A supportive ethical culture (EC) can encourage moral behavior among employees and help them avoid wrongdoing. One option for fostering EC is ethics training; its longer-term effectiveness, however, has rarely been examined, especially in countries lacking strong regulatory environments. Accordingly, we used a comprehensive theory-driven approach to train the upper echelons (18 males, 16 females) from two organizations in Colombia. In turn, they agreed to use their influence in a manner that would cascade through the hierarchy. EC perceptions (...) of 275 staff across the companies (n1 = 193, n2 = 82; total = 275) were assessed 1–2 months and 9–10 months post-training. Relative to pre-training levels, both overall EC and its subdimensions significantly increased 1–2 months out, but these gains were not sustained 9–10 months later. Qualitative findings of data collected in each company (8 interviews per company) suggested that ensuring effective transfer of training from the upper echelons was a challenge. (shrink)

In this paper we evaluate and confirm the effectiveness of including curriculum training on career management as a component of university studies. The behaviour of the students in this study was modified by the uncertainty created by the crisis in the labour market due to the pandemic.Our results confirm that universities need to develop the generic and academic skills demanded by the labour market in order to provide their students with comprehensive training while also taking joint responsibility (...) for developing their students’ career management skills. (shrink)

Well-trained, competent therapists are crucial for safe and effective psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT). The question whether PAT training programs should require aspiring therapists to undergo their own PAT—commonly referred to as “experiential training”—has received much attention within the field. In this article, we analyze the potential benefits of experiential training in PAT by applying the framework developed by Rolf Sandell et al. concerning the functions of any training therapy (the therapeutic, modeling, empathic, persuasive, and theoretical functions). We (...) then explore six key domains in which risks could arise through mandatory experiential training: physical and psychological risks; negative impact on therapeutic skill; justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion; dual relationships; privacy and confidentiality; and undue pressure. Ultimately, we argue that experiential training in PAT should not be mandatory. Because many PAT training programs already incorporate experiential training methods, our exploration of potential harms and benefits may be used to generate comprehensive risk-mitigation strategies. (shrink)

Research involving vulnerable populations of people living with HIV (PLWH), such as children, adolescents, older adults, pregnant and lactating women, hospitalized patients, and key populations, presents complex bioethical challenges. We assessed bioethics training needs for trainees engaged in HIV research from the School of Medicine (SoM) of Makerere University and the Infectious Disease Institute (IDI) to inform the development of a comprehensive bioethics training program for trainees. A cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted from March to May 2024 (...) using an online structured questionnaire distributed via Google Forms. Participants included former and current trainees who have conducted research with PLWH within the past five years. Data collected included self-rated bioethics knowledge, frequency of encountering bioethical challenges, confidence in addressing challenges across vulnerable populations, and preferred training topics and delivery formats. Descriptive data analysis was performed using STATA Version 17. We attained a response rate of 67.5% (108/160). While 75.9% reported formal bioethics training, 58.3% rated their knowledge moderate. Frequently encountered challenges included maintaining confidentiality and privacy (61.1%), conducting informed consent processes (56.1%), applying bioethical principles, engaging with communities (54.6%), and selecting appropriate research participants (51.4%). Confidence in addressing bioethical challenges was notably lower for vulnerable populations than for general HIV research. Confidence of the trainees was higher in research involving older PLWH and pregnant/lactating women, moderate with children/adolescents and hospitalized individuals, and very low with key populations. Trainees expressed limited confidence in addressing cultural sensitivity, stigma, coercion, community engagement, harm monitoring, and compensation for research-related harm across all the populations. Top training priorities included ethical issues with research involving vulnerable populations (97.2%), reporting ethical concerns (94.4%), community engagement (93.6%), research on stored samples/data (94.5%), and stigma/discrimination (92.6%). Preferred formats were in-person workshops, interactive case-based scenarios, and online courses. Trainees faced diverse bioethical challenges and exhibited varying confidence levels in addressing these issues across different vulnerable populations. These findings underscore the need for targeted, context-specific bioethics training tailored to conducting research with vulnerable PLWH. This study has informed the development of a comprehensive training program to improve the ethical conduct of HIV research in Uganda. Not applicable. (shrink)

In Spain before the 1990s there was no clear and explicit comprehensive training for future engineers with regard to social responsibility and social commitment. Following the Spanish university curricular reform, which began in the early 1990s, a number of optional subjects became available to students, concerning science, technology and society (STS), international cooperation, the environment and sustainability. The latest redefinition of the Spanish curriculum in line with the Bologna agreements has reduced the number of non-obligatory subjects, but could (...) lead to improving preparation for social responsibility due to the requirement that the design of curricula and the assessment of students should be based on competencies, some of which include human values and attitudes. (shrink)

The Training Anthology-or Siksa-samuccaya-is a collection of quotations from Buddhist sutras with illuminating and insightful commentary by the eighth-century North Indian master Santideva. Best known for his philosophical poem, the Bodhicaryavatara, Santideva has been a vital source of spiritual guidance and literary inspiration to Tibetan teachers and students throughout the history of Tibetan Buddhism. Charles Goodman offers a translation of this major work of religious literature, in which Santideva has extracted, from the vast ocean of the Buddha's teachings, a (...) large number of passages of exceptional value, either for their practical relevance, philosophical illumination, or aesthetic beauty. The Training Anthology provides a comprehensive overview of the Mahayana path to Awakening and gives scholars an invaluable window into the religious doctrines, ethical commitments, and everyday life of Buddhist monks in India during the first millennium CE. (shrink)

This survey was conducted in 2017 to investigate factors influencing social risk perception of biotechnologists and plant breeders in training toward GM food based on a conceptual model. A random sample of 210 biotechnologists and plant breeders in training was studied. Confirmatory factor analysis and the reliability tests have been used to verify the uni-dimensionality of the measurement scale, SEM also was carried out to determine the most parsimonious models with the best fit for social risk perception of (...) GM foods and path analysis was conducted to understand the exogenous variables introduced in the research model. The findings revealed that the engineers in training had moderate social risk perception regarding GM foods. Moreover, the results of structural equation modeling showed the capability of the model in predicting the social risk perceptions of engineers in training. The psychological attributes of risks, social benefit perception, attitude toward using technology, level of religiosity, and moral and ethical beliefs emerged as the most powerful predictors of the social risk perception. The social benefit perception and attitude toward using technology also mediated the effects of psychological attributes of risks, level of religiosity, and moral and ethical beliefs. The social benefit perception also had an indirect influence on the engineers in training’s social risk perception of GM foods. Finally, we recommend the application of the model developed by this study for better understanding of social risk perception of stakeholders to have a more informed view of the development and promotion of GM foods. (shrink)

Zen Training is a comprehensive handbook for zazen , seated meditation practice, and an authoritative presentation of the Zen path. The book marked a turning point in Zen literature in its critical reevaluation of the enlightenment experience, which the author believes has often been emphasized at the expense of other important aspects of Zen training. In addition, Zen Training goes beyond the first flashes of enlightenment to explore how one lives as well as trains in Zen. (...) The author also draws many significant parallels between Zen and Western philosophy and psychology, comparing traditional Zen concepts with the theories of being and cognition of such thinkers as Heidegger and Husserl. (shrink)

"Zen training is a comprehensive handbook for zazen, seated meditation practice, and an authoritative presentation of the Zen path. The book marked a turning point in Zen literature in its critical reevaluation of the enlightenment experience, which the author believes has often been emphasized at the expense of other important aspects of Zen training. In addition, Zen Training goes beyond the first flashes of enlightenment to explore how one lives as well as trains in Zen. The (...) author draws many significant parallels between Zen and Western philosophy and psychology, comparing traditional Zen concepts with the theories of being and cognition of such thinkers as Heidegger and Husserl."--BOOK JACKET. (shrink)

Background: The high disease burden of Africa, the emergence of new diseases and efforts to address the 10/90 gap have led to an unprecedented increase in health research activities in Africa. Consequently, there is an increase in the volume and complexity of protocols that ethics review committees in Africa have to review. Methods: With a grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the African Malaria Network Trust (AMANET) undertook a survey of 31 ethics review committees (ERCs) across sub-Saharan Africa (...) as an initial step to a comprehensive capacity-strengthening programme. The number of members per committee ranged from 3 to 21, with an average of 11. Members of 10 institutional committees were all from the institution where the committees were based, raising prima facie questions as to whether independence and objectivity could be guaranteed in the review work of such committees. Results: The majority of the committees (92%) cited scientific design of clinical trials as the area needing the most attention in terms of training, followed by determination of risks and benefits and monitoring of research. The survey showed that 38% of the ERC members did not receive any form of training. In the light of the increasing complexity and numbers of health research studies being conducted in Africa, this deficit requires immediate attention. Outcome: The survey identified areas of weakness in the operations of ERCs in Africa. Consequently, AMANET is addressing the identified needs and weaknesses through a 4-year capacity-building project. (shrink)

In verbal irony, there is a contrast between the literal meaning of what is stated and the intended meaning of the words. As successful comprehension of irony requires going beyond lexical meaning, the ability to understand it tends to develop late compared to literal language and it is challenging for children. Numerous explanations have been proposed for the late development of irony comprehension, including emerging language and perspective-taking skills, working memory, and metapragmatic knowledge. Irony training studies have the potential (...) to be an effective means of testing these explanations and moving beyond correlational designs. We review recent studies that tested this possibility. The results suggest that even short-term irony training can be effective for improving children’s irony comprehension accuracy, and that metapragmatic knowledge is a key mechanism of irony understanding. We outline directions for future training studies and link those to possibilities for both intervention and theory development. (shrink)

Most research in experimental metaethics suggests high levels of interpersonal and intrapersonal variation in support for moral realism and antirealism among nonphilosophers (i.e., people without significant training in philosophy). These findings challenge the assumption that nonphilosophers share a uniform commitment to moral realism. Recent evidence challenges the validity of these studies by demonstrating that many people do not interpret questions about metaethics as intended. Pölzler and Wright offer a potential solution: train participants to understand the relevant metaethical distinctions. They (...) devised a set of paradigms that feature training exercises, comprehensive instructions, and detailed response options designed to mitigate unintended interpretations. I argue that their efforts were inadequate, and that the training required to ensure participants interpret stimuli as intended would need to be so extensive that it would effectively transform participants into novice philosophers. This leads to a dilemma: if training is unable to ensure adequate rates of intended interpretation, then it can’t resolve the threat to validity it was designed to address, while if it succeeds, participants will no longer represent nonphilosophers, which undermines the study’s external validity. Since research on other philosophical topics may likewise suffer from low rates of intended interpretations, e.g., free will and consciousness, this dilemma may have broader implications for experimental philosophy and psychology. (shrink)

In the present paper, we analyze the ethical issues in training for psychedelic therapy and discuss mitigation strategies for these issues. Specifically, after describing models of psychedelic training, we describe four problems of psychedelic training: (1) the imperative for comprehensive training due to vulnerability of participants, (2) psychedelic but not psychotherapeutic experience in training, (3) self-disclosure of psychedelic experience, and (4) guruism. In the following, we will delineate mitigation strategies with regard to these ethical (...) issues: we underline the necessity of ethics codes and training, but also argue for the importance of monitoring and control, also through video recording. For accountability, psychedelic practitioners should hold professional licensure. When they offer psychotherapy, they should be trained in psychotherapy. Furthermore, a cooling off period after therapists’ personal experience with psychedelics (“honeymoon”) is warranted. (shrink)

Children with developmental language disorder (DLD) reportedly struggle with the comprehension of aspect. However, since aspect and tense are closely entangled in the languages spoken by the children with DLD in previous studies, it is unclear whether the difficulty stems from aspect, tense, or both. Mandarin Chinese, a language without morphological manifestations of tense, is ideal to investigate whether the comprehension of aspect is specifically affected in children with DLD, yet to date work on this is scarce and presents methodological (...) limitations. In this study, we examined whether preschool Mandarin-speaking children with DLD have difficulty in comprehending perfective aspect (represented with the aspect marker -le) compared to imperfective aspect (represented with the aspect markerszai-and -zhe), whether performance can be explained in terms of the pre- vs. post-verbal realization of the aspect markers, and the potential role played by lexical aspect in the comprehension of grammatical aspect. Fourteen preschool children with DLD (mean age: 61.11 months old) and 14 TD children (mean age: 63.4 months old) matched for age and nonverbal intelligence participated in a sentence-picture matching task. Global results showed that, similar to their TD peers, children with DLD performed better on imperfective aspect than perfective aspect. Concerning specific aspect markers, while children with DLD indeed performed similarly to TD children on imperfective-zhe, they obtained significantly lower accuracy than TD children on perfective-leand imperfectivezai-. However, considering verb types combined with these aspect markers, results revealed that children with DLD scored significantly higher on the prototypical combination(s) (e.g.,zai- + Activity verbs) than on the non-prototypical combination(s) (e.g.,zai- + Accomplishment verbs). The performance pattern suggests that the comprehension of aspect markers by children with DLD is particularly affected by lexical aspect. As this also affects younger TD children, children with DLD are arguably at an earlier stage of aspectual development than their age and nonverbal intelligence matched TD peers. Therefore, the aspectual development of children with DLD appears to be delayed rather than deviant. Given this, language programs addressing difficulties in DLD may need to incorporate training on the use of aspect markers, especially targeting their combination with non-prototypical verbs. (shrink)

The article is dedicated to a review of the ideas of the training session of the research project “Gender Approach in the Context of Comprehensive Defense”, which took place on May 11-23, 2025 in the cities of Stockholm and Uppsala. The purpose of the educational event was to familiarize with the Swedish experience of comprehensive defense, which is based on a comprehensive security strategy. Its feature is the use of the capabilities and potential of not only (...) military, but also psychological, economic, information, cybernetic and other components. This experience is relevant for Ukrainian society, since victory over the enemy and the development of an independent sovereign state require a number of effective reforms both in the field of defense and the search for innovative solutions in the implementation of social, economic, social, educational and other policies. (shrink)

This study shows that listening comprehension is very important in both first language acquisition and foreign language learning. Nevertheless, listening receives little attention in foreign language teaching, so it is rarely trained. Listening is a skill we possess from birth and is not learned through social interaction. While listening is a physical process, understanding is a mental one that involves attention, perception, and interpretation. In our first language, listening and understanding pose no difficulties. Here, we can grasp a statement without (...) understanding every word. We use our prior knowledge and predictions to do so. Strategies are required to practice listening skills. These are used in the native language without realizing it, and learners must then redirect their attention to the foreign language. This paper describes strategies relevant to listening comprehension. The textbook “Schritte International Neu” covers all language levels, from A1 to B2. There are many different types of texts for listening. Listening strategies are addressed throughout the textbook and practiced through various tasks. The strategies are repeated after a few tasks and are also combined with each other. However, not all strategies known in the specialist literature are used in the textbook. (shrink)

In adversarial machine learning, attackers add carefully crafted perturbations to input, where the perturbations are almost imperceptible to humans, but can cause models to make wrong predictions. In this paper, we did comprehensive review of some of the most recent research, advancement and discoveries on adversarial attack, adversarial sampling generation, the potency or effectiveness of each of the existing attack methods, we also did comprehensive review on some of the most recent research, advancement and discoveries on adversarial defense (...) strategies, the effectiveness of each defense methods, and finally we did comparison on effectiveness and potency of different adversarial attack and defense methods. We came to conclusion that adversarial attack will mainly be blackbox for the foreseeable future since attacker has limited or no knowledge of gradient use for NN model, we also concluded that as dataset becomes more complex, so will be increase in demand for scalable adversarial defense strategy to mitigate or combat attack, and we strongly recommended that any neural network model with or without defense strategy should regularly be revisited, with the source code continuously updated at regular interval to check for any vulnerability against newer attack. (shrink)

The prevalence of ethics training in organizations rose from 50% in 2003 to 76% in 2011 (Ethics Resource Center 2012). This paper reviews the current state of ethics training in organizations and proposes a new conceptual model for designing effective ethics training programs based on Rest’s (1986) model of ethical decision-making. We argue that it is not the content of ethics training that fails to produce ethical behavior; it is the method by which ethics training (...) is delivered. Most organizations utilize training methods designed to disseminate information or facilitate ethical dilemma recognition. Few organizations utilize methods that allow for trainees to actually practice making an ethical decision. We argue that a comprehensive approach to ethics training should be used, so trainees may practice all aspects of making an ethical decision. This practice should then enhance transfer of ethics training to the job. We conclude with suggestions for how research could be conducted to empirically support these arguments and inform ethics training method choices. (shrink)

BackgroundPeer review remains a cornerstone of scientific knowledge dissemination, yet comprehensive, practically relevant training is limited. This inspired us to develop Peerspectives, a peer review training course for doctoral students in the biomedical sciences in Berlin, Germany. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of the Peerspectives course on editor-judged quality of peer review reports.MethodsDoctoral students in health research fields who enrolled in the Peerspectives course between October 2020 and August 2022 were invited to participate in the study, (...) and 80 consented. The ~18 week-long course provided training on the structure, purpose, and conduct of peer review and editorial processes in biomedical journals. It included 12 h of lectures, homework assignments, and 12 h of hands-on, small-group workshops, during which students reviewed original research manuscripts currently under consideration at The BMJ under the guidance of experienced mentors. The primary outcome was the overall quality of the peer review reports as judged by two independent BMJ editors using the global score of the Review Quality Instrument (RQI) pre- and post-intervention. Additionally, we compared participants’ post-course scores with those of actual BMJ reviewers. We also compared participants’ self-assessed knowledge and skills related to scholarly peer review (1–5 Likert scale) before and after the course.ResultsAfter course completion, the editor-assessed overall quality of the participants’ peer review reports was higher than before the course (median increase of 0.5 points, p < 0.001; mean increase of 0.36 points, p < 0.001). The RQI scores of participants’ post-course reports were not non-inferior to those of actual BMJ reviewers for the same manuscripts. Self-assessed peer review-related knowledge skills increased across all questionnaire items after course completion. Greatest improvements were seen in understanding reviewer expectations (increase in means from 2.9 to 4.5), confidence in reviewing (2.5 to 3.9), and knowing what to look for while reviewing (2.8 to 4.2).ConclusionsProviding doctoral students with comprehensive training resulted in an editorially significant increase in review report quality and improved understanding of the role and expectations of peer reviewers in the scholarly publishing processes and confidence in giving constructive feedback.Pre-registrationhttps://osf.io/vndcx. (shrink)

Resumen: Este estudio refleja la necesidad de formar a los jóvenes universitarios de manera integral para responder a los nuevos retos que con la inteligencia artificial y las tecnologías se derivan. Es necesario un pensamiento crítico para su uso ético. El universitario debe buscar la verdad y hacerlo desde una razón ampliada con los distintos saberes. Los tres últimos papas han reflexionado sobre la necesidad de recuperar la auténtica misión de la Universidad y el Papa Francisco reflexiona sobre el uso (...) de la inteligencia artificial en la educación. Toda ciencia implícita o explícitamente ofrece un posicionamiento antropológico, epistemológico, de sentido y ético no neutral, la Universidad debe formar para respetar siempre la dignidad humana. Consideramos que la lectura de obras que provoquen, partiendo de lo cotidiano, abrirse al misterio es clave en el momento que estamos viviendo. Flannery O’Connor es una escritora que reúne un potencial extraordinario para formar a los jóvenes en valores, dotarles de un sólido pensamiento crítico y poder comprender que las tecnologías son herramientas al servicio del ser humano y no al revés. La necesidad de integrar, investigar y utilizar las TICs es todo un reto de nuestro tiempo al que la Universidad debe dar respuesta. Abstract: This study reflects the need to train young university students in a comprehensive manner to respond to the new challenges that arise from artificial intelligence and technologies. Critical thinking is necessary for their ethical use. The university student must search for the truth and do it from a reason expanded with different knowledge. The last three Popes have reflected on the need to recover the authentic mission of the University and Pope Francis reflects on the use of artificial intelligence in education. Every science implicitly or explicitly offers a non-neutral anthropological, epistemological, meaning and ethical positioning, the University must form to always respect human dignity. We consider that the reading of works that provoke, starting from the everyday, to open up to the mystery is key in the moment we are living. Flannery O'Connor is a writer who has an extraordinary potential to educate young people in values, to provide them with a solid critical thinking and to be able to understand that technologies are tools at the service of human beings and not the other way around. The need to integrate, research and use ICTs is a challenge of our time to which the University must respond. (shrink)

BackgroundThe German Medical Informatics Initiative (MII) introduced a standardised Broad Consent (BC) form encompassing medical data, insurance data, contact information and biomaterials for health data research. This study assesses the feasibility of MII-BC in emergency departments (EDs), examining patient understanding and identifying implementation facilitators and barriers. Recommendations for implementation of MII-BC in EDs will be derived.MethodsMixed-method data were collected in EDs of four German university hospitals (UHs) using pseudonymised participant observation with a focus on patient perspective and surveys from patients. (...) Data included MII-BC acceptance rates, patient understanding, motivation to consent and implementation facilitators and barriers. Quantitative data were analysed descriptively; qualitative data underwent content analysis with deductive–inductive category formation.ResultsThe exploratory study involved 12 participant observations from four tertiary UHs, surfacing five key themes: (1) MII-BC patient information in the ED, (2) facilitators and (3) barriers in obtaining MII-BC in the ED, (4) patient perspectives on MII-BC and (5) recommendations for implementing MII-BC in EDs. Survey results (n=225) showed that most patients (89.8%) demonstrated high understanding of MII-BC patient information. Facilitators include empathetic engagement, clear communication and encouragement for questions. Hindering factors include estimating study time frames, ambient noises and study procedure interruptions. Adequate resources, such as trained staff and suitable premises, are crucial.ConclusionImplementing MII-BC in the ED is feasible with appropriate resources, though ED-specific challenges must be addressed. Successful MII-BC implementation in EDs hinges on ensuring access to comprehensible information materials, transparent communication and a calm recruitment environment.Trial registration numberDRKS00030054. (shrink)

Moral education as a concept is very comprehensive in China. It is implemented in two ways, one of which is through subject‐based moral education, the other is by means of all kinds of extra‐curricular activities. There are three groups of moral educators: teachers of subject‐based moral education, Party administrators and class teachers. The initial training of these teachers is undertaken at three levels of teacher training institutions: teachers' universities, colleges or schools. Three in‐service training approaches are (...) described and illustrated: the first takes place in teachers' universities; the second is a school‐based approach; and the third is characterized by cooperation between university and school. Challenges for the further improvement of the training of moral educators are outlined and some suggestions made. (shrink)

Honor, fearlessness, calm, decisive action, strategic thinking, and martial prowess have been the hallmarks of the Japanese samurai culture through the ages. Their ethos is known as bushido, or the way of the warrior-knight. Here is an insider’s view of the samurai—their moral and psychological development, the ethical standards they strive to uphold, their training in both martial arts and strategy, and the enormous role that the traditions of Shintoism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism had in influencing their ideals. Thomas (...) Cleary has collected writings on bushido by warriors, scholars, political advisors, and educators from the fifteenth through the nineteenth centuries that provide a comprehensive, historically rich view of samurai life and education. The selections deal with a broad range of subjects—from military strategy and political science to personal discipline and character development. Cleary includes an introduction to each piece, putting it into historical context and presenting biographical information about the authors. This is an essential read for martial artists and anyone interested in samurai history, but it will also appeal to readers in the fields of government, military, religion, and education. (shrink)

Background: Recruitment, training and performance management are central processes in Human Resource Management (HRM) for organizational performance. Organizational Culture (OC) also determines these practices based on the nature of hiring, career development, and employee retention. It is essential to have a clear understanding of the relationship to gain the biggest benefits for HRM strategies and organizational results. Aim: Thus, the current research examines how OC affects HRM practices such as RP, TD, PM, EE, RR, and CR. It is desired (...) to identify how OC influences HRM practices and offer recommendations that can help to improve the HRM practices. Method: A questionnaire survey was conducted among 250 respondents using a structured 5-point Likert scale. The survey was based on demographic characteristics and evaluated the OC influence on RP, TD, PM, EE, RR, and CR. The study employed the PLS-SEM technique and T-test with the CFA and psychometric tests to check for reliability. Results: A strong correlation between OC and human resource management practices was established. OC impacted the approach to attracting employees, selecting and developing training programs, assessing performer appraisals, motivating employees, deciding on retention strategies, and handling conflict. These observations show that OC has a strong impact on the range of HRM practices. Conclusion: It is important to understand that organizational culture is an influential component that affects HRM practices. Positive OC affects the ability to attract, develop, manage, engage, retain, and resolve conflicts with employees. The PLS-SEM approach was useful in analysing these relationships and enhancing the HRM strategies with regards to organizational culture. (shrink)

El desarrollo de habilidades lectoras y el conocimiento de elementos teóricos para la comprensión de los textos científicos es una necesidad en la formación de todo profesional. Para que los futuros egresados puedan comprender esta tipología textual es necesario que cada docente, desde las diferentes asignaturas del currículo escolar, le ofrezcan las herramientas necesarias para interactuar con estos. Por tal motivo este trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar una revisión bibliográfica de los aspectos esenciales acerca de la comprensión lectora y en (...) particular de los textos científicos, sustentada en las concepciones vigotskianas, así como en categorías de la Lingüística Textual que posibilitan la interpretación y procesamiento de la información en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. The development of literacy skills and knowledge of theoretical elements for the understanding of scientific texts is a need in any professional training. In order that future graduates can understand this textual typology it is necessary that each teacher, from the different subjects of the school curriculum, offers the necessary tools to interact with these texts. For this reason this work is intended to carry out a literature review of the essential aspects of reading comprehension and in particular of scientific texts, supported in the vigotskians conceptions and categories of Textual Linguistics that make possible the interpretation and processing of information in the teaching-learning process. (shrink)

Revolutionizing received opinion of Taoism's origins in light of historic new discoveries, Harold D. Roth has uncovered China's oldest mystical text--the original expression of Taoist philosophy--and presents it here with a complete translation and commentary. Over the past twenty-five years, documents recovered from the tombs of China's ancient elite have sparked a revolution in scholarship about early Chinese thought, in particular the origins of Taoist philosophy and religion. In _Original Tao,_ Harold D. Roth exhumes the seminal text of Taoism--_Inward (...) class='Hi'>Training (Nei-yeh)_--not from a tomb but from the pages of the _Kuan Tzu,_ a voluminous text on politics and economics in which this mystical tract had been "buried" for centuries. _Inward Training_ is composed of short poetic verses devoted to the practice of breath meditation, and to the insights about the nature of human beings and the form of the cosmos derived from this practice. In its poetic form and tone, the work closely resembles the _Tao-te Ching_; moreover, it clearly evokes Taoism's affinities to other mystical traditions, notably aspects of Hinduism and Buddhism. Roth argues that _Inward Training_ is the foundational text of early Taoism and traces the book to the mid-fourth century B.C. (the late Warring States period in China). These verses contain the oldest surviving expressions of a method for mystical "inner cultivation," which Roth identifies as the basis for all early Taoist texts, including the _Chuang Tzu_ and the world-renowned _Tao-te Ching._ With these historic discoveries, he reveals the possibility of a much deeper continuity between early "philosophical" Taoism and the later Taoist religion than scholars had previously suspected. _Original Tao_ contains an elegant and luminous complete translation of the original text. Roth's comprehensive analysis explains what _Inward Training_ meant to the people who wrote it, how this work came to be "entombed" within the _Kuan Tzu,_ and why the text was largely overlooked after the early Han period. (shrink)

Emotional processing (EP) is a complex cognitive function necessary to successfully adjust to social environments where we need to interpret and respond to cues that convey threat or reward signals. Ex-combatants have consistently shown atypical EP as well as poor social interactions. Available reintegration programs aim to facilitate the re-adaptation of ex-combatants to their communities. However, they do not incorporate actions to improve EP and to enhance cognitive-emotional regulation. The present study was aimed at evaluating the usefulness of an intervention (...) focused on Social Cognitive Training (SCT), which was designed to equip ex-combatants enrolled in the Social Reintegration Route with EP and social cognition skills. A group of 31 ex-combatants (mean age of 37.2, 29 men) from Colombian illegal armed groups were recruited into this study. Of these, 16 were invited to take part in a SCT and the other continued with the conventional reintegration intervention. Both groups underwent 12 training sessions in a period 12-14 weeks. They were assessed with a comprehensive protocol which included Psychosocial, Behavioral and Emotion Processing instruments. The scores on these instruments prior to and after the intervention were compared within and between groups. Both groups were matched at baseline. Ex-combatants receiving the SCT experienced significant improvements in EP and a reduction in aggressive attitudes, effects not observed in those continuing the conventional reintegration intervention. This is the first study that achieves such outcomes in such a population using SCT intervention. We discuss the implications of such results towards better social reintegration strategies. (shrink)

The utilization of in-vitro fertilization (IVF) in assisted reproduction has undergone a notable surge since its inception in 1979. Consequently, the demand for well-trained IVF personnel has become crucial to address the expanding technical requirements of this field. However, acquiring specialized technical expertise remains a challenge in various regions and countries, particularly in the Arab Islamic region, frequently playing a pivotal role in the successful implementation of medical technology. Ensuring a proficient workforce of IVF experts requires the provision of practical (...) and comprehensive training opportunities. This work reveals the ethical considerations surrounding the utilization of actual human eggs in IVF training courses and examines potential alternative approaches to meet the training needs in a manner deemed ethically acceptable. We analyzed the bioethical issues of using human eggs in IVF training, considering ethical principles, benefits, and concerns to determine permissibility and contribute to discussions on reproductive technology ethics and the responsible use of human reproductive material. In addition, we shed light on perspectives from Islamic scholarship. In conclusion, utilizing immature eggs in practical IVF training, while ensuring informed consent, is widely deemed acceptable within the ethical framework. However, the crucial necessity of robust oversight, especially in the private sector, cannot be overstated. To address these critical considerations, the initial and fundamental step entails conducting a comprehensive regional survey. Using immature eggs in IVF training seems acceptable, but it is crucial to establish an oversight practice. Organizing a collaborative workshop with stakeholders from both the public and private sectors is a crucial first step in developing this controlled practice. (shrink)

This study examines the impact of a comprehensive training program aimed at integrating traditional Mandana, Bhil, and Gond art forms with contemporary design techniques. Thirty artisans from Madhya Pradesh participated in a week-long training, focusing on fabric preparation, motif creation, layouting, and post-production processes inspired by the Saas Bahu Temple motifs. Statistical analysis revealed significant improvements in artisans’ confidence across various aspects of modern artistic techniques, suggesting the training’s effectiveness in enhancing the quality and marketability of (...) their work. (shrink)

The incorporation of technology into the training of foreign language teachers has garnered considerable interest among educators, who have increasingly acknowledged the inherent possibilities of innovative tools and applications in augmenting their professional growth. Notwithstanding, these tools allow educators to remain abreast of the most current pedagogical methodologies, augment their instructional expertise, and proficiently cater to the varied requirements of students. This study investigates the incorporation of these tools within the instructional program of educators specializing in foreign languages; with (...) the ultimate aim of unveiling the views of relevant stakeholders on how these tools aid in strengthening their professional growth. The study involved the participation of 107 individuals, comprising both foreign language university lecturers and teacher trainers. Furthermore, a quantitative method of analysis was adopted in analyzing the research data that was collated through the use of an online questionnaire. Several significant findings were made from the research data which were presented and analyzed. The research findings revealed that technology integration seamlessly paves the way for the professional development of foreign language educators. Also, a comprehensive training program, provision of ongoing professional development opportunities, peer collaboration, and establishment of feedback and evaluation mechanisms can aid in countering major limitations of the implementation of technology integration. (shrink)

Given the widespread acceptance of computational thinking in educational systems around the world, primary and higher education has begun thinking about how to cultivate students' CT competences. The artificial intelligence of things combines artificial intelligence and the Internet of things and involves integrating sensing technologies at the lowest level with relevant algorithms in order to solve real-world problems. Thus, it has now become a popular technological application for CT training. In this study, a novel AIoT learning with Augmented Reality (...) technology was proposed and explored the effect of CT skills. The students used AR applications to understand AIoT applications in practice, attempted the placement of different AR sensors in actual scenarios, and further generalized and designed algorithms. Based on the results of the experimental course, we explored the influence of prior knowledge and usage intention on students' CT competence training. The results show that proposed AIoT learning can increase students' learning intention and that they had a positive impact on problem solving and comprehension with AR technology, as well as application planning and design. (shrink)

Auditory stimulation training (AST) has been proposed as a potential treatment for chil-dren with specific language impairments (SLI). The current study was designed to test this as-sumption by using an AST with technically modulated musical material (ASTM) in a random-ized control group design. A total of 101 preschool children (62 male, 39 females; mean age = 4.52 years, SD = 0.62) with deficits in speech comprehension and poor working memory ca-pacity were randomly allocated into one of two treatment groups (...) or a control group. Children in the ASTM group (n = 40) received three 30-minute sessions per week over 12 weeks, whereas children in the comparison group received pedagogical activities during these intervals (n = 24). Children in the control group (n = 37) received no treatment. Working memory, phoneme dis-crimination and speech perception skills were tested prior to (baseline) and after treatment. Chil-dren in the ASTM group showed significantly greater working memory capacity, speech per-ception, and phoneme discrimination skills after treatment, whereas children in the other groups did not show such improvement. Taken together, these results suggest that ASTM can enhance auditory cognitive performance in children with SLI. (shrink)

This book is a comprehensive source of guidance for individual contributors who have just transitioned (or about to transition) to new roles in training domain such as training managers, learning managers or instructional design manager or any such roles to accelerate their leadership in training domain. The book describes S2Pro© Model of Strategic Competencies for Training and Learning Management Function, developed out of years of practice and research, which proposes a framework for accelerating leadership and (...) management development path of new training or learning managers. The book delivers 35 powerful, proven strategies across 8 core strategic competencies namely thought process, decision-making, operations management, project leadership, strategic leadership, global team leadership, and professional development. The book provides authentic understanding, knowledge, insight, and guidance required to be successful in training domain. This book is the first-of-its-kind focused exclusively on the aspect of accelerating leadership and management development path for new training and learning managers. Chapter 1 of the book introduces a Model of Strategic Competencies for Training and Learning Function outlining 8 core strategic competencies to accelerate leadership development. Chapter 2 sets the stage on making 3 changes in one’s thought process to be successful in the new role. Chapter 3 of the book provides insight into 3 core skills required by new training and learning managers to make effective training related decisions. Chapter 4 of the book equip new managers with an understanding of 3 pillars that would allow them to manage their training operations amidst the complexity of the organization. Chapter 5 of the book focuses on 2 fundamental characteristics of highly successful training management practices. Chapter 6 describes 2 powerful project leadership styles particular for leading learning or training related projects. Chapter 7 shifts its focus on providing the first-of-its-kind checklist of 10 unique approaches exhibited by well-known training leaders. Chapter 8 then dives into the challenge of team leadership, in particular for global, diverse multi-cultural training teams and describes 3 common-sense principles to handle this challenge. Chapter 9 concludes the book by providing 5 success strategies to new managers to develop themselves professionally to maintain a competitive edge in what they do. (shrink)

This chapter explores the training of the clinical bioethicist from a dual perspective: technical excellence and the development of human capacities, with special emphasis on empathy. In a context of scientific advances and complex ethical dilemmas, clinical bioethics emerges as an essential discipline to counteract dehumanization in health care. It is argued that a comprehensive training is indispensable, transcending theoretical knowledge of principles to encompass a profound humanistic training. The chapter proposes a competency-based training model (...) that integrates three key dimensions: theoretical knowledge (ethical foundations and legal framework), practical skills (dilemma analysis, communication, and mediation), and attitudes and values (empathy, integrity, and respect for dignity). It postulates that professional excellence is based on the human quality of the professional, suggesting the integration of the humanities in training to cultivate ethical sensitivity and a person-centered perspective. The chapter concludes that the integral formation of the bioethicist is crucial to transform medical practice into a profoundly human experience, strengthening humanism in the health sciences to face contemporary ethical challenges. (shrink)

The integration of artificial intelligence in health care is advancing rapidly, promising improvements in medical diagnostics, patient care, and administrative efficiency. To realize these benefits, health-care professionals must receive comprehensive training and education in digital health, including artificial intelligence. This chapter examines the importance of artificial intelligence literacy, outlines the necessity of targeted education for health-care professionals, and discusses curriculum development strategies aimed at bridging current knowledge gaps.

Carbohydrate timing represents a critical element in the nutritional strategies of endurance athletes, particularly long-distance runners. This paper examines the existing scientific literature to provide a comprehensive analysis of the optimal timing for carbohydrate consumption in the context of long-distance running training. The evidence indicates that pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion, ideally 2 to 4 hours before training at a dose of 1 to 3 grams per kilogram of body weight, maximises glycogen stores and sustains high-intensity performance, with particular (...) benefit observed for exercise sessions exceeding 90 minutes. Post-exercise carbohydrate consumption within the first two hours following training accelerates glycogen resynthesis, owing to the heightened insulin sensitivity of skeletal muscle. Both windows are essential for a complete nutritional strategy; however, when only one can be prioritised, pre-exercise intake is more critical for immediate performance outcomes. The strategy known as "train low", which involves exercising under conditions of reduced glycogen availability, is also discussed. Although it may stimulate certain physiological adaptations such as mitochondrial biogenesis and enhanced fat oxidation, it carries notable performance and injury risks and should be implemented only under professional supervision. (shrink)

In sports education, psychological strength is considered as an integral component in the performance of any athlete. One of the effective ways to improve many psychological attributes involves training. The sample consisted of 450 athletes divided into an experimental group (EG) (n = 225) that received eight-week imagination training and a control group (CG) (n = 225) that continued with conventional training. Data was examined using the latest version of SPSS 17.0, using descriptive statistics, paired t-tests, and (...) Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to control for pre-existing differences. Psychological strength, mental resilience, focus and concentration, confidence, and stress management are important in athletic performance. It is proposed as a method of enhancing these psychological attributes in sports education. There were differences in significance in the EG in psychological strength, focus and concentration, confidence, and stress management compared with the CG. Paired t-tests in these variables reflect p< 0.05. ANCOVA supported the efficiency of imagination training. Imagination training significantly develops psychological strength and other related attributes in athletes. In all the variables studied, the EG performed better compared to the CG, which provided evidence that imagination training is indeed a helpful tool in enhancing psychological strength and performance in sports education. (shrink)

Globally, unsafe abortion among young women is a public health concern. In 2021, 17.8% of abortions occurred among adolescents in the Eastern region of Ghana, who struggle to access comprehensive abortion care (CAC) due to conflicts over decision-making capacity and parental consent requirements. This study explores the ethical issues surrounding CAC provision for adolescents in the New Juaben Municipality, Eastern Region, Ghana. A phenomenological qualitative study approach was used to explore the ethical concerns of healthcare workers providing CAC to (...) adolescents. Twelve healthcare workers, comprising midwives, a physician specialist, a physician assistant (provides primary healthcare), and a nurse, who had provided CAC services for at least 6 months were purposively selected for in-depth interviews. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using ATLAS.ti software. Thematic analysis was conducted, with relevant quotations used to support the findings. Some midwives provided directive counseling to adolescents. Other ethical issues uncovered were confidentiality, and contemplation with conscientious objection. Minors required parental consent for CAC, but when it is objected the loco parentis is used albeit strict parental involvement is required in advanced gestational age. Healthcare providers resolved ethical dilemmas related to informed consent through personal discretion and consultation. Counselling, confidentiality and conscientious objection were handled through task sharing, consultation and referral to other facilities. The Ghana Health Service counseling guidelines were often used for post-abortion family planning counseling. This study identified several ethical concerns related to CAC for adolescents, including directive counseling, compromised autonomy, confidentiality, beneficence, and conscientious objection. Appropriate resolution of ethical issues is important for improving adolescents’ access to CAC services. Values clarification and attitude transformation training are required to orient healthcare workers to provide unbiased and non-directive counseling. (shrink)

Prior studies indicate that active interventions during REI (research ethics and integrity) training are generally more effective, although no single format significantly outshines others. Still, how can we know whether REI training is effective? We outline measurement tools used in REI training research in the past two decades and pinpoint feasible methods for measuring effectiveness of training. Among the measurement tools, self-assessment is commonly used to gauge participant reactions and perceived learning outcomes. Studies use pre-posttests to (...) assess moral reasoning, knowledge, and ethical awareness, whereas qualitative approaches include methods like grounded theory and thematic analysis. However, data limitations, heterogeneity of training formats, and short intervention durations pose limitations to the measurement. Current measures put insufficient emphasis on behavioral outcomes. We propose a set of systemic recommendations on measuring whether REI training is effective: a holistic measurement approach that combines different methods during multiple measurement points could provide a more comprehensive understanding of training effectiveness. (shrink)

This practical book is designed to be a hands-on guide for healthcare simulation personnel to both understand the context of Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion (EDI) in healthcare education and how to bring those concepts to life in simulation training. The first section of this guidebook grounds the readers in the concepts of EDI in contemporary culture and specifically within healthcare education. The second section gives practical tips and ideas on setting up a simulation program that is grounded in EDI (...) principles. This section covers areas related to staff recruiting, faculty representation, appropriate manikin and moulage diversity, creating patient scenarios, inclusive debriefing, and more topics. The final section brings EDI in practice to life with real examples from around the world. Simulation examples, concepts, and principles that focus on a diverse range of patients and their needs. This includes patients of various races, religions, nationalities, abilities, and even scenarios of bias from a patient to healthcare provider. This book ensures the next generation of healthcare professionals are trained not only in an equitable and inclusive manner, but that they are prepared to approach all of their future patients that way. (shrink)

The global surge in academic misconduct during the COVID-19 pandemic, exacerbated by remote teaching and online assessment, necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the multidimensional aspects and stakeholders' perspectives associated with this issue. This paper addresses the prevalent use of answer-providing sites and other types of academic misconduct, underscoring the challenge of detecting all or most of the student misconduct. Exploring factors such as faculty inexperience in remote teaching and assessment, the paper advocates for proactive measures to preserve integrity in (...) education. Emphasizing the need for a culture of integrity beyond traditional classrooms, the paper reviews existing models, then details steps to create a framework using the International Labour Organization (ILO)’s TREE training method. It presents the IEPAR framework (Inspiration, Education, Pedagogical considerations, Assessment design, Response and Restorative practice), and assesses its effectiveness. Incorporating faculty feedback, the paper concludes with evidence-based findings, positioning the IEPAR framework as a robust approach for addressing academic misconduct and fostering a culture of academic integrity in higher education through responsible training of all stakeholders. (shrink)

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming education by enabling personalized learning experiences, enhancing teaching efficiency, and promoting student engagement. This study provides a comprehensive literature review on the applications, challenges, and future directions of AI tech- nologies, with a focus on generative AI tools like ChatGPT, GPT-4, and BERT. The review explores the role of AI across primary, secondary, and higher education, examining its potential to foster inclusivity and address educational equity gaps. Key methods include thematic analysis of relevant literature (...) to identify trends, challenges, and research gaps. The results highlight both the opportunities provided by AI, such as adaptive learning and automated assessment, and the challenges, including ethical concerns, algorithmic bias, and infrastructural limitations. The study concludes by emphasizing the need for ethical frameworks, teacher training, and interdisciplinary collaboration to ensure the responsible use of AI in education. Additionally, the research identifies future directions, including the integration of AI with emerging technologies like virtual and augmented reality. This review aims to provide actionable insights for educators, policymakers, and researchers to harness AI’s potential while maintaining a balance between technology and human interaction for meaningful learning experiences. (shrink)

Nowadays, innovation and entrepreneurship courses occupy a very important place in universities and colleges and have also become an important teaching position in the process of building a new science. Colleges and universities actively respond to the challenge of “mass entrepreneurship and innovation” and define the goals and specifications of the talent training mechanism based on data fusion algorithms to cultivate as much high-quality applied talent as possible. In view of some shortcomings and problems in the current talent (...) class='Hi'>training mechanism in universities and colleges, this paper proposes a data fusion algorithm based on information fusion theory and proof theory. The aim is to verify the feasibility of establishing a talent training mechanism for innovation and entrepreneurship education in universities and colleges. And this paper analyzes and explores the data fusion algorithm and the elements of innovation and entrepreneurial talent training, and forms an operating mechanism for entrepreneurial talent training according to social needs. Among them, the efficiency of the data fusion algorithm used by the GM model plays a significant role in the final result, and the minimum relative error value is 3.2%. Finally, it is concluded that we should focus on establishing a perfect talent training system for college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship education to improve students’ own comprehensive quality and various abilities, and to solve some social problems that are difficult to find employment in essence. (shrink)

ObjectivesWorking memory is essential for daily life skills like reading comprehension, reasoning, and problem-solving. Healthy aging of the brain goes along with working memory decline that can affect older people’s independence in everyday life. Interventions in the form of cognitive training are a promising tool for delaying age-related working memory decline, yet the underlying structural plasticity of white matter is hardly studied.MethodsWe conducted a longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging study to investigate the effects of an intensive four-week adaptive working memory (...) training on white matter integrity quantified by global and tract-wise mean diffusivity. We compared diffusivity measures of fiber tracts that are associated with working memory of 32 young and 20 older participants that were randomly assigned to a working memory training group or an active control group.ResultsThe behavioral analysis showed an increase in working memory performance after the four-week adaptive working memory training. The neuroanatomical analysis revealed a decrease in mean diffusivity in the working memory training group after the training intervention in the right inferior longitudinal fasciculus for the older adults. There was also a decrease in mean diffusivity in the working memory training group in the right superior longitudinal fasciculus for the older and young participants after the intervention.ConclusionThis study shows that older people can benefit from working memory training by improving their working memory performance that is also reflected in terms of improved white matter integrity in the superior longitudinal fasciculus and the inferior longitudinal fasciculus, where the first is an essential component of the frontoparietal network known to be essential in working memory. (shrink)

This study proposes a holistic framework integrating Intelligence Quotient (IQ), Emotional Quotient (EQ), Social Quotient (SQ), and Adversity Quotient (AQ) to enhance student development across preschool, middle school, and high school. Classifying students by these metrics identifies cognitive, emotional, social, and resilience challenges, enabling tailored interventions. Common issues like academic struggles, social withdrawal, and low resilience require integrated curricula and teacher strategies, including differentiated instruction, emotional support, social skill development, and resilience-building. Future research should explore longitudinal metric interactions to foster (...) resilient, well-rounded students equipped for academic and personal success. (shrink)