree of agreement in their beliefs about which choices (...) are considered fair. We discuss how these results fit into a theory of social norms. (shrink)

Using an economic bargaining game, we tested for the existence of two phenomena related to social norms, namely norm manipulation – the selection of an interpretation of the norm that best suits an individual – and norm evasion – the deliberate, private violation of a social norm. We found that the manipulation of a norm of fairness was characterized by a self-serving bias in beliefs about what constituted normatively acceptable behaviour, so that an individual who made an uneven bargaining offer (...) not only genuinely believed it was fair, but also believed that recipients found it fair, even though recipients of the offer considered it to be unfair. In contrast, norm evasion operated as a highly explicit process. When they could do so without the recipient's knowledge, individuals made uneven offers despite knowing that their behaviour was unfair. (shrink)

Short overview of the From Small Beginnings Project and its relevance for resisting eugenics in contemporary society.

Yes, Roya, a 2016 graphic novel written by C. Spike Trotman and illustrated by Emilee Denich, depicts Roya, a woman of color who writes and illustrates a comic strip; Joe, a white man who gave up his career after meeting Roya, who now publishes under his name; and Wylie, a young white man starting in the profession. Roya completely dominates Joe’s career, making it hers. She also partly dominates Wylie’s, acting as his mentor. Roya dominates Joe and Wylie personally too. (...) She is their sexual dominant, and they are her submissives. Professionally and personally, moreover, Joe and Wylie each submit to Roya consensually. Further, though Roya both writes and illustrates her comic strip, often writer and illustrator differ. The former, creating the story, dominates the latter, illustrating the story after the fact – as Trotman and Denich themselves did consensually via a contract when creating their graphic novel. Hence Yes, Roya highlights domination and submission in comics creation and in sex. More than that, the graphic novel also presents both kinds of domination and submission as ethical. Because Aristotle, Kant, and Mill are the most influential ethicists in the Western tradition, this chapter investigates how each could accommodate such professional and personal dominant/submissive relationships in their philosophy. (shrink)

Waged in 2016, Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte’s war on drugs has claimed over 20,000 lives according to human rights groups. The Duterte administration’s own count is significantly lower: around 6,000. The huge discrepancy between the government’s official count and that of arguably more impartial organizations about something as concretely material as body count is symptomatic of how disinformation is central to the Duterte administration and how it can sustain the approval of the majority of the Philippine electorate. We suggest that (...) Duterte’s populist politics generates what Boler and Davis call “affective feedback loops,” which create emotional and informational ecosystems that facilitate smooth algorithmic governance. We turn to Patron Saints of Nothing, a recently published novel by Randy Ribay about a Filipino-American who goes back to the Philippines to uncover the truth behind the death of his cousin. Jay’s journey into the “heart of darkness” as a “hyphenated” individual allows him access to locally networked subjectivities but not its affective entanglements. Throughout the novel, he encounters numerous versions of the circumstances of Jun’s demise and the truth remains elusive at the end of the novel. We argue that despite the constant distortion of fact and fiction in the novel, what remains relatively stable or “sticky” throughout the novel are the letters from Jun Reguero that Jay carries with him back to the Philippines. We suggest that these letters can potentially serve as a form of “dissensus” that challenges the constant redistribution of the sensible in the novel. (shrink)

Contemporary epidemiological methods testing the associations between green space and psychological well-being treat all vegetation cover as equal. However, there is very good reason to expect that variations in ecological "quality" (number of species, integrity of ecological processes) may influence the link between access to green space and benefits to human health and well-being. We test the relationship between green space quality and restorative benefit in an inner city urban population in Bradford, UK. We selected 12 urban parks for study (...) where we carried out botanical and faunal surveys to quantify biodiversity and assessed the site facilities of the green space (cleanliness, provision of amenities). We also conducted 128 surveys with park users to quantify psychological restoration based on four self-reported measure of general restoration, attention-grabbing distractions, being away from everyday life, and site preference. We present three key results. First, there is a positive association between site facilities and biodiversity. Second, restorative benefit is predicted by biodiversity, which explained 43% of the variance in restorative benefit across the parks, with minimal input from other variables. Third, the benefits accrued through access to green space were unrelated to age, gender, and ethnic background. The results add to a small but growing body of evidence that emphasise the role of nature in contributing to the well-being of urban populations and, hence, the need to consider biodiversity in the design of landscapes that enhance multiple ecosystem services. (shrink)

Subjects communicated prior to playing trust games; the richness of the communication media and the topics of conversation were manipulated. Communication richness failed to produce significant differences in first-mover investments. However, the topics of conversation made a significant difference: the amounts sent were considerably higher in the unrestricted communication conditions than in the restricted communication and no-communication conditions. Most importantly, we find that first-movers' expectations of second-movers' reciprocation are influenced by communication and strongly predict their levels of investment.

This is one of four interrelated action agenda papers resulting from the National Summit on Public Health Legal Preparedness convened in June 2007 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and nineteen multi-disciplinary partner organizations. Each of the action agenda papers deals with one of the four core elements of public health legal preparedness: laws and legal authorities; competency in using those laws; coordination of law-based public health actions; and information. Options presented in this paper are for consideration by (...) policymakers and practitioners — in all jurisdictions and all relevant sectors and disciplines — with responsibilities for all-hazards emergency preparedness.This paper focuses on the fourth core element: information that can be used in shaping and applying law as a public health tool, specifically in the context of public health emergencies. (shrink)

Poco se ha escrito sobre uno de los intentos más radicales de fundamentación del conservadurismo; como son las obras de Hans Freyer, Arnold Gehlen y Helmut Schelsky (principales representantes de la Escuela de Leipzig). Este artículo sistematiza la tentativa de la Escuela de Leipzig de justificar epistemológicamente el conservadurismo como régimen socio-político. Caracterizaremos el concepto de conservadurismo en la Escuela de Leipzig (I), se expondrá su fundamentación epistemológica en Freyer (II), su continuación en Gehlen (III) y su variante en Schelsky (...) (IV). Concluiremos con una discusión sobre la actualidad del diagnóstico epocal de la Escuela de Leipzig (V). (shrink)

In recent years, Cesar Chavez’s life and legacy have been subjected to increased scrutiny. The ensuing reevaluations of Chavez, wittingly or not, are matters of ethical, as well as historical and biographical, concern. This article has two aims. First, it reconstructs Chavez’s account of exemplarity and uses it to assess his legacy. Second, it provides an account of exemplarity situated within social practices. As I argue, exemplarity operates through social practices, rather than mystically as posited by a (...) contagion model. The end result is an ethically nuanced reassessment of Chavez and an account of exemplarity that includes its social dimension. (shrink)

I told the workers they had to be prepared for the tortures of success. Success in our business, the trade union business, means getting workers to middle-class status. You succeed and Huelga is just going to be an exciting recollection. The guy who carried a banner in 1966—well, in five years you're going to have a hard time getting him to a union meeting: Revolutions become institutions, that's a truism of our business.

본 논문은 조선 중기의 문인이자 의병장인 중봉 조헌(重峯 趙憲, 1544-1592)의 시문학을맹자의 항심(恒心) 개념을 중심으로 분석하였다. 그의 문학이 단순한 충절의 표현을 넘어 도덕적 신념과 윤리적 실천을 담고 있음을 탐색하였다. 지금까지의 선행연구가 조헌의 의병 활동과 충절에 초점을 맞춘 데 반해 본 논문에서는항심의 개념을 군주적 항심, 군자적 항심, 개인적 항심으로 설명하고 이를 통해 조헌의 시문학에서 개인의 항심이자 군자의 항심에서 발현되는 도덕적 원칙과 가치관의 지속성을 조명하였다. 특히 조헌의 시문학은 가난과 현실적 고난 속에서도 도덕적 신념을 견지하는 모습을 담고 있으며 자연 속에서의 자족적 삶을 드러냈다. 이는 (...) 부귀에 흔들리지 않는 청빈한 태도를 말해주는 것이다. 즉 사사로운 안위보다는 충절과 의리의 실천 등을 통해 유가적 가치관과 군자의 항심을 형상화한 것으로 이해하였다. 이러한 시적 요소들이 맹자의 항심 개념과 어떻게 연계되는지를 면밀하게 살펴보았으며, 이는 조헌의 문학이 개인의 윤리적 실천을 넘어 사회적 책임과 국가적 역할과도 밀접하게 연관되어 있음을 확인하였다. 결론적으로 조헌의 시문학을 항심의 관점에서 재해석함으로써 그의 문학이 단순한 시대적 기록이 아니라 보편적 도덕성과 신념의 상징으로 평가될 수 있는 계기가 될 것이다. (shrink)

Em artigo inédito, Franklin Leopoldo e Silva desenvolve os sentidos da memória na produção da identidade, destacando as relações significativas do presente com o passado e o futuro na construção da história. Desse ponto, o autor acentua o papel das instituições nesse processo – um processo de exercício de poder, no qual se tem, na verdade, a institucionalização do poder – e, dentre elas, em particular a instituição universitária.

이 글은 경을 일종의 명상으로 보고 그 특징을 탐구한 것이다. 경은 여타의 명상들과 마찬가지로 특정 마음상태를 추구하며, 그에 도달하기 위한 방법을 갖추고 있다. 집중과 자각이라는 마음상태와 정좌와 정제엄숙이라는 방법이 그것이다. 명상은 크게 집중명상과 통찰명상으로 분류되는데, 경은 집중(주일무적)을 중시하기도 하지만, 일상생활 속에서의 자각(깨어있음, 상성성)을 아울러 중시한다는 점에서 통찰명상(마음챙김 명상, mindfulness)으로 분류할 수 있을 것이다. 그렇지만 경은 정좌와 호흡에의 의존도가 약하고, 집중과 자각을 목적이 아니라 도덕적 이해와 실천을 위한 수단으로 본다는 점, 그리고 잡념과 망상의 폐해를 지적하면서도 도덕적 사고는 중시한다는 점 등에서 불교명상과 (...) 차별성을 지닌다. 이를 고려하여 이 글에서는 경을 도덕적 마음챙김 명상(moral mindfulness)으로 규정하였다. 이는 다른 명상들에 비해 첫째, 생활과 밀착된 도덕적 문제의 해결을 목적으로 하기 때문에 접근하기가 쉽고, 둘째, 종교 중립적으로 받아들여지기 때문에 한국과 같은 다종교사회에서 공교육에 적용할 때 거부감이 덜할 수 있다는 이점을 지닌다. (shrink)

비판적 사고 교과는 논리 교과목에 속하는가? 그렇다면 왜 그러한가? 이에 답하려면 무엇보다도 ‘논리’의 의미를 따져 보아야 한다. 이 논문에서 필자는 다음을 주장한다. 첫째, ‘논리’가 무엇인지는 ‘추론’ 개념으로써 이해하고 설명하는 것이 가장 바람직하다. 둘째, 비판적 사고 교과만이 다루는 제3의 논리는 없다. 셋째. 국내의 비판적 사고 교과는 적어도 연역과 귀납의 표준적인 추론 사례들과 그 형식을 다루어야 한다.

현대의 실존주의자들에게 있어서 현대인의 삶의 문제는 관계성의 단절과 믿음의 부재로 나타나고 있다. 특히 키르케고르는 인간과 절대자와의 관계성에 주목하고 있는데, 그에게 있어서 이러한 관계성의 부재는 인간 실존의 근원적인 문제인 ‘불안’으로 나타나고 있다. ‘불안’은 ‘자기규정’ 혹은 ‘자기-정립’의 결여에서 발생하는데, 자기규정은 본질적으로 관계성을 통해서 주어지는 것이다. 인간은 근본적으로 3가지 유형의 관계성을 가지는데, ‘자기와 타자와의 관계’, ‘자기와 자기와의 관계’ 그리고 ‘자기와 절대자와의 관계’이다. 자기규정이 절대자를 전제하지 않고 오직 자기 스스로와의 관계성 속에 이루어지는 것은 ‘소크라테스식 자연종교’에서이며, 절대자-개인의 관계가 진정으로 이루어지는 곳은 곧 그리스도교에서이다. 키르케고르에게 있어서 (...) 인간이란 근원적으로 신성한 것, 영원한 것과 관련된 존재이기 때문에 ‘절대자와 개별자’의 올바른 관계성이 정립이 되지 않고서는 ‘불안’이 해소되지 않는다. 그리고 한 개인과 절대자와의 관계정립이 곧 ‘신앙’을 의미하기에 오직 신앙만이 불안을 완전하게 해소할 수 있는 힘이다. 그렇기 때문에 종교적 차원의 믿음 즉 신앙이란 끊임없이 세속적인 자아를 부정하면서 절대자와의 관계성을 형성해가는 ‘자기초월적 삶의 태도’처럼 나타나고 있다. 이러한 키르케고르의 믿음에 관한 사유는 ‘종교적 인간(Homo religiosus)’의 지평에서 ‘인간이란 무엇인가?’하는 인간학적 질문에 대해 분명한 그리스도교의 답변을 제시하고 있다고 볼 수 있다. (shrink)

본 논문은 21세기 실재론으로의 귀환을 기획하고 있는 유럽의 대표적인 세 철학자, 메이야수, 페라리스, 바스카의 문제의식과 그들의 이론 전개과정을 살펴본다. 세 철학자가 각자 주장하는 실재론의 근원을 좀 더 자세히 분석하고, 각각의 특성을 비판적으로 검토해 보려고 한다. 그들은 근대 이후 서양철학의 근본 문제로 지적해왔던 인간중심주의로부터의 탈피, 또는 인간중심주의의 한계를 극복하고자 한다. 메이야수는 인간의 합리성에서, 페라리스는 인간 경험의 부조리에 대한 직관으로부터, 바스카는 과학적 탐구를 가능하게 하는 근본 원인에 대한 메타적인 추구를 통해 인간중심주의의 한계를 극복하려 한다. 생명공학과 정보통신기술 중심의 과학적 진보는 인간의 정체성과 세계에 (...) 대한 인간의 이해를 재해석하게 만든다. 이러한 상황 속에서 21세기 유럽 실재론자들의 탐구는 새로운 시대를 준비하는 인간의 지성사적 노력에 하나의 의미있는 도전으로 기록될 것이다. (shrink)