Integrative structure modeling is a method for using information from multiple sources to compute structural models of biomolecular systems. It proceeds via four steps: (i) defining the model representation, which determines the variables whose values will be computed; (ii) constructing a function for scoring alternative models according to how well they accommodate input information; (iii) searching a space of candidate models for acceptable models; and (iv) analyzing acceptable models to evaluate their fit with input information. These steps are iterated until (...) a model adequate for addressing biological questions is found. In this paper, we draw lessons from integrative modeling about effective integration and about modeling. We describe what it means to integrate information from multiple sources: Integration amounts to distributing information among the four steps of integrative modeling. Theory and data alike can be sources of information; this process thus generates models of information, rather than models of theory or models of data. We then propose heuristics for distributing information and designing multiple iterations of modeling. Effective iteration requires prioritizing the most reliable information and minimizing the time required to obtain an adequate model. Rather than being constructed from theory and assessed using data, models are constructed from any available information and assessed in a coherentist manner. (shrink)

Our paper draws attention to a neglected channel of corruption—the bribe payments by state-owned enterprises. This is an important phenomenon as bribe payments by SOEs fruitlessly waste national resources, compromising public welfare and national prosperity. Using a large dataset of 30,249 firms from 50 countries, we show that, in general, SOEs are less likely to pay bribes for achieving organizational objectives owing to their political connectivity. However, in deteriorated institutional environments, SOEs may be subjected to potential managerial rent-seeking behaviors, which (...) disproportionately increase SOE bribe propensity relative to privately owned enterprises. Specifically, our findings highlight the importance of fostering democracy and rule of law, reducing prevalence of corruption and shortening power distance in reducing the incidence of SOE bribery. (shrink)

Dünya hayatının sonu ve âhiret hayatının başlangıcına köprü olan ölümün gerçekleşmesi ile yaratılmışlar içinde en şerefli kılınan insana ölümünden sonra da hürmet gösterilmesi, dînen belirli işlemlerin yapılması gerekmektedir. Bu gereklilikler İslâm hukukuna göre kadın ve erkek için farklılık arz etmektedir. Sünnet ile örf-âdetler, cenaze işlemlerinde kadın ve erkek arasında farklılıkların ortaya çıkması ve bunların bağlayıcı olmasında önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Çalışmada, kadın cenazenin ölüm ilânı, yıkama ve kefenlemenin kim tarafından yapılacağı, cenaze masraflarının karşılanması, cenaze namazının kılınması, cenazenin kabristana taşınması ve (...) toprağa verilmesi; kadın cemaatin cenaze namazına katılması, namazdaki saf durumu, kadının kabir ziyaretinde bulunması, taziye ve yas tutma gibi bireysel ve toplumsal unsurlar, bu farklılıkların ortaya çıkmasına sebep olan etkenler kadın cenaze ve kadın cemaat bağlamında ele alınmıştır. İslam hukukunun daha çok sosyolojik boyutunu ilgilendiren bu araştırma ile fıkhın ve toplumun kadına bakış açısı ortaya konmak istenmiştir. Özellikle kadının tesettürü, muhafazası, mahremiyeti, fizyolojik özellikleri, dikkat çekiciliği, sesi, fitne sebebi olması gibi unsurların bireysel ve toplumsal olduğu görülmektedir. Günümüzde, sosyal bir varlık olan kadınların talepleri ve kadın cemaatin cenazeye katılması ile ilgili soruların gündeme gelmesi, cenaze işlemlerinde kadının durumunun yeniden gözden geçirilmesi gereğini doğurmuştur. Araştırmada bu problem baz alınarak, kadınların cenaze işlemlerindeki konumunun ortaya konması ve durum tespiti yapılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda örf ve ilgili hadisler ışığında fukahânın kadına bakış açısının kadın cenaze ile ilgili işlemlere ve kadın cemaat ile ilgili hükümlere yansıması ele alınmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın hazırlanmasında klasik ve modern dönem eserlerden istifade edilerek fukahânın kadının cenazesi ve kadın cemaatin cenazeye katılması ile ilgili hükümlerdeki bakış açısı, bu bakış açısında zamanla değişikliklerin olup olmadığı ve bunun ictihâdî hükümlere nasıl yansıdığı tümevarım yöntemi ile ele alınmıştır. Tesettür, hâl-harekete dikkat edilmesi ve gerekli şartlara riayet edilmesi durumunda, kadının erkek cemaatin yanında cenaze ile ilgili işlemlere katılması günümüz kadınları için önem arz etmektedir. Toplumsal yaşamın önemli bir parçasını teşkil eden kadının eğitim, ekonomi, siyaset ve çalışma hayatında yer almasına rağmen cenaze işlemlerinde kısıtlanmaması; tesettürün sağlanması, hâl-harekete dikkat edilmesi ve gerekli şartlara riayet edilmesi durumunda, erkek cemaatin yanında cenaze ile ilgili işlemlere katılmasına cevaz verilmesi gerektiği düşünülmektedir. Ölüm ile Allah’ın bâkiliğini ve dünya hayatının geçiciliğini tefekküre olanak sağlayan cenaze cemaatinde bulunma hak ve sorumluluğu, gıybet ve muhabbet gibi yakışık almayan davranışlardan kaçınmak şartıyla kadına da tanınması bakımından önem arz etmektedir. Kadına dair pek çok hükümde görüldüğü üzere kadının kendisinin ‘illet’ olarak alınmasının, araştırma ile varılan sonuçlarda da etkili olduğu görülmektedir. (shrink)

Aristotle was probably one of the first who noted the complex structure of language in his treatise «Categories», stating that what appears simple is in fact the result of brainwork. However, based on the result alone, it is impossible to reconstruct the entire complex structure of language production. Assuming words as units of meaning, it is impossible to reconstruct meaning solely by manipulating words in a subjectless space. Therefore, modeling language requires constructive and substrative foundations of a different quality than (...) those found in contemporary machines. (shrink)

This study examines the degree of state ownership on corporate bribery. Integrating the theories of state ownership and corporate corruption, we propose that state ownership influences bribery propensity and bribery intensity in different ways; it lowers a firm’s tendency to pay bribes but increases the relative amount of bribery payment. Building on the control rights/bargaining hypotheses, we demonstrate that state ownership shields firms from bribery demands by reducing administrative hurdles that include bureaucratic requirements of obtaining licenses or settling taxes in (...) business operations. However, state ownership elevates the level of bribes by weakening their capital mobility. Using a sample of 23,018 firms from 54 countries covering 2006 to 2013, we find evidence to support our hypotheses. This article contributes to corruption research by drawing attention to an important channel of corruption and by highlighting the importance of considering not only the propensity but also the intensity of bribe payments. (shrink)

There is evidence from experiments, using real-effort tasks and tournament incentives, documenting women performing worse than men under competition. We question whether this perhaps is due to the very particular way in which competition is typically studied in lab experiments. We alternatively model competitive behavior in firms by letting experimental participants compete in bidding for salaries (prizes) of different sizes in flat or steep organizational hierarchies. In our representation of job competition via a competitive bidding process, bids sum up, in (...) a stylized way, various monetary aspects of how one competes for higher positions in organizations. Higher bidding for positions corresponds to behaving more competitively. We mostly find no statistically significant differences between women’s and men’s bidding. Women do win the top positions significantly more often, but there are no differences in earnings, the difference between salaries and bids. These results may function as a counterbalance to results finding women less willing to compete in head-to-head (real-effort) competition. One approach, real-effort versus pure choice, is not superior to the other. They likely yield complementary insights on the same issue, like we believe they do in this case. (shrink)

Recent work in epistemology defends the unorthodox theses that (1) belief is an evidentially weak, (2) question-sensitive attitude, and that (3) rationally permissible belief is sometimes a matter of guessing. These theses fit together naturally to form a unified account of weak, question-sensitive belief. A formal account of weak, question-sensitive belief as a coherent phenomenon is still forthcoming, however. The main aim of this article is to develop a formal account that captures belief’s weakness and question-sensitivity in the setting of (...) epistemic logic. We introduce a class of models in which the points of evaluation are situations, or world-evidence pairs, with evidence understood liberally to include sets of live possibilities, measures of uncertainty, and QUDs. A proposition is believed at a situation just in case it is implied by the most informative probabilistically dominant answer to the QUD, on some way of specifying the threshold of probabilistic dominance. The second aim of the article is to explore two sets of epistemological implications in our formal setting. First, we consider whether beliefs are preserved between situations upon shifting the QUD parameter; specifically, we consider whether beliefs are preserved upon updating with learned information, under refining and coarsening questions, and whether belief is closed under conjunction. Second, we consider the interaction of knowledge and belief; specifically, we consider whether the principles governing the interaction of knowledge and belief in Stalnaker’s KD45 also hold in our setting. (shrink)

The ability to create and perceive art has long been understood as an exceptional human trait, which should differentiate us from the rest of the organisms or robots. However, with the uprising of cognitive sciences and information stemming from them, as well as the evolutionary biology, even the human being began to be understood as an organism following the evolutionarily and culturally obtained algorithms and evaluation processes. Even fragile and multidimensional phenomena like beauty, aesthetic experience or the good have lately (...) been analyzed using computational aesthetics, neuroaesthetics, and neuroethics, suggesting that the entire aesthetics, art or ethics can be understood as a result of a certain algorithmic data analysis. In the following article, I will attempt to think about the concept of computational aesthetics and the possibilities, benefits and shortcomings of artificial intelligence in the creation, as well as in perception and evaluation of artworks. I will introduce multiple models of artistic work based on AI, quality/originality evaluating computer programs, as well as mechanisms of its perception. In the end, I will attempt to present the basic aesthetic problems stemming from the development of AI and its usage in the field of art. (shrink)

A general introduction by John Dillon. An annotated Russian translation of theIntroduction to Arithmetic and Manual of Harmonics by Neopythagorean philosopher Nicomachus of Gerasa, prepared by Andrej Schetnikov [Introduction], Timothy Myakin, and Ludmila Alexandrova [Manual]. These short treatises, important for the history of ancient mathematics and musical theory, is completely translated into Russian for the first time.

Recent work in epistemology defends the unorthodox theses that belief is (1) an evidentially weak, and (2) question-sensitive attitude, and (3) that forming beliefs is sometimes a matter of guessing. What motivates these theses are examples of rationally permissible belief-ascriptions that exhibit these traits. The main aim of this paper is to outline a semantic account of categorical and conditional belief-ascriptions that captures the motivating data. We then survey some consequences of the proposed semantics, particularly with respect to the question (...) of whether closure under rules of inference is rationally required for weak, question-sensitive belief. (shrink)

This volume examines the conflicting factors that shape the content and form of grammatical rules in language, which speakers and addressees need to contend with when expressing themselves and when trying to comprehend messages. Chapters examine adult language, first and second language acquisition, and the motivations behind historical change.

Resumen: Siguiendo el hilo conductor de la pregunta sobre cómo se nos puede conceder un acceso a la poesía de Paul Celan, el artículo discute dos enfoques diferentes: por un lado, el de la experiencia hermenéutica de Hans-Georg Gadamer; por otro, el de la experiencia diseminal de Jacques Derrida. La intención de la confrontación de las posiciones opuestas respecto a la poesía de Celan no es ni examinar los supuestos y preposiciones de ambas posiciones ni impugnar la legitimidad de una (...) de ellas desde el punto de vista de la otra, sino establecer y evocar el sentido de la disensión, la significación del discernimiento entre ellas y, así, abrir un campo de posibilidad para ambas, para una hermenéutica y para una deconstrucción hoy; y a través de ello también, y sobre todo, un lugar y un tiempo para el poema de Celan, la posibilidad de escucharlo y oírlo, de convertirse en destinatario de su voz inter-(a)pelativa. Palabras clave “Du liegst”; Lenguaje hermético; Comprensión; H.G. Gadamer; J. Derrida // The Secret of the Encounter. Paul Celan’s Poetry between Hermeneutics and DeconstructionAbstract Following the guiding line of the question how an access to Paul Celan’s po-etry can be granted to us, the article discusses two different approaches: on the one hand, the hermeneutic experience of Hans-Georg Gadamer; on the other hand, the disseminating experience of Jacques Derrida. The intention of the confrontation of the opposing positions regarding Celan’s poetry is nei-ther to examine the suppositions and prepositions of both positions nor to contest the legitimacy of either of them from the viewpoint of the other, but rather to establish and evoke the sense of the dissention, the signification of the discernment between them and, thus, open up the field of possibility for both, for a hermeneutics and for a deconstruction today, and through it also, above all, a place and a time for Celan’s poem, the possibility to listen to it and to hear it, to become the addressee of its inter-(a)pellative voice. Keywords “Du liegst”; Hermetic language; Understanding; H.G. Gadamer; J. Derrida. Este artículo fue traducido al español por Facundo Bey. (shrink)

This issue builds on the 16th International Deleuze and Guattari Studies Camp and Conference, held at Delft University of Technology in July 2024. Hosted by the Architecture Philosophy and Theory academic group and its Ecologies of Architecture research team, the event focused on processes of subjectification. The production of subjectivity has been a central concern for Deleuze and Guattari since Anti-Oedipus. Guattari further developed their schizoanalytic approach to social formations, expanding Anti-Oedipus’s three syntheses into a more general account of three (...) broader ecologies: environmental, social and mental. Today, it is increasingly evident that these three ecologies can no longer be addressed in isolation by the sciences, humanities or arts. Half a century after the publication of the first volume of Capitalism and Schizophrenia, this line of transversal thinking is more pertinent than ever for addressing the ever-evolving bio-, techno- and noo-spheres, shaped by hyperautomation, algorithmic governance and increasingly systemic forms of disempowerment. (shrink)

This book brings together an impressive range of academic and intelligence professional perspectives to interrogate the social, ethical and security upheavals in a world increasingly driven by data. Written in a clear and accessible style, it offers fresh insights to the deep reaching implications of Big Data for communication, privacy and organisational decision-making. It seeks to demystify developments around Big Data before evaluating their current and likely future implications for areas as diverse as corporate innovation, law enforcement, data science, journalism, (...) and food security. The contributors call for a rethinking of the legal, ethical and philosophical frameworks that inform the responsibilities and behaviours of state, corporate, institutional and individual actors in a more networked, data-centric society. In doing so, the book addresses the real world risks, opportunities and potentialities of Big Data. (shrink)

In an alienated society, a disalienating practice is possible, or even in such an unfree order, a human being as an individual can realize a disalienating practice, which suggests their ontological structure, their decision-making position. In other words, the human being has an immanent ability to act in a non-free order, as Gajo Petrović points out, a “free personality”, or to be on the path to disalienation. On the other hand, in a society whose institutionalization is conducive to the development (...) of a free personality, if such societies exist at all, alienated personalities are realized, which also suggests the human being’s identical ontological structure, the aforementioned decision-making position. In such a given situation, the question arises, so to speak, of the bearer, the location, i.e., the place of assumption of disalienating practice. As an answer, Petrović suggests “revolutionary thinking”. Namely, revolution thinks the novum – i.e., previously unrealized content. (shrink)

Cieľom článku je nanovo reflektovať činnosť jednej z najslávnejších ženských filozofiek, Hip­parchie z Maróneie. Naším zámerom je ukázať, prečo sa stala v porovnaní s inými ženami antiky taká významná a v mnohom signifikantná pre ďalší vývoj procesu ženskej eman­cipácie. Hlavným svedectvom je pre nás fragment SSR V I 1 od Diogena Laertského, ktorý kladieme do súvislosti s ďalšími antickými správami o Antisthenovi a raných kynikoch. Dve hlavné témy Diogenovho svedectva sú Kratétova svadba s Hipparchiou a spor Hipparchie s Theodórom. Vo (...) výklade poukazujeme na momenty, v ktorých je filozofická osobnosť Hip­parchie nadčasová a inšpiratívna aj pre súčasnosť. (shrink)

Einwilligungsunfähige Patienten können bislang nur durch Gesundheitsbevollmächtigte oder gerichtlich bestellte Betreuer vertreten werden. Diese Rechtslage ändert sich mit Wirkung zum 01.01.2023: Seitdem sind Ehegatten (und eingetragene Lebenspartner) kraft Gesetzes automatisch (also ohne gesonderten Bestellungsakt) in sämtlichen Angelegenheiten der Gesundheitssorge vertretungsberechtigt [1]. Ziel des Ehegattennotvertretungsrechts ist die Stärkung der Autonomie der Patienten, die Angleichung der gesetzlichen Regelung an das Verständnis der Rechte von Ehegatten in der breiten Bevölkerung sowie eine Entlastung der Betreuungsgerichte.

ABSTRACT When Henry Macomber published his census of owners of the first edition of the Principia in 1953, he believed the edition to be small, ‘perhaps not more than 250 copies’, an estimate that still enjoys currency. Lower estimates of the size of the first edition of the Principia were based partly on assessments regarding an inhospitable market for highly technical mathematical books, and partly on the presumption that the vaunted incomprehensibility of the Principia would have militated against a sizeable (...) edition. Our preliminary census more than doubles the number of identified copies, to 387—suggesting a much larger print run than commonly assumed – as well as encourages us to believe that there existed a wider, and competent, readership of the Principia from the start. The long-standing assumption regarding the recondite nature of Newton's science as presented in the Principia, together with claims concerning the scarcity of the book, brought many scholars to assume that Newton's masterpiece exerted little influence before the 1730s. The new empirical evidence presented in our census enables a reassessment of the early diffusion of the Principia in Europe which, in turn, would necessitate a major refinement of our understanding of the contribution of Newtonianism to Enlightenment science. (shrink)

Introduction for Reframing Beauty: Body, Environment, Art, the thematic issue of ESPES. The Slovak Journal of Aesthetics.

It is shown how the temporal-modal system of events TM (axiomatized in Appendix) allows for the avoidance of the logical determinism without the rejection of the principle of bivalence. The point is that the temporal and the modal parts of TM are so inter-related that modalities are in-the-real-world-inherent modalities independently of whether they concern actual or only possible events. Though formulated in a tenseless language, whose interpretation does not require the assumption of tense facts at the basic level of reality, (...) TM implies an objective, observer-independent difference between tenses based only on the way in which modalities are distributed along the time continuum. The conclusion is that the arrow of time is an intra-model characteristic of any model of TM that describes the non-deterministic real world up to a certain point of its history, while the flow of time is an inter-model characteristic of the continuous transition between these models. (shrink)

The study explores the etymological and semantic challenges associated with the term beauty. The authors highlight that beauty is among the most vague and multifaceted concepts. As a result, its users often grasp completely different aspects/dimensions of it. After addressing etymological differences and conducting a conceptual analysis of its synonyms, the authors present empirical findings and a model outlining the semantic space of the term beauty. In the second part of the study, the authors shed light on the reasons behind (...) the use of this ambiguous term, particularly focusing on its evolutionary and existential significance. The conclusion of the study draws attention to the fact that, despite the vagueness of the concept, beauty continues to play a key role in our lives, reflecting our need to share it, and portraying the human being as homo aestheticus. (shrink)

Steve Awodey and Audrej Bauer. Sheaf Toposes for Realizability.

Image factorizations in regular categories are stable under pullbacks, so they model a natural modal operator in dependent type theory. This unary type constructor [A] has turned up previously in a syntactic form as a way of erasing computational content, and formalizing a notion of proof irrelevance. Indeed, semantically, the notion of a support is sometimes used as surrogate proposition asserting inhabitation of an indexed family. We give rules for bracket types in dependent type theory and provide complete semantics using (...) regular categories. We show that dependent type theory with the unit type, strong extensional equality types, strong dependent sums, and bracket types is the internal type theory of regular categories, in the same way that the usual dependent type theory with dependent sums and products is the internal type theory of locally Cartesian closed categories. We also show how to interpret first-order logic in type theory with brackets, and we make use of the translation to compare type theory with logic. Specifically, we show that the propositions-as-types interpretation is complete with respect to a certain fragment of intuitionistic first-order logic, in the sense that a formula from the fragment is derivable in intuitionistic first-order logic if, and only if, its interpretation in dependent type theory is inhabited. As a consequence, a modified double-negation translation into type theory (without bracket types) is complete, in the same sense, for all of classical first-order logic. (shrink)

The article presented here thematizes Heidegger’s view of affectivity, experience and passions in the context of his reading of Nietzsche’s philosophy. Following the basic plan of Heidegger’s analysis of moods (especially fear and anxiety) in Being and Time, the author attempts to show us what Heidegger’s phenomenology of affectivity would have enabled us to see in the phenomenon of anger if Heidegger had elaborated it. The author analyzes anger as a social and moral emotion through the prism of what “angry” (...) phenomena have in common; what we perceive when we are angry; and what it is for us that anger is even about. In conclusion, anger is presented as something existential that not only uncovers existence itself, but above all the relationship of our will to phenomena that are not acceptable to us. (shrink)

The paper thematizes the problem of hatred in the works of Martin Heidegger by working through the prism of the interpretation of hatred in selected early phenomenologists (Max Scheler, Alexander Pfänder and Aurel Kolnai) as well as in contemporary phenomenological work (Ingrid Vendrell-Ferran, Thomas Szanto). It shows that in Heidegger’s understanding, hatred is not the result of a short-term, sudden reaction to stimuli, but that it is significantly more original and even that anger or other similar affective reactions themselves make (...) it possible. It is a specific, existentially and morally oriented form of openness to the perception of values, or rather their opposite (unworthiness), especially to the perception of evil. Despite this, it is (like passion) constitutive and enables our relationship to ourselves and others, as well as our attitudes. In the end, we reflect on the question of the originality and authenticity of hatred both in relation to love and acceptance of being, as well as in relation to evil in our own being. (shrink)

Keď sa ľudia nachádzajú medzi inými, správajú sa viac prosociálne, morálne a štedro. Čo však môže ovplyvniť ich správanie v momente, keď sú sami? Aby sa správali ako medzi inými? Jedna z možností môže byť vyvolať pocit, že sa niekto pozerá. Tento účel môže splniť aj obyčajné zrkadlo. Naše výskumy podporujú vplyv zrkadla na dodržiavanie pravidla na súboroch dospelých a detí. V obidvoch experimentoch prítomnosť zrkadla zvyšovala šancu na dodržiavanie stanoveného pravidla. Ako však niečo tak jednoduché ako zrkadlo môže ovplyvniť (...) správanie? Jeden z prístupov tvrdí, že vizuálny stimul spustí automatickú percepciu „niekto sa pozerá“, aj napriek tomu, že je to iba odraz v zrkadle. Ďalší možný prístup vychádza z predpokladu, že na seba upriamená pozornosť vyvoláva sebauvedomovanie, pričom sa zviditeľňuje prípadný rozpor medzi konaním a štandardom. Porušenie pravidla v takom momente by mohlo ohroziť sebaúctu. V treťom prístupe autori vychádzajú z princípu negatívnej spätnej väzby. Nakoniec by sme radi spomenuli naše experimenty a navrhli ďalšie možnosti skúmania v tejto oblasti. (shrink)

This article integrates empirical and normative discussions about why global economic inequalities matter in critically examining an approach known as derivative global egalitarianism (DGE). DGE is a burgeoning perspective that opposes excessive global economic inequality not based on the intrinsic value of equality but inequality's negative repercussions on other values. The article aims to advance the research agenda by identifying and critically evaluating four primary varieties of DGE arguments from related but distinct literatures, which span a number of disciplines, including (...) economics, international relations, and political philosophy. Overall, DGE offers a number of persuasive arguments as to why current levels of global inequality are of concern, but aspects of DGE beg further philosophical and empirical examination. By situating DGE within the wider theoretical and empirical contexts, this article provides resources for its critical assessment and theoretical development. (shrink)

The paper is on the role of complex thought in the development of thought and scientific knowledge. According to Vigotsky, the complex thought is the first phase in the ontogenesis and phylogenesis of human thought. It is in this sense pre-conceptual. Also, according to Vigotsky, the complex thought has its internal genesis which begins with associative complexes and ends in pseudo-concepts. Complex also an explanatory role in scientific thought. Complex thought ppears on all levels and stages of the development of (...) scientific knowledge. Metaphors may appear in the complex thought as a dominant mode of thought or in the conceptual structure as the auxiliary in the explanation. Analogies present a certain structuration of the complex thought, which contributes to the creation of conceptual structure. The place of analogy is thus between a complex thought and conceptual thought. (shrink)

Raspravljamo o ulozi predpojmovnog kompleksnog mišljenja u znanstvenoj spoznaji i razvoju znanosti. Kompleksno mišljenje sa svom heterogenošću i imaginacijom omogućuje pojmovne strukture i reorganizaciju cjelokupnih teorijskih mreža, ali to 'naplaćuje' latentnim prisustvom protislovja i nekonzistentnosti. Galilei još nema izrađenu potpunu pojmovnu shemu mehanike, pa možemo reći da je njegove teorijska osnova uronjena u kompleksnu razinu, ali se oslanja na matematičku strukturu i eksperiment i time uspjeva formirati jednu stabilnu teorijsku organizaciju. Možemo u izvesnom smislu reći da je time kompleksno mišljenje (...) u znanosti bilo podignuto na višu razinu i dovedeno u pred-paradigmatično razdoblje. (shrink)

Despite its computational elegancy, Jackendoff's proposal to reconcile competing approaches by postulating a parallel architecture for phonological, syntactic, and semantic modules is disappointing. We argue that it is a pragmatic version of the leading module which Jackendoff would probably prefer, but which he does not explicitly acknowledge. This internal conflict leads to several shortcomings and even distortions of information presented in the book.