In the new era of technology, internet turns to be one of the main sources of information, since it is considered cheaper and easier to use. Hence in tourism, two main pull factors influencing potential tourist to visit a destination are recognized as nature and culture which a destination offers. The acceptance of culture as one of the important factors in tourists’ motivation, heritage sites become popular in many countries especially those which are nominated as world heritage sites. This paper (...) is to analyze the condition of available online information about George Town world heritage spots (Penang, Malaysia). As far as heritage is one of the products of tourism and tourism, on the other hand, is a big help for sustainability of heritage sites, providing sufficient information about tourism heritage sites as a promotional key is very important. Top ten tourism websites were chosen and content analysis was performed to find the current situation of those websites. By recognizing heritage as tangible and intangible, the result shows that although the intangible heritages need more concern in sustainability matter, but the information about them are not as complete as the tangible ones. Lack of proper information was seen in most websites and the focus of information was more on tangible heritage and among intangible heritage, the main focus was on food. To support the result of analysis, in-dept interviews were conducted by couple of heritage offices in the city. The main reason behind the lack of sufficient information about intangible heritage seems to be the lack of complete list of them and moreover, promoting this division of heritage needs negotiation with the local residence involving in those activities. The paper suggests providing a complete list of George Town world heritage as far as some of them are disappearing lately, and keeping this valuable world heritage sustainable for next generation needs detailed study and completing the list as soon as possible. In this regard those intangible heritages which are in hazard of disappearing can be maintained by the effort of key holders of the field. Moreover, providing the mentioned list helps the information providers, especially related websites to focus equally on tangible and intangible George Town world heritage. (shrink)

This article discusses the origins, spiritual aspects, and development of Mahaputra Pencak Silat in Cintaraja village, Singaparna subdistrict. The main focus includes analysis of martial arts training which teaches how learners control their desires and impulses, as well as emphasizing the importance of self-defense in the life of a soldier. The research method was evaluated based on a historical and sociological approach where the discussion of the object was based on society and related to existing facts in Cintaraja village which (...) were collected through observation, appropriate questionnaires and existing documentation. The results of the training process for the "Bender" style begin with prayers to the Creator, the ancestors, and martial arts teachers from the eight cardinal directions. This series of prayers symbolizes spiritual practice in starting training and is also an effort to defend oneself (manage one's readiness) so that one can master the techniques being learned. The ritual behavior process applied to students is adapted from daily behavior according to the era or period. The impact felt by the learner gives rise to behavior related to self-defense. (shrink)

Islamic theory of knowledge and philosophy; papers of a meeting.

This paper explores the important role of critical science, and in particular of post-colonial and decolonial theories, in understanding and shaping the ongoing advances in artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence is viewed as amongst the technological advances that will reshape modern societies and their relations. While the design and deployment of systems that continually adapt holds the promise of far-reaching positive change, they simultaneously pose significant risks, especially to already vulnerable peoples. Values and power are central to this discussion. Decolonial theories (...) use historical hindsight to explain patterns of power that shape our intellectual, political, economic, and social world. By embedding a decolonial critical approach within its technical practice, AI communities can develop foresight and tactics that can better align research and technology development with established ethical principles, centring vulnerable peoples who continue to bear the brunt of negative impacts of innovation and scientific progress. We highlight problematic applications that are instances of coloniality, and using a decolonial lens, submit three tactics that can form a decolonial field of artificial intelligence: creating a critical technical practice of AI, seeking reverse tutelage and reverse pedagogies, and the renewal of affective and political communities. The years ahead will usher in a wave of new scientific breakthroughs and technologies driven by AI research, making it incumbent upon AI communities to strengthen the social contract through ethical foresight and the multiplicity of intellectual perspectives available to us, ultimately supporting future technologies that enable greater well-being, with the goal of beneficence and justice for all. (shrink)

Background Although research has established that the work environment significantly shapes nurses’ ethical behavior, it’s less clear whether decent work could influence ethical ideologies of nurses. Aim To investigate the decent work conditions and ethical ideologies of nurses, and to analyze whether decent work influences their ethical ideologies. Methods A multicenter cross-sectional survey was conducted among 203 nurses working in three tertiary governmental hospitals across two cities in Egypt. We utilized the Scale of Decent Work, which consists of 15 items (...) distributed across five dimensions, to assess the level of decent work conditions. Additionally, the Ethics Position Questionnaire, containing 20 items divided into two categories—idealism and relativism—was used to evaluate the ethical ideologies of nurses. Pearson correlation and linear regression analyses were applied to analyze the data. Ethical considerations Ethical approval from the ethics committee, institutional permission, and informed consent from the participants were obtained for data collection. Results The findings indicated that the levels of decent work conditions were moderate, while the ethical ideologies of nurses were relatively high. Stepwise multiple linear regression analyses revealed that the idealism of nurses was significantly predicted by two dimensions of decent work—organizational values, and hours allowing for free time and rest—along with the overall decent work score. Meanwhile, the relativism of nurses was significantly predicted by the presence of physically and interpersonally safe working conditions. Conclusions Nurses experiencing decent work conditions characterized by high organizational values and adequate hours for free time and rest are more inclined to adopt idealistic ethical ideology. Meanwhile, those experiencing physically and interpersonally safe working conditions tend to embrace relativistic ethical ideology. Implications for clinical practice Identifying the relationship between decent work conditions and the ethical ideologies of nurses can assist hospital administrators in fostering work conditions that promote appropriate ethical ideologies among nurses. (shrink)

Academic institutions aim at achieving the highest standards of education and learning. Consequently, they prohibit academic corruption such as cheating or plagiarism. This article examines how international accreditation and quality assurance standards embody academic integrity as a main factor in deciding whether an academic institution should be accredited, and what ranking should an academic institution acquire in a competitive contest for educational excellence. Academic integrity is broadly defined to include, in addition to cheating and plagiarism, compliance with standards of human (...) rights, labor rights, corporate social responsibility, ant-corruption measures, environmental protection, social media usage, protection of underage students, anti-radicalization and extremism, avoidance of conflict of interest, faculty professionalism, students codes of conduct and human experimentation. Academic institutions should adopt policies that are designed to address these diverse standards and accommodate diversity and enhance access to education for all without discrimination. Academic institutions should also strictly require the highest standards in teaching and research. This article will discuss the different policies, laws, rules and regulations adopted by Qatar University as a model for incorporating academic integrity, which may be of interest to the international higher education community. This article will ask two main questions; are accrediting institutions asking the right questions to find out whether an academic institution strictly adheres to a policy of academic integrity, and whether policies adopted by academic institutions, Qatar University as a model, are adequate to address various violations of academic integrity. (shrink)

It aimed to identify the strategic creativity in Islamic banks in Palestine between reality and implementation. The study adopted the descriptive analytical approach. A questionnaire was designed as a tool for the study. The study community consisted of all employees in Islamic banks from the top and middle management and the study has been applied to the Palestinian Islamic bank and the Arab Islamic Bank. The comprehensive inventory method was used, given the small size of the study sample, as questionnaires (...) were distributed to (175) employees, and a number of (5) categories were chosen from each branch of the bank(general manager, deputy general manager, director Branch, department head, department manager). (164) questionnaires have been used Recovered with a recovery rate of (93.71%). The study showed a number of results, the most important of which is the availability of dimensions of strategic innovation at a high level in Islamic banks in Palestine with a relative weight of (82.22%). In addition, that there are no differences between the averages estimates about the reality of the study variables in Islamic banks due to (gender, age group, educational qualification, number of years of service, job title). The study also presented a set of recommendations, including that the bank should provide the environment and the appropriate climate for employees to invest their intellectual energy, urge them to strategic creativity, and deal fairly with all creative ideas regardless of their source. (shrink)

Cet article aborde la question du corps après la mort telle que la tradition arabo-musulmane le décrit d’abord dans le Coran et les hadiths (paroles du prophète Mahomet), puis dans l’abondante littérature de 'Adhâb al-Qabr (les terreurs salutaires de la tombe). C’est un sujet qui est étroitement lié à la sémiotique du corps, à la sémiotique de la religion et à la sémiotique de la culture car il est au carrefour de diverses problématiques relatives à la communication entre corps finis (...) et vivants, au rôle structurant des lieux comme la tombe, l’au-delà ou dar al barzagh (équivalent – avec nuance – du purgatoire chrétien), et aux stratégies utilisées pour produire du sens dans un monde qui se veut intemporel, sans sens et sans espace, celui de la mort. Quel corps la tombe postule-t-elle? Comment le récit du tombeau, avec ses catégories finies, joue-t-il avec un corps nié, mais en même temps indispensable? On s’intéressera particulièrement à la question de la spatialité de la tombe, de la caractérisation du mort, de la nature des mondes possibles de la tombe, ainsi qu’à d’autres questions relatives au pacte communicatif qui s’établit entre le corps du mort et ceux des vivants. (shrink)

In this paper, we present a domain-specific, open access, reference ontology (ROMAIN) for the maintenance management domain. We use a hybrid approach, based on a top-down alignment to an open sourc...

The development of transportation infrastructure is very important to support sustainable tourism development. This research aims to analyze the carrying capacity factors and existing transportation infrastructure of Medan-Berastagi-Merek. Carrying capacity analysis was carried out using a quantitative descriptive approach. In general, the carrying capacity of the existing Medan–Berastagi–Merek Road Section as transportation access is obtained. Most indicators of quality, mobility, connectivity, accessibility, and timeliness were rated as good. The variables of obstacles and timeliness have a significant influence on regional economic (...) development and deserve serious attention in developing national tourism strategic areas. (shrink)

New Zealand and Malaysia have abandoned plans to introduce a generational smoking ban because of concerns that such a policy is incompatible with liberal democracy as it undermines autonomy. This paper challenges this claim by showing that smoking is not an autonomous act. Autonomy requires a deliberation of preferences, wills and inclinations. This does not occur in smokers because of three related factors: nicotine addiction, cognitive biases and psychosocial development in addiction. Nicotine addiction results in strong physical and psychological desires (...) to seek pleasure and to avoid withdrawal. This is further potentiated by conditioned behaviour. Cognitive biases explain why smokers act in ways that are detrimental to their health. Psychosocial development explains how the brains of smokers are unable to make rational decisions. This combination renders smokers unable to reflect on their actions and thus act autonomously. This stance is compatible with Mill’s view that actions that devalue autonomy cannot be considered autonomous. Defenders of liberalism should not be quick to dismiss a smoking ban and can instead foster autonomy by supporting it. (shrink)

Scientific Ethics Education (SEE) plays a pivotal role in cultivating students’ understanding of complex ethical dilemmas and guiding their ethical decision-making processes. Effective instruction in this area requires a tailored approach suited for science students. This study explores how epistemological worldviews (EW) influence pedagogical strategies (PS) among educators in Malaysian universities. By investigating the diverse perspectives of 23 educators using the Fuzzy Delphi methodology, the research reveals a significant preference for contextualist and relativistic worldviews. These orientations support teaching methods that (...) enhance critical thinking and ethical reasoning. Integrating these worldviews into the SEE curriculum fosters a transformative learning environment, equipping students with the ethical skills to navigate complex scientific challenges with integrity and proficiency. (shrink)

A high-ranking policymaker in Qatar who sought expert advice approached Ahmed, an economic consultant to explore the multifaceted impacts of having hosted the FIFA World Cup 2022. In evaluating the economic impact of hosting the FIFA World Cup 2022, several critical questions emerge. Firstly, the anticipated boost in tourism and its implications for the economy is a key area of interest, specifically how it demonstrates Qatar's capacity for managing large-scale projects and contributes to potential economic growth. There is curiosity about (...) how the positive outcomes of the event balance with the substantial investments and associated costs, especially considering the financial outlay for infrastructure and operational expenses. The long-term utility of these investments and the risk of creating underutilized assets prompt further inquiry, as does the diversion of significant funds toward World Cup infrastructure and its opportunity costs for vital sectors like education and healthcare. The case explores the complex trade-offs involved in this economic evaluation, addressing questions about the broader societal challenges, including the treatment of migrant workers and the environmental impacts of such a massive event. (shrink)

In higher education, reflective practice has become a dynamic, participatory, and cyclical process that contributes to educators’ professional development and personal growth. While it is now a prominent part of educators, many still find it challenging to apply the concept for it carries diverse meaning for different people in different contexts. This article attempts to conceptualize the complexity of reflective practice in an educational context. Scholars in this field have taken different approaches to reflective practice, but all these approaches consist (...) of four main components in common: reflecting; planning for future action; acting; and evaluating the outcomes. We extend the existing literature by proposing a model which integrates these four components with three key aspects of reflection: problem-solving, action orientation, and criticality. The novelty of this model lies within its alignment of the three key aspects with different levels of criticality in a comprehensive framework with detailed descriptors provided. The model and its descriptors are useful in guiding individuals who directly or indirectly involve in critical reflection, especially educators, in appraising their levels of criticality and consequently engage in a meaningful reflection. (shrink)

This article sheds light on the positive impact of ethical leaders on their subordinates’ behaviours during times of crisis. The article focuses on the turbulent and abrupt changes taking place in...

Purpose The purpose of this research is to investigate the factors that affect educators’ adoption of ChatGPT for teaching activities. Design/methodology/approach Using the TOP framework, this research uses a survey methodology, gathering data from 479 higher education staff across various universities and countries. Findings This study reveals that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, artificial intelligence (AI) learning and anxiety indirectly affect the adoption of ChatGPT by enhancing attitudes and self-efficacy. Notably, AI exposure and perceived support do not have a significant impact. (...) Overall, the model accounts for 55% of the variance in ChatGPT adoption intentions. Practical implications The findings suggest that technology and personnel-related factors can improve the adoption of ChatGPT for teaching, while organisational factors are less influential. This has important implications for educational institutions considering the integration of AI tools. Originality/value This research contributes to the limited literature on educators’ use of ChatGPT in teaching, providing insights into the underlying factors that facilitate or hinder its adoption in the educational landscape. (shrink)

Purpose This paper aims to appraise current challenges in adopting generative AI by reviewers to evaluate the readability and quality of submissions. The paper discusses how to make the AI-powered peer-review process immune to unethical practices, such as the proliferation of AI-generated poor-quality or fake reviews that could harm the value of peer review. Design/methodology/approach This paper examines the potential roles of AI in peer review, the challenges it raises and their mitigation. It critically appraises current opinions and practices while (...) acknowledging the lack of consensus about best practices in AI for peer review. Findings The adoption of generative AI by the peer review process seems inevitable, but this has to happen (1) gradually, (2) under human supervision, (3) by raising awareness among stakeholders about all its ramifications, (4) through improving transparency and accountability, (5) while ensuring confidentiality through the use of locally hosted AI systems, (6) by acknowledging its limitations such as its inherent bias and unawareness of up-to-date knowledge, (7) by putting in place robust safeguards to maximize its benefits and lessen its potential harm and (8) by implementing a robust quality assurance to assess its impact on overall research quality. Originality/value In the current race for more AI in scholarly communication, this paper advocates for a human-centered oversight of AI-powered peer review. Eroding the role of humans will create an undesirable situation where peer review will gradually metamorphose into an awkward conversation between an AI writing a paper and an AI evaluating that paper. (shrink)

This study provides a critical examination of traditional pedagogies and teaching ethics in science, advocating for the adoption of innovative instructional methodologies that leverage technology to accommodate the diverse learning preferences of contemporary learners. Utilizing the Fuzzy Delphi Method to achieve expert consensus, the research refined the constructs of the ASSURE model through the insights of 23 Malaysian science ethics educators and educational technology experts. The analysis revealed several essential constructs, notably the necessity of incorporating interactive simulations and enhancing instructor (...) training, with a particular emphasis on “technology-enhanced ethical reasoning.” Ultimately, this study proposes a heuristic instructional approach designed to assist educators in strategically integrating technology into scientific ethics education, thereby fostering critical ethical reasoning skills essential for navigating the complex dynamics of our rapidly evolving digital society. (shrink)

Reaction–diffusion epidemic models play a central role in understanding how infectious diseases propagate through space and time, offering valuable insight for public health analysis. A key element of such models is the incidence function, which governs the nonlinear interaction between susceptible and infected populations. Despite extensive studies on various incidence formulations, the systematic identification of a suitable one for a given setting remains an open question. This work introduces a theoretical framework that interprets the selection of an incidence function as (...) quantifying the contribution of several plausible formulations to the overall transmission dynamics, inferred from observational data. The resulting problem takes the form of a PDE-constrained optimization, where the objective is to determine the optimal weights in a convex combination of incidence functions that best fit the observed epidemic patterns. The analysis establishes the Fréchet differentiability of the parameter-to-state operator and derives first-order optimality conditions via an adjoint system. A numerical illustration, based on the Landweber iteration method, highlights the framework’s potential as a mathematical tool to enhance modeling accuracy and support strategies aimed at disease prevention. (shrink)

يصْدُرُ موسى ابن ميمون (Moïse Maïmonide) (1204 – 1138م) في مؤلّفه ''دَلَالةُ الحَائِرين'' عن رؤيةٍ نقديّةٍ؛ إذ همَّ إلى الأنظار المُكْتَسبة والتقليديّة حول التوراة، وقام بمراجعتها، محاولاً بناء معرفة منطقية عقلية لا تنفي النصّ المقدس وإنما تقرأه في ضوء نظرةٍ فلسفيةٍ ذات راهنية. وما دعاهُ إلى مثل ذلك، هو تتبع واقع النصّ المقدّس على عصره، وما آل إليه واقع التّفسير. إنّ قراءة، أبواب الكتاب وحروفه التي قسّمها إلى ثلاثة أقسام حسب ما ثقفت؛ العنصر الأول، وهو يناقش مفهوم الله الذي أشْكَلَ (...) على الفلاسفة وعلى رجال الدين، فما اتّفِقَ حوله قط، خصوصا في ما يتعلق بخصائص الذات وعلاقتها بالصّفات، مفهوم العالم وفيه مؤاخذات ومواقف كثيرة، لا يكاد يحدُّها حصرٌ، حيثُ أدْرَجَ ابن ميمون هذه المسألة بذكاء حادّ وفطنة يقظة، ليدافع عن فكرة حدوث العالم، و في الأخير مفهوم الإنسان. Maimonides, in his book “Guide for The Perplexed”, produces a critical vision. He has attributed to traditional views of the Torah and reviewed them, attempting to build a rational logical knowledge that does not deny the Torah but reads it in the light of a current philosophical view. What he called for, is to follow the reality of the Sacred texts on his time, and the reality of interpretation. Reading, the doors and letters of the book which he divided into three sections according to what I have learned; the first element, is the concept of God, which cause a problem for philosophers and theologians, what has never been agreed upon, especially with regard to the characteristics of the Godself and its relationship to qualities. the second concept is the World; many attitudes listed this question with sharp intelligence and vigilance, discussing the idea of the “Eternity World”, and at last the concept of Man. (shrink)

The determination of death by neurological criteria remains controversial scientifically, culturally, and legally, worldwide. In the United Kingdom, although the determination of death by neurological criteria is not legally codified, the Code of Practice of the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges is customarily used for neurological death determination and treatment withdrawal. Unlike some states in the US, however, there are no provisions under the law requiring accommodation of and respect for residents' religious rights and commitments when secular conceptions of death (...) based on medical codes and practices conflict with a traditional concept well-grounded in religious and cultural values and practices. In this article, we analyse the medical, ethical, and legal issues that were generated by the recent judgement of the High Court of England and Wales in Re: A [2015] EWHC 443. Mechanical ventilation was withdrawn in this case despite parental religious objection to a determination of death based on the code of practice. We outline contemporary evidence that has refuted the reliability of tests of brainstem function to ascertain the two conjunctive clinical criteria for the determination of death that are stipulated in the code of practice: irreversible loss of capacity for consciousness and somatic integration of bodily biological functions. We argue that: the tests of brainstem function were not properly undertaken in this case; the two conjunctive clinical criteria set forth in the code of practice cannot be reliably confirmed by these tests in any event; and absent authentication of the clinical criteria of death, the code of practice wrongly invokes a secular definition of death based on the loss of personhood. Consequently, the moral obligation of a pluralistic society to honor and respect diverse religious convictions to the greatest extent possible is being violated. Re A is contrasted with the US case of Jahi McMath in which the court accommodated parental religious objection to the determination of neurological death codified in the Uniform Determination of Death Act. We conclude that the legal system in the United Kingdom should not favour a secular definition of death over a definition of death that is respectful of religious values about the inviolability and sanctity of life. We recommend the legal recognition of religious accommodation in death determination to facilitate cultural sensitivity and compassionate care to patients and families in a pluralistic society. (shrink)

تَتَنَاوَلُ هذه الدِّراسَةُ الوظيفة التي تؤدِّيها هيرمينوطيقا ريكور، بوصفها فَلْسَفَةً للترجمة وَفَلْسَفَةً بوصفها تَرْجَمَةً. تنطلقُ من إطلالةٍ، عامة، على نظريات ريكور في ضوء تاريخ فلسفة الترجمة، وتوضح الكيفية التي اقتفى بها خطى غادامر في فهم عملية التَّرجمة، بوصفها فنًّا للتفاوض والوساطة بين الذَّات والآخر. وتَسْتَكشف الباراديغم الهيرمينوطيقي للترجمة الذي طوره ريكور في أعماله اللاحقة من خلال مظاهر ثلاثة رئيسة: لسانية، وأنطولوجية، وأخلاقية. وتنتهي الدِّراسة بمناقشة الدَّور الحاسم الذي تَلعبه التَّرجمة في مسائلِ الضّيافة والتَّعددية والصَّفح. -/- تمثّل التَّرجمة سمةً جوهريّةً ومركزيّةً (...) في فلسفة بول ريكور، وبالرغم من أنه لم يجعلها موضوعًا صريحًا في أعماله، إلا أنَّها كانت حاضرةً، بقوةٍ، في ممارساته الفلسفية. كان ريكور وسيطًا بارعًا، وشخصًا يُتْقِنُ فن التَّحكيم والتَّفاوض بين المواقف المتضاربة (=والمتباينة). لا يُضاهى بول ريكور في دبلوماسيته التَّبادلية حين يتعلق الأمر بالأفكار الفلسفية، حيث كان يجد دائمًا نقاطًا مشتركة - وإن لم يكن دائمًا يصل دائماً إلى حلٍّ نهائيٍّ - بين وجهات النَّظر المتناقضة في ظاهرها، لكن دعنا نفكر في وساطتهِ الدَّائمة والانتقال الذي قام به بين التفكير القاريّ والأنغلوسكسوني، على المستوى العام، ثم على المستوى القاري، ووساطته بين الوجودية والهيغلية؛ بين علم الاستدلال والنّقدية النظرية؛ بين علم الظواهر والعلوم الإنسانية؛ بين التحليل النفسي الفرويدي والجدليات الهيغلية؛ بين نظرية الأدب وفلسفة الدّين؛ بين الفهم التَّاريخي (Verstehen) والتَّفسير العلميِّ (Erklären)، بين علم النفس وعلم الأعصاب، بين الأخلاق والسِّياسة، وهكذا دواليك. وينبغي النَّظر، في النهاية، إلى جهوده العَديدةِ في إقحامِ التَّرجمة في إطار الهيرمينوطيقا ذاتها، بين الهيرمينوطيقا الرومانسية (المستمدةِ من شليرماخر، وديلتاي) والهيرمينوطيقا النقدية أو الهيرمينوطيقا الراديكالية (التي طورها هابرماس وديريدا على التوالي). -/- ما يُلفت النَّظر - في هذه الوساطات النَّقدية كلِّها - أنَّ ريكور لم يتوقف، إطلاقاً، عن احترام طَرفي التبادل المتَنازعين؛ إذ يحوّل ببراعة الصِّراع إلى حِوَارٍ، من دُون التَّنَازل عن عمق الاعتقاد أو دقَّة التَّقييم. وفي اعتقادي لا يضاهي ريكور من معاصريه أحدٌ في دوره الفلسفيّ كمترجم. وفي الواقع، يمكن القول إنَّ فكر ريكور يجسّد كلًّا من الفلسفة بوصفها ترجمةً وكفلسفةٍ عن التَّرجمة. وسأركز، في ما يلي، بشكل رئيس على النقطة الأخيرة. (shrink)

This paper extends and enriches the current research on CSR, CEO compensation contracts and characteristics of the board of directors by examining an underexplored question related to the potential impact of independent board members on the share of CSR criteria in executive compensation. It also considers a potential moderating effect of gender diversity in this relationship. Empirical analyses of a sample French firms listed on the SBF120 index between 2014 and 2021 show that independent directors have no impact on the (...) inclusion of CSR criteria in the annual bonus of senior executives. They also reveal that gender diversity can strengthen the role of independent directors in indexing executive compensation to CSR criteria. The findings can be useful for corporate boards and policymakers seeking to boost the adoption of CSR criteria in executive compensation contracts. They provide empirical support for the Zimmermann law (2011) and urge the policymakers to boost the appointment of female directors on boards. (shrink)

How should we respond to those who suspect the tree of being the image of an ascent to the heavens and the figure of the monarchical powers of a diseased transcendence?1 What kind of resentment underwrites the suspicion of trees while the extractive powers of empire and capital destroy, day after day, hectares of land and vegetation across the globe? The reader may have understood that I am addressing these questions to a now-classic text: Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari's Mille (...) Plateaux.2 This book contains a famous critique of the figure of the tree which is a crucial moment in contemporary philosophy. Polemicizing against what they consider as the remnants of God in metaphysics, Deleuze and Guattari urge us to... Read More. (shrink)

The COVID-19 pandemic has led governments worldwide to make ethically controversial decisions. As a result, healthcare professionals are facing several ethical dilemmas, especially in terms of healthcare services provided to senior citizens. Thus, the aim of this review is to identify and categorize ethical dilemmas as well as propose solutions regarding health care services for elderly individuals. A qualitative systematic review of the literature was undertaken in the first tier of the pandemic. All identified scientific and editorial articles published in (...) English or French between December 2019 and October 2021 were included. An article was excluded if it was commercial, did not address an issue in the care of the elderly or present any qualitative data. Article eligibility was determined through a process of triangulation among three independent reviewers. Initially, 69 articles met our inclusion criteria and were selected for this review. These studies can be divided into 2 distinct categories: scientific articles (17 studies) and expert opinion articles (52 articles). However, due to the large quantity of qualitative data that was extracted, only the results from the scientific literature are presented here. The analysis of the data of 17 studies has allowed the emergence of 2 main themes of ethical dilemmas: 1) access to care (3 subthemes: A) triage decisions for admission, B) access to the intensive care unit and C) vaccine allocation) and 2) infection control decisions (2 subthemes: (D) isolation and E) autonomy). Our results also revealed 4 categories of potential solutions to the encountered ethical dilemmas, namely, optimal protocols, enhanced communication, caregiver support and technological assistance (virtual team-based, AI). The ethical dilemmas that emerged from our results highlight the interest of a serious international discussion around the phenomena of ageism and its potential ethical implications for health care workers (be it under normal circumstances or exceptional circumstances such as those of a pandemic). We highly recommend that future research be undertaken to test the efficacy of the proposed solutions in providing age-friendly, dilemma-free health care and environments. (shrink)

The rule of law is established on the basis of a set of principles, the most important of which is legislative stability, through which the concept of legal security is embodied as a constitutionally-rooted idea of ambiguous and obscure meaning. To achieve this, multiple mechanisms must be present, the most prominent of which is the supervision of the constitutionality of laws. The latter originally emerged to realize a set of principles: the supremacy of the constitution, the gradation of legal rules, (...) and the protection of rights and freedoms. However, it has thus become an important requirement for achieving legal security and a necessity for the latter, given its role in maintaining legal stability through its function of annulling or correcting legal provisions tainted with unconstitutionality. The modern state is founded on the respect for the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals. To achieve this, the state must respect the law. The state's respect for law leads to its description as a rule-oflaw state, the concept of which is built on imposing supervision on the constitutionality of laws, meaning oversight of state authorities so that they do not violate the law, thus ensuring the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms. Therefore, the supervision of the constitutionality of laws is one of the main pillars of the rule of law. However, a rule-of-law state cannot be conceived except under the existence of the legal security principle; the ruleof-law state is that through which the substance of legal security is achieved, regardless of the system's type or model. (shrink)

Résumé Ce chapitre propose une mise au point sur la question de la condamnation de l’image dans le Coran et les hadīth et chez nombre d’exégètes, avant d’examiner ses répercussions sur la culture arabo-musulmane, notamment celles de la suprématie du signe linguistique et d’une herméneutique bipolaire du sens extérieur opposé au sens intérieur, à laquelle fait écho une autre bipolarité politique. Il s’agit d’examiner directement les sourates et les hadiths qui ont évoqué la question de la condamnation de l’image pour (...) pouvoir cerner, d’un côté, les particularités de cette condamnation dans les deux textes sacrés. Il s’agit aussi d’étudier le destin de cette condamnation chez des exégètes de différentes tendances. Le but est de saisir ses conséquences sur la mystique quant à la naissance d’une herméneutique propre au texte religieux et quant au statut extraordinaire d’un livre comme le Coran qui sera largement exploité dans l’élaboration de nombreuses théories politiques. Ce sera l’occasion d’illustrer cela par la théorie du I’jāz (suprématie ou caractère inégalable) du Coran et son rôle dans la formation des représentations du leader politique, à travers la figure du roi et du Cheikh dans les confréries mystiques. (shrink)

لا تجدُ الكتبُ المقدّسة واقعيتها إلا حينما تخرج من دائرة الكتابة والمدوّن والطقوسية المغلقة، والمغلّفة بهالة من القدسيّة التي لا يكاد المرء معها أن ينفذ إلى المعاني والمقاصد الحقيقية للنصّ، نحو أفق القراءة المتجددة، وبالتالي سنجدُ أنفسنا أمام نصّ متجدّد لا ينضب معينه. تحقّق الوعي بمسألة العلاقة بين جمود النصّ وفاعلية القراءة في ظل الجدل الذي قام بين الدينيّ والسياسيّ، لحظة حمي الصّراع حول المعنى واقتيدت المعارك تحت ألوية تأويل القرآن، ''فالدين -أيُّ دين- نصوصٌ صامتة بين دفَّتين (= كالقرآن في (...) وصفٍ شهيرٍ للإمام عليّ بن أبي طالب)، والرّجال هُمْ مَن يُنطِقون تلك النصوص على نحوٍ من الأنحاء وتبعاً للمصالح التي تحملهم على إنطاقها على هذا المقتضى أو ذاك (...) يسعُنا أن نحسب المعركة هذه -وهي ممتدة منذ فجر الإسلام- معركة تأويل. وهي كذلك، لأن النصوص ليست ناطقة بذاتها، مثلما قلنا، وإنما محمولة على معانٍ ومضامين يقرّرها المؤوِّلون. (shrink)

With the aim of slowing down the processes of cultural folklorization which aggravate the situation in which his fellow islanders are stagnating, Edouard Glissant cultivates an archipelago rhetoric, prioritizes poetics of diversity and takes a heuristic approach which allows him to report on the true history of Caribbean people. This is how he urges them to recover their collective memory, exalts their own culture and takes charge of their future, far from fakelore and any form of depersonalization.

We show that the conceptual distance between any two theories of first-order logic is the same as the generator distance between their Lindenbaum–Tarski algebras of concepts. As a consequence of this, we show that, for any two arbitrary mathematical structures, the generator distance between their meaning algebras (also known as cylindric set algebras) is the same as the conceptual distance between their first-order logic theories. As applications, we give a complete description for the distances between meaning algebras corresponding to structures (...) having at most three elements and show that this small network represents all the possible conceptual distances between complete theories. As a corollary of this, we will see that there are only two non-trivial structures definable on three-element sets up to conceptual equivalence (i.e., up to elementary plus definitional equivalence). (shrink)

In this paper, we introduce the integer programming in neutrosophic environment, by considering coffecients of problem as a triangulare neutrosophic numbers. The degrees of acceptance, indeterminacy and rejection of objectives are simultaneously considered. The Neutrosophic Integer Programming Problem (NIP) is transformed into a crisp programming model, using truth membership (T), indeterminacy membership (I), and falsity membership (F) functions as well as single valued triangular neutrosophic numbers. To measure the efficiency of the model, we solved several numerical examples.

PurposeThis study is justified by the economic importance of information on greenhouse gases, as well as the interest in the question of governance structure after the adoption of the objectives of the 2030 Agenda. The problem is also explained by the lack of research that has investigated the relationship between the best governance structure that contributes to achieving sustainability goals, including climate actions (SDG13) and clean energy adoption (SDG7) as part of the 2030 Agenda.Design/methodology/approachThe level of disclosure is measured on (...) the basis of the carbon disclosure score calculated by the carbon disclosure project (CDP). The study sample consists of 387 US companies that voluntarily participated in the CDP survey from 2011 to 2018. The authors use panel data analysis based on multiple regression models.FindingsThe results confirm the influential role of board size, director independence, the presence of women on the board and the presence of an environmental committee on carbon disclosure. In terms of carbon disclosure, the results suggest that a better governance structure is likely to reduce carbon emissions and improve carbon performance practices. Similarly, the analyses show a different representation of the role of corporate governance in high-carbon sectors compared to low-carbon sectors.Research limitations/implicationsThis study has some limitations. First, the sample is only interested in US companies that responded to the CDP questionnaire during the period 2011–2018. Thus, the results cannot be generalized to countries with different governance structures. Second, the data from this study on carbon disclosure, specifically focuses on CDP reporting to determine the carbon disclosure score. In this sense, the findings on information disclosed do not necessarily address disclosures through other media, such as a company’s website or a press release.Originality/valueSustainability and commitment to the sustainable development goals (SDGs) are more likely to exist in companies that have good governance and, in particular, a better board. The research is inspired by the SDGs. The study aims to examine the relationship between carbon disclosure and corporate governance in the context of SDGs. Indeed, this research work contributes to achieving sustainability goals, including climate actions (SDG13) and clean energy adoption (SDG7). (shrink)

In this article, I examine al-Ghazālī’s methodological skepticism and its role in establishing foundational knowledge.Despite the considerable scholarly attention given to The Deliverance from Error (al-Munqidh min al-ḍalāl), the foundationalism present in it has received relatively limited investigation. Al-Ghazālī established the foundations of knowledge by taking his methodological skepticism to its logical conclusions. His engagement with the sources of knowledge, namely, taqlīd, sense perception, and self-evident truths form the cornerstone of his skepticism. To understand how al-Ghazālī finds deliverance from his (...) skeptical impasse, and ultimately establish foundational knowledge, the concepts of “divine light” and fiṭra will be dis­cussed. Unlike Greek skepticism, al-Ghazālī’s skepticism was not a denial of the possibility of knowledge about the nature of reality, nor was it a denial of Muslim doctrine, but a methodological approach to establish the foundations of knowledge. (shrink)

The concepts “neoimperialism,” “neocolonialism,” “postcoloniality,” and “decoloniality” have long shaped scholarly debates on domination and exploitation in Africa. These signifiers have provided critical tools for analyzing the residues of colonial legacies, but they now strain to explain the evolving dynamics of global hegemonies. While globalization can be viewed as neocolonialist, the framework often fails to capture the multiplicity of contemporary exertions, such as China’s Belt and Road Initiative or the influence of external religious ideologies. Similarly, decoloniality, focused on mental and (...) structural legacies, struggles to encompass the intersection of older and newer forms of domination. This chapter therefore calls for a shift from the preceding traditional concepts to a more comprehensive framework: i.e. the “New Imposition Complex.” This term reflects the hybridization of historical mechanisms of domination, such as neocolonialism, with contemporary trends involving global economic, political, and ideological forces. For instance, China’s infrastructural projects and trade dominance represent fast-moving phenomena that are morphing into strictures that reshape African agency in new ways. These developments demand updated conceptual tools capable of addressing their unique complexities. (shrink)

The phrase energy justice has become the buzzword in international human rights law. The central theme of energy justice is essentially attaining and securing equality between social, economic and political participation in the energy system. Ergo, this chapter seeks to critically discuss the ongoing challenges faced by ASEAN in confronting energy injustices in the region. It also ventures into the discussion of the theory or concept of energy justice. In discussing the electrification process in ASEAN, this chapter also examines the (...) development and the challenges of such a process in almost each and every state in ASEAN. Given the status of Singapore as a developed nation, it is deliberately excluded from the discussion. The demand for ASEAN to swiftly shift into renewable energy has been growing day by day. At the end of the day, ASEAN’s enormous challenge is its huge dilemma in picking and choosing between two major priorities: either to succumb to international pressures by completely moving to renewable energy thus disregarding the people’s plight or to stick and maintain the status quo by absolutely ignoring such international pressures. (shrink)

This paper critically analyses how Islamization of Knowledge (IOK), Radical Reform (RR), and Maqasid Methodology (MM), three distinct Islamic intellectual projects, attempted to develop discourses of Islamic epistemology in facing contemporary developments of natural and social sciences. Mainly, the paper focuses on similarities, differences, and potential contributions of all three projects respectively. Initially, this paper observes that IOK, RR, and MM have solid agreements among themselves in defining the core crisis of the modern Islamic intellectual tradition, as well as in (...) highlighting the importance of inclusion of Islamic primary sources and its normative guidance in the process of reorienting modern knowledge. Equally, each of those projects presents itself as a new reflection of Islamic primary texts considering current intellectual challenges. Nevertheless, this paper further finds that all three projects have deep disagreements among themselves in terms of defining the scope of epistemic authority of revelation, reason, and spirituality and thereby offer three different visions of Islamic epistemic schema in facing modern knowledge. Finally, this paper reflects how these differences could potentially impact visions of an alternative education system from an Islamic worldview. (shrink)

The present study investigates the influence of a virtual laboratory-based learning kit on the development of clever thinking skills among middle school students engaged in chemistry education. This research responds to the increasing demand for effective and engaging pedagogical approaches within the realm of science education. The study formulates a null hypothesis asserting that there is no statistically significant difference, at the 0.05 significance level, between the average scores of students in the experimental group utilizing the virtual laboratory-based learning kit (...) and those in the control group receiving instruction through traditional methods. An experimental design with partial control was employed, featuring an experimental group comprising 34 students and a control group consisting of 32 students from Qadisiyah Middle School for Boys. Participants were randomly selected to create an unbiased sample of 66 students. The groups were equated based on key variables, such as age, grade 6 grade point average (GPA), and prior knowledge of the subject matter. To facilitate effective learning, twenty-four daily teaching plans were meticulously constructed: the experimental group’s plans were aligned with the virtual laboratory-based educational kit, while the control group adhered to conventional instructional techniques. Subsequent statistical analysis was performed using SPSS to assess the outcomes of the two independent samples with unequal sizes. The findings revealed a significant enhancement in clever thinking skills among students in the experimental group who engaged with the virtual laboratory-based educational kit, in comparison to their counterparts in the control group. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate notable advantages associated with the incorporation of a virtual laboratory-based educational kit into chemistry instruction to foster the development of clever thinking skills among students. This research advocates for the integration of virtual laboratories into pedagogical practices and encourages further investigation across various educational levels and subjects to ascertain their broader implications for learning outcomes. (shrink)

En essayant d’imposer à la Terre entière son modèle de développement fondé sur les énergies fossiles, l’Europe a contribué fortement au réchauffement de la planète. Dès 1844 en Allemagne, l’Union des pays d’Europe, plutôt de langue allemande, a été perçue comme indispensable à la colonisation concertée du monde. L’Allemagne se voyait comme le centre de cet Empire, auquel la Grande-Bretagne ne pourrait que se rallier. Le premier acte de cet empire européen serait la destruction de l’empire ottoman. Mais l’Union euro-impériale (...) à l’échelle mondiale a été rendue impossible par la dissémination coloniale. Le fantasme impérial n’en continue pas moins de hanter les esprits européens. (shrink)

We compare the onset of quantum equilibrium in the (deterministic) de Broglie-Bohm (dBB) formalism with its counterpart in the (stochastic) formalism of Bohm, Hiley, and Nelson (BHN). We bring to light the role played by microstructures in the position distributions regarding the approach to quantum equilibrium. We show that they provide a marker which makes it possible to distinguish deterministic chaos à la dBB from stochastic dynamics à la BHN. We also introduce a measure of the degree of mixing of (...) two ensembles initially separated in space; this measure is inspired by Bernoulli processes. (shrink)

Art is an aesthetic message and a means of human communication with its surroundings, as it influences and is influenced by everything that surrounds it, as scientific and intellectual development has a great role in developing the means used in it with the multiplicity of options offered in terms of raw materials and techniques. Undoubtedly, the art of ceramics is one of the arts developed in terms of technology, indicating the development and sophistication of societies throughout history. It offers an (...) aesthetic and utilitarian taste to the community. The color is one of the main elements in the process of adding an aesthetic touch to the surface of the ceramic piece, and this was evident in ceramics of all ages and times, and the implemented idea plays a role in showing an expressive and aesthetic vision in the ceramic surface and in order to keep pace with the rest of the plastic arts. Therefore, the potter always tries to innovate by experimenting with materials and techniques. Accordingly, the potter, especially the Arab potter, relied on coexistence with the modern intellectual dimensions of the era's culture, directing him to research, experimentation, modernization and acculturation from Western arts. This prompted research into Arab ceramics and the study of its ceramic products, especially the art of ceramics and the aesthetics of the raku technique, which is considered the Technique of most potters. The research is part of the methodological framework of the research, as it contains the research question, which concludes with the following question: What is the aesthetic of the raku technique in the works of potters Shunyar Abdullah and Yaqoub Al-Atoum, then the importance of the research, which lies in highlighting the aesthetic effects of the raku technique by identifying the features and characteristics of this Technique reflected in the formal structure of Arab ceramic work and identifying the different reduction processes in this Technique and its impact on the artistic works of potters Shunyar Abdullah and Yaqoub Al-Atoum, to benefit researchers and specialists and enrich scientific libraries and students in the field of ceramics. After that, the aim of the research was discussed: The objective of the research was to identify the raku technique in the works of potters Shinyar Abdullah and Yaqoub Al-Atoum, and then the limits of the research were reached in terms of the objective limits, which were determined by the aesthetic of the raku technique in the works of potters Shinyar Abdullah and Yaqoub Al-Atoum and the temporal limits, which were represented by the period between (2012-2021), the spatial limits (Iraq and Jordan) and the human limits of the potters Shinyar Abdullah and Yaqoub Atoum, and the chapter ends with the definition of the most important terms. (shrink)

Host defense mechanisms are categorized into different strategies, namely, avoidance, resistance and tolerance. Resistance encompasses mechanisms that directly kill the pathogen while tolerance is mainly concerned with alleviating the harsh consequences of the infection regardless of the pathogen burden. Resistance is well‐known strategy in immunology while tolerance is relatively new. Studies addressed tolerance mainly using mouse models revealing a wide range of interesting tolerance mechanisms. Herein, we aim to emphasize on the interspecies comparative approaches to explore potential new mechanisms of (...) disease tolerance. We will discuss mechanisms of tolerance with focus on those that were revealed using comparative study designs of mammals followed by summarizing the reasons for adopting comparative approaches on disease tolerance studies. Disease tolerance is a relatively new concept in immunology, we believe combining comparative studies with model organism study designs will enhance our understanding to tolerance and unveil new mechanisms of tolerance. (shrink)