L’article passe en revue les méthodes philosophiques les plus représentatives jusqu’au XlX-e siècle inclus. Il examine le genèse et le développement de différents types de méthodes et leur conditionnement dans la théorie de la connaissance. L’auteur termine son étude par une esquisse de la typologie des méthodes philosophiques, en tenant compte avant tout des rapports entre la philosophie et les sciences, de la manière de déterminer l’objet et le but de la philosophie, de l’étandue de la connaissance philosophique (en se (...) demandant si celle si s’étend sur l’épistémologie, sur la méthodologie, sur Paxiologie). Le schéma de cette typologie est le suivant:I. Méthodes qui ne différent pas esentiellement des méthodes scientifiques.1. Synthèses objectives;a) déductive (p.eŃ. Spinoza, Hobbes, Leibniz),b) inductives;1) généralisation des thèses scientifiques (p.ex. les naturistes du XlX-e siècle, Marx et Engels),2) syntèse unifiant les sciences (p.ex. les positivistes tardifs, F. Brentano).2. Analyses métaobjectives;a) épistémologiques (p.ex. Locke, Hume, Kant dans sa première phase, naturistes néokantiens),b) logiques (p.ex. Condillac, Mill),c) sémiologiques (p.ex. Moore),d) aporétiques (comme origine de la philosophie chez Platon, Aristote et les scolastiques).II. Méthodes propres à la philosophie.1. Méthodes autorisant uniquement les sources rationnelles de la connaissance;a) autonomes (qui ne supposent pas une connaissance spécialisée);1) intuitivo-réductives (p.ex. Thomas d’Aquin),2) intuitivo-déductives (p.ex. Aristote, en partie Descartes, Reid, Wolff, certains néoscolastiques),3) intuitivo-descriptives (p.ex. Husserl),4) empirico-généralisantes (p.ex. philosophes ioniens de la nature, Socrates, F. Bacon),5) apriorico-spéculatives (p.ex. Platon, Plotin, Hegel);b) non autonome;1) interprétations des systèmes philosophiques (p.ex. philosophes héllenistes),2) interprétations synthétisantes des sciences et de la philosophie (p.ex. Newton);2. Méthodes autorisât les sources extra-rationnelles de la connaissance ou se dirigeant par des critères praxixtes;a) recourant aux sources extra-rationneles (p.ex Augustin, Pascal, les fidéistes, Kierkegaard, Lange, Fouillé, Bergson),b) idéologiqco-praxistes;1) la recherche discurisve de l’art de vivre, de la sagesse, de l’idéologie (p.ex. stoiciens, épicuriens, philosophes de la vie),2) postulatives (p.ex. Kant dans sa deuxième phase). (shrink)

The ways of pursuing metaphysics have become so numerous and varied today that the need for some classification is obvious. In fact they differ so much that one may doubt whether they can still be ranged under the common name of metaphysics. That is why, we must first explain how this term should be understood so as to cover all modern trends and styles adopted in this discipline. Next a distinction must be drawn between actually applied methods and others which (...) are simply suggested or advised in a particular metaphysical approach. The paper is essentially devoted to both kinds.Following the introductory terminological remarks, the choice of the principles governing the systematics of the methods of metaphysics today is examined. Ultimately two principles have been accepted: a more historical one — according to the most distinct philosophical trends — and a second one, more systematic, according to the accepted starting point in metaphysics and the tasks ascribed.The first part of the study, presented here, gives a cyclopedic description of the characteristics of metaphysical methods, grouped in the main philosophical trends of today. In the first set are grouped methods belonging to a very large trend which may be called scientistic and intuitive philosophy (among others, Bergson, Teihard de Chardin, Whitehead, Collingwood, Gonseth, G. Martin and N. Hartmann). The second group represents analytical philosophy developing in three stages: I — Moore, Russell; II — Wittgenstein, Russell and some neopositivists; III — Wittgenstein, Wisdom, Ryle, Lazerowitz, Strawson. Phenomenology and existentialism are grouped together because their methods intercross: phenomenological method — Husserl, Scheler, Conrad-Martius, Ingarden, Landgrebe, Fink, Ricoeur; phenomenological and existential method — Heidegger, Sartre, Mer- leau-Ponty; existential method — Jaspers, Marcel and the so-called Philosophie de Vesprit (Lavelle, Le Senne, Guitton). The last group, Peripatetic philosophy, will be considered in part II. (shrink)

The present days witness a steady progress of the sciences connected with, and using cybernetics. One of these is mathematical linguistics. It may be considered as equivalent (in an appropriate sense of the word) with the theory of mathematical machines or that of automata. Provided we give philosophy a sufficiently large acception — such as suggested by W. Tatarkiewicz or G. E. Moore — a relationship between it and mathematical linguistics may be sought. The paper reports four "applications” of (...) theoretical linguistics in philosophy: 1. theoretical linguistics applied to philosophical problems, 2. mathematical linguistics applied to philosophical methods, 3. mathematical linguistics applied to philosophy in general, 4. mathematical linguistics as means to increase and strengthen clear thinking. A number of illustrations are given to substantiate these views.It should be emphasized that the applications mentioned above are by no means comprehensive; the development of that field of cybernetics makes it, in fact, difficult to make out an overall list of these. However, such as enumerated, the problems seem interesting and may well stimulate further research. The development of cybernetics land its significance from the philosophical viewpoint offer promising prospects for a deeper study of the problems discussed. In the literature of the subject, more and more contributions appear dealing with this new style of philosophizing and stressing the importance of mathematical and cybernetic methods in philosophy. (shrink)

1. Max Cresswell has argued recently that F. H. Bradley’s metaphysics needs to be viewed with far more respect than it is by contemporary philosophers. It is true that a substantial proportion of the postwar English-speaking philosophical world has tended to assume, on the authority of Russell and Moore, that Bradley made elementary errors right at the start of the obscure reasoning which led him to the Absolute, and consequently that he is worth looking at as little more than (...) a striking example of how awful metaphysicians can be. But it is further true that a serious look at these early refutations of Bradley reveals that they are almost entirely founded on ignorance and misconception. So Cresswell’s attempt at rehabilitation should be given serious scrutiny. (shrink)

G.E. Moore, more than either Bertrand Russell or Ludwig Wittgenstein, was chiefly responsible for the rise of the analytic method in twentieth-century philosophy. This selection of his writings shows Moore at his very best. The classic essays are crucial to major philosophical debates that still resonate today. Amongst those included are: * A Defense of Common Sense * Certainty * Sense-Data * External and Internal Relations * Hume's Theory Explained * Is Existence a Predicate? * Proof of an (...) External World In addition, this collection also contains the key early papers in which Moore signals his break with idealism, and three important previously unpublished papers from his later work which illustrate his relationship with Wittgenstein. (shrink)

Wspomnienie postaci i myśli profesora Czesława Głombika w kontekście jego badań nad filozofią polską.

The book by professor Stanisław Kowalczyk, renowned scholar in the field of social philosophy, is, without doubt, one of the most important studies on the idea of freedom. The concept of freedom is as old as mankind. It has many meanings and has been interpreted in many different ways. For instance, we also have the word „liberty," which means „freedom or right" and is synonymous with the word freedom, which means „the condition of being free." The author indicates that in (...) our times the notion of freedom is most frequently used; however, it is often misused or deceptive. Mass media and people of all walks of life talk of liberty; everyone talks of freedom and, for many, it is the highest value. Longing for freedom is rooted in the heart of every human being, for freedom is an existential correlate and the fulfilment of the rational human being. The semantic confusion about the notion of freedom leads to many misuses of the concept. Personalism, as a philosophical concept in which a person stands in the centre of all discussion, serves as a framework for the author's delineation on the concept of freedom. He further states that the appropriate understanding of this value is possible in the context of the personalistic interpretation of a human being. This is the focus of this informative and insightful book. (shrink)

Jubilees induce one to reflect, to look back. It is a good opportunity to make some summaries, one ponders over the achievements of the past. It is also a good moment to express one's appreciation and gratitude. Such an expression of appreciation and a form of gratitude is the book Philosophy Leaning Towards Man, dedicated to Rev. Stanisław Kowalczyk, a professor of philosophy on the occasion of forty years of his scientific work at the Catholic University of Lublin and the (...) fiftieth anniversary of his ordination. This joint publication, dedicated to Prof. Kowalczyk and edited by Edward Balawajder, Arkadiusz Jabłoński and Jan Szymczyk, comprises numerous studies by his associates, colleagues and students. The whole work is thematically organized into three parts. The first part contains texts that raise anthropological issues, the second - social issues, and the third - issues concentrated around the relation between God and religion. This organization perfectly reflects the spectrum of the interests of Prof. Kowalczyk. (shrink)

The article reviews the book Philosophia Vitam Alere. Prace dedykowane Profesorowi Romanowi Darowskiemu SJ z okazji 70-lecia urodzin, edited by Stanisław Ziemiański S.J.

First published in 1903, this volume revolutionized philosophy and forever altered the direction of ethical studies. A philosopher’s philosopher, G. E. Moore was the idol of the Bloomsbury group, and Lytton Strachey declared that Principia Ethica marked the rebirth of the Age of Reason. This work clarifies some of moral philosophy’s most common confusions and redefines the science’s terminology. Six chapters explore: the subject matter of ethics, naturalistic ethics, hedonism, metaphysical ethics, ethics in relation to conduct, and the ideal. (...) Moore's simplicity of style and precise use of everyday language exercised an enormous influence on the development of analytic philosophy, and they contribute to the continuing resonance of his compelling arguments. (shrink)

Rev. Professor Stanislaw Kowalczyk ist the head of the Social Philosophy Department at The Social Studies Faculty of the Catholic University of Lublin. He is a philosopher with a wide variety of interests and the author of many books. Philosophical Ideas of Postmodernism is his newest work. Kowalczyk does not present his own definition of postmodernism. He compares the most important philosophers of this trend and critically analyses their ideas from the point of view of classical philosophy.

Das Buch über J. Mirewicz wurde von Slawomir Szczyrba, einem Lehrbeauftragten des Priesterseminars in Łódź, als Doktorarbeit unter der Leitung von Professor Bischof B. Bejze verfaßt. Szczyrba rechnet seine Arbeit der religionsphilosophischen Werken zu. Er will die These nachweisen, daß die Stellung des Menschen gegenüber Gott einen bedeutenden Einfluß auf sein Wertsystem und, in weiterer Folge, auf sein moralisches Benehmen hat. Derselben Meinung war auch Mirewicz. In Hinsicht auf die ethische Implikationen der Bejahung Gottes gehört das Hauptthema der vielartigen Tätigkeiten (...) Mirewicz's zu der immerwährend aktuellen und offenstehenden Frage nach der Selbständigkeit der Ethik. (shrink)

G.E. Moore, more than either Bertrand Russell or Ludwig Wittgenstein, was chiefly responsible for the rise of the analytic method in twentieth-century philosophy. This selection of his writings shows Moore at his very best. The classic essays are crucial to major philosophical debates that still resonate today. Amongst those included are: * A Defense of Common Sense * Certainty * Sense-Data * External and Internal Relations * Hume's Theory Explained * Is Existence a Predicate? * Proof of an (...) External World In addition, this collection also contains the key early papers in which Moore signals his break with idealism, and three important previously unpublished papers from his later work which illustrate his relationship with Wittgenstein. (shrink)

Margaret Moore offers a comprehensive normative theory of territory.

After John Dewey, Addison W. Moore was recognized as the chief spokesman for the instrumentalist version of pragmatism. Never before available, this complete collection of Moore's work contains dozens of philosophical articles, essays, book reviews, writings by other philosophers, and reviews of his work, together with his book, Pragmatism and its Critics (1910).

At the turn of 1960s and 1970s, Stanisław Lem devoted some of his non-fiction writing to a discussion and considerations of semiotics. Most of them were expressions of a critical approach mainly directed against structuralism. However, Lem also formulated some positive statements although they were not developed systematically. The article offers an analysis of Lem’s semiotic ideas from the perspective of semiotic functionalism of Jerzy Pelc, mainly considering its two main components: contextualism and typological approach. Special attention is paid to (...) the latter because both Pelc and Lem proposed some original solutions in this respect. What is meant here is the multidimensional typology of symbolic uses of signs developed by Pelc and Lem’s multidimensional typology of the situations of the reception of texts. Although they are independent form each other, these proposals show some convergence both in their ways of construction and roles they are supposed to perform. Henceforth, one can say that Lem was a crypto-functionalist. (shrink)

The article is devoted to the issue of the boundaries, limitations and moderation in the integration of humans with tools (artifacts) using, among others, artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, which are considered to be one of the types of cognitive enhancements. The context of the considerations will be the dispute between transhumanism and bioconservatism on the acceptability and admissibility of such procedures. The considerations will also take into account moderate positions. In answering the formulated research question, what can be considered a (...) criterion of moderation in the use of such enhancements, conceptual analyses concerning the category of perfection, conducted by Władysław Tatarkiewicz, will be used. As a result, it turns out that the category of perfection analyzed by this representative of the Lvov-Warsaw School can be considered as the above criterion, which to its semantic diversity, will constitute a conceptual plane enabling a more synthetic approach to the diverse and opposing positions related to the acceptability and admissibility of particular cognitive enhancements. This in turn seems to have a positive impact on the understanding of this issue. Keywords: perfection, moderation, The Lvov-Warsaw School, artificial intelligence, cognitive enhancements. (shrink)

This interview was first published in “Żegota”—the Council for Aid to Jews 1942 - 1945: Selected Documents, (Warsaw 2002). This volume features a documentary series published by the National Council for Preserving the Memory of Struggles and Martyrdom. This is the longest interview on Professor Bartoszewski’s war experience ever published.

This essay constitutes an attempt to probe the very idea of a saying/showing distinction of the kind that Wittgenstein advances in the Tractatus—to say what such a distinction consists in, to say what philosophical work it has to do, and to say how we might be justified in drawing such a distinction. Towards the end of the essay the discussion is related to Wittgenstein’s later work. It is argued that we can profitably see this work in such a way that (...) a saying/showing distinction arises there too. In particular, in the final sub-section of the essay, it is suggested that we can see in Wittgenstein’s later work an inducement to say what we are shown. (shrink)

This chronological collection of Moore's most compelling and dramatic images, taken as the movement progressed through Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, and Georgia, highlights activity from 1958 to 1965. Included are the iconic scenes of black protestors huddled in a doorway to escape the crippling blasts of fire hoses in Birmingham; a white bigot swinging a baseball bat seconds before cracking it on the head of a black woman during the desegregation of the Capitol Cafeteria in Montgomery; a young and stunned (...) Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. pinned to the counter of a police precinct, his arm twisted behind his back; the devastating aftermath of "Bloody Sunday" on the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma; and Bull Connor's police dogs tearing mercilessly at the legs of a protestor in downtown Birmingham. Celebrity protestors--comedian Dick Gregory, poet Galway Kinnell, singers Joan Baez, Mary Travers, Pete Seeger, and Harry Bellafonte, actor Pernell Roberts, and writer James Baldwin--are featured alongside the many nameless but committed participants and the recognized major leaders of the movement. (shrink)

Polish conservative thinker Władysław Leopold Jaworski developed an interest for the theories of Austrian philosopher Othmar Spann. Both accepted universalism, both also believed that universalism was inspired by romantic tradition, although Spann sought its roots much further back in history, even as far as Aristotle. Both authors staunchly criticized modern-day individualism and liberalism, which they considered fatal. In their opinion individualism and liberalism upset the primacy of totality in social thought, which led to multiple pathologies. Despite their accentuation of totality, (...) both philosophers displayed very decided anti-totalitarian convictions typical for many conservatives. (shrink)

Human flourishing exhibits vast cultural diversity – monastic contemplation, scientific inquiry, communal traditions, entrepreneurial innovation, and many other forms of meaningful life. Yet this diversity does not imply that flourishing is arbitrary or purely relative. Flourishing, defined as living a sustained life of adaptive, meaning‑making (Moore, forthcoming d), is the topic of this paper. It argues that just as there is a deep structure in all languages (universal grammar), flourishing, too, possesses universal, innate deep structural conditions that are realised (...) in culturally variable surface forms. These deep conditions are three innate capacities: cognitive capacity (self‑construction, self‑location, trajectory projection, causal inference, narrative integration), agentive capacity (sustained intention and coherent action), and moral capacity (forming and revising a conception of a meaningful life, taking responsibility). These capacities are species‑typical and developmentally real; they require enabling institutional scaffolds – visibility, symmetry, contestability, and repair – in order for a society of strangers to enable its participants to fully exercise these capacities and develop and sustain flourishing lives. The scaffolds are not themselves innate; they are analogous to the social interaction necessary for language acquisition. The framework reconciles universalism and pluralism without collapsing into cultural imperialism or relativism, and it provides a diagnostic basis for evaluating whether any large‑scale civilisation supports the deep structure of flourishing. (shrink)

G. E. Moore was one of the most interesting and influential philosophers of the first half of the twentieth century. This selection of his writings makes the best of his work once again available, and also includes previously unpublished writings. Moore's first published writings, represented in this collection by his papers "The Nature of Judgment" and "The Refutation of Idealism," contributed decisively to the break with idealism which led to the development of analytic philosophy. Moore went on (...) to develop his own style, which combined a defense of the common sense view of the world with a controversial analysis of the content of this view. Also included is Moore's famous "Proof of an External World," which marked a return late in his career to the critique of idealism. Other papers address perception and important issues in logical theory. The collection ends with three new pieces which illustrate Moore's relationship with Wittgenstein. In these pieces Moore discusses his "paradox" whichso fascinated Wittgenstein; the nature of our knowledge of our own sensations; and Malcolm's views about doubt and knowledge which were themselves inspired by Wittgenstein. (shrink)