Rational education is one of the important topics in the field of education. This study aimed to analyze the concept of rational life in the grace-oriented approach in order to formulate the goals of rational education from Plotinus’s perspective. We used Frankenna’s practical analogy for this qualitative, descriptive, conceptual analysis. Our results revealed that the main purpose of rational education is the rational unity of the soul with its origin through the human soul’s attainment of rational life and spiritual experiences, (...) which is realized through the following intermediate goals: meditation and the virtue of the soul, which refers to the sanctity and moderation of the spiritual aspects; the development of self-knowledge and rationality, which refers to the authenticity and inwardness of the spiritual aspects, and the cultivation of love and imagination, which refers to the attraction of the beauty and dynamism of the spiritual aspects, and finally, benevolence and unity-seeking of the soul, which refers to the transcendence and splendor of the spiritual aspects. Educating and cultivating the human soul and the purposefulness and meaning of life is the result of the realization of these goals. From Plotinus’s perspective, rational life is a perfect life with cognitive, practical, volitional, skillful and aesthetic aspects. The basic and normative proposition of this research is the acquisition of a rational life of the human soul, the realization and benefit of which depends on cultivating intermediate goals, including various dimensions of the intellectual life in cognitive, practical, emotional (attitude), voluntary aspects in learners. (shrink)

Plotinus offers a compelling defense of reason's central role in the universe. In contrast to contemporary approaches that often reduce rationality to a mere instrument of profit, Plotinus posits that true rationality lies in the soul's harmonious union with the One. This unity, he argues, is achieved through a rigorous process of spiritual and intellectual development. Central to Plotinus's philosophy is the notion that the human soul, capable of both irrationality and rationality, must actively strive for the latter. By engaging (...) in a rigorous intellectual and spiritual journey, the soul can transcend its limitations and align itself with the cosmic order. This process involves overcoming dualities, cultivating a beautiful life, and developing a conscious understanding of the world. Ultimately, Plotinus's vision offers a compelling counterpoint to the prevailing materialistic and market-driven perspectives. By embracing rationality as a means of achieving spiritual and intellectual fulfillment, individuals can contribute to the creation of a more harmonious and unified world. (shrink)

The present study, using a qualitative approach and interpretive phenomenological method, was conducted to examine the co-authorship experiences of faculty members as a visible aspect of scientific collaboration. Using purposive sampling and considering the theoretical saturation of the data, 15 faculty members participated in the present study. The required data were collected using a semi-structured interview and analyzed using Smith and Osborne’s method and MAXQDA 2020 software. The experiences of faculty members were interpreted in the form of two encouraging and (...) inhibiting factors in co-authorship. The encouraging factor, resulting from pleasant experiences of faculty members, was categorized as the theme of creating a scientific community and the inhibiting factor resulting from unpleasant experiences of co-authorship was categorized as the theme of reduced quality of research. The results of the study showed that co-authorship could develop the university and promote the level of social capital in the university. On the other hand, it was found that the level of co-authorships could be affected by the performance and feedback of the university which may weaken or strengthen it. The present study suggests that in order to promote co-authorship, cooperation in the university should be developed and the quality criteria in the research should be considered. (shrink)

This article examines the theory of mind proposed by the esteemed Islamic philosopher, Mulla Sadra, through a phenomenological lens. We specifically focus on how Mulla Sadra’s framework addresses the question of the individual human mind and its intricate relationship with the body. While Mulla Sadra presents concepts that resonate with some of Husserl’s ‘monadological-phenomenological’ reflections, we argue that strict adherence to phenomenological methodology precludes acceptance of the metaphysical implications he draws concerning the individual mind’s connection to the totality of existence, (...) including a presumed divine reality. Nonetheless, our comparative analysis with Mulla Sadra’s thought illuminates key aspects of Husserlian monadology and highlights the limitations of a rigorously phenomenological approach to purely metaphysical inquiries. (shrink)

Current responsible artificial intelligence (RAI) frameworks overwhelmingly rely on the assumption that ethical principles—fairness, transparency, accountability—can be positively and completely specified. This assumption is demonstrably false: mathematical impossibility theorems prove that standard fairness definitions are mutually incompatible, and empirical evidence shows that value alignment remains intractable under positive specification alone. We argue that this impasse stems from an unexamined epistemological commitment shared across the RAI literature and propose an alternative grounded in the millennia-old tradition of apophatic (negative) theology. Drawing on (...) three theological traditions—the apophatic via negativa of Pseudo-Dionysius, Maimonides, and Al-Ghaz ¯al¯ı; the Christological concept of kenosis (voluntary self-limitation of power); and the Buddhist principle of prat¯ıtyasamutp ¯ada (dependent origination)—we develop a formal framework called Via Negativa Fairness (VNF). Rather than selecting a single fairness metric to optimise, VNF defines a set of unfairness constraints—outcomes that are demonstrably unjust across reasonable moral disagreement—and proves that the feasible region under these constraints is non-empty under practically relevant conditions. We complement VNF with two architectural design principles: the Kenotic Restraint Principle, which mandates designed self-limitation of AI capabilities independent of risk calculus, and the Relational Audit Protocol, derived from dependent origination, which evaluates bias as an emergent property of system-context interaction rather than a static model attribute. A formal case study on the COMPAS recidivism dataset demonstrates that VNF produces Pareto-dominant outcomes compared to single-metric optimisation, reducing worst-case group disparity by up to 31% while maintaining predictive performance within 2% of unconstrained baselines. This work provides the first rigorous bridge between theological epistemology and machine learning fairness, offering actionable, testable principles that current RAI frameworks lack. (shrink)

It is a well-known fact that although the poset of open sets of a topological space is a Heyting algebra, its Heyting implication is not necessarily stable under the inverse image of continuous functions and hence is not a geometric concept. This leaves us wondering if there is any stable family of implications that can be safely called geometric. In this paper, we will first recall the abstract notion of implication as a binary modality introduced in Akbar Tabatabai (Implication (...) via spacetime. In: Mathematics, logic, and their philosophies: essays in honour of Mohammad Ardeshir, pp 161–216, 2021). Then, we will use a weaker version of categorical fibrations to define the geometricity of a category of pairs of spaces and implications over a given category of spaces. We will identify the greatest geometric category over the subcategories of open-irreducible (closed-irreducible) maps as a generalization of the usual injective open (closed) maps. Using this identification, we will then characterize all geometric categories over a given category S\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathcal {S}}$$\end{document}, provided that S\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathcal {S}}$$\end{document} has some basic closure properties. Specially, we will show that there is no non-trivial geometric category over the full category of spaces. Finally, as the implications we identified are also interesting in their own right, we will spend some time to investigate their algebraic properties. We will first use a Yoneda-type argument to provide a representation theorem, making the implications a part of an adjunction-style pair. Then, we will use this result to provide a Kripke-style representation for any arbitrary implication. (shrink)

Large language model (LLM) agents are increasingly deployed in sequential decision-making pipelines where each action irrevocably modifies the environment. Existing agentic architectures commit to action sequences generated by the LLM without systematically evaluating the downstream consequences of those sequences prior to execution - a fundamental gap that amplifies risk and limits accountability. We introduce Consequence-Aware Agentic AI (CA2I), a formal framework that augments the standard generate-then-execute paradigm with a dedicated Consequence Assessment Module (CAM). CAM evaluates every candidate action sequence against (...) a historical consequence model and selects the sequence whose predicted outcome optimally balances return and risk before any irreversible action is taken. We formalise the framework as a constrained sequential decision problem and prove that, under mild stationarity assumptions, Sharpe-ratio-based selection dominates random selection in expectation. To validate the framework empirically, we instantiate CA2I in the domain of LLM-driven financial trading strategy selection, using GPT-5.4 to generate five candidate strategies per asset and a backtesting engine as the consequence model. Experiments on ten diversified US equities over a strictly held-out three-month out-of-sample window (August--October~2025) demonstrate that CA2I achieves a mean test-period Sharpe ratio of 0.51 - a 4.25 times improvement over random strategy selection (Sharpe = 0.12, p = 0.041) - while reducing mean maximum drawdown relative to buy-and-hold by 18%. Sensitivity analysis confirms selection stability: Sharpe-ratio and Calmar-ratio selection agree on 100% of strategy choices across all ten assets. We further demonstrate that CA2I provides a concrete, computationally tractable pathway toward Responsible AI in agentic systems: by making consequence evaluation an explicit, auditable, and mathematically grounded architectural step, the framework operationalises transparency, accountability, and harm avoidance as mandated by the EU AI Act, NIST AI Risk Management Framework, and IEEE Ethically Aligned Design standards. (shrink)

This paper investigates the impact of peer environmental and social (E&S) incidents on the value of corporate social responsibility (CSR) for non-incident firms. We find that high-CSR engagement backfires in the presence of peer E&S incidents. Following negative peer events, non-incident firms with high-CSR ratings experience a 3.2% greater decline in firm value than those with low CSR ratings. The negative impact of peer E&S incidents on the value of CSR operates through two mechanisms: (1) cash flow effect, driven by (...) reduced sales growth and profitability, and (2) cost of capital effect, evidenced by increased implied cost of equity and decreased institutional ownership for high-CSR firms. Cross-sectional analyses further reveal that the impact is more pronounced among larger firms, when incident peers have high-CSR standing, and in industries characterized by stronger CSR norms, greater competitive intensity, and more standardized products. Our findings challenge the view of CSR as an "insurance-like" mechanism during uncertain times, showing that peer E&S incidents can trigger the industry-wide spillovers of mistrust and raise concerns about industry ethics, ultimately diminishing the value of CSR. (shrink)

Recently, research on uncertainty modeling is progressing rapidly and many essential and breakthrough stud ies have already been done. There are various ways such as fuzzy, intuitionistic and neutrosophic sets to handle these uncertainties. Although these concepts can handle incomplete information in various real-world issues, they cannot address all types of uncertainty such as indeterminate and inconsistent information. Also, plithogenic sets as a generalization of crisp, fuzzy, intuitionistic fuzzy, and neutrosophic sets, which is a set whose elements are characterized by (...) many attributes’ values. In this paper, our aim is to demonstrate and review the history of fuzzy, intuitionistic and neutrosophic sets. For this purpose, we divided the paper as: section 1. History of Fuzzy Sets, section 2. History of Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets and section 3. History of Neutrosophic Theories and Applications, section 4. History of Plithogenic Sets. (shrink)

Crying is arguably the first emotional expression exhibited by human neonates, yet its theoretical status within affective science remains underspecified. We propose the Emotional Saturation Threshold (EST) model, a mathematical framework that formalizes crying as the universal overflow response---an "unknown state" ($\Omega$) that is activated whenever the intensity of any core emotion exceeds the capacity of its associated behavioral expressions. For each emotion $e_k$ in the set of basic emotions $\mathcal{E} = \{e_1, \dots, e_n\}$, we define an intensity function $I_k(t) (...) \in [0, \infty)$ and a finite set of behavioral expressions $\mathcal{B}_k = \{b_{k,1}, \dots, b_{k,m_k}\}$, each bounded by a maximum expression capacity $C(b_{k,j})$. The saturation threshold is defined as $\tau_k = \max_j C(b_{k,j})$. When $I_k(t) > \tau_k$, the system enters the $\Omega$-state, manifesting as lacrimation (crying). We model the transition probability as $P(\Omega \mid I_k) = 1 - \exp\!\bigl(-\alpha_k \cdot [I_k - \tau_k]^+\bigr)$, where $\alpha_k > 0$ is an emotion-specific sensitivity parameter. This framework unifies the observation that crying occurs across the entire valence spectrum---from extreme joy to profound grief---and explains why neonates, who possess no learned behavioral expressions (i.e., $\tau_k \approx 0$ for all $k$), default to crying as their first and only emotional response. We validate the model via a cross-sectional survey ($N = 7{,}812$) across 14 countries. Non-linear regression yields excellent model fits ($R^2 > 0.92$ for all eight emotions tested). Agreement rates with core EST postulates exceed 74\% across all survey items. The model extends the Russell circumplex by introducing a third, radial "overflow" dimension and provides a principled, falsifiable account of one of humanity's most fundamental yet least understood behaviors. (shrink)

We study the information-theoretic structure of multi-scale binary detection, a problem in which a noisy observation is to be classified at each of $L$ disjoint scale strata, with a known prior $p_S$ over the strata and a total channel budget $\Cl_{\rm tot}$ to be apportioned across the strata. The problem is the classification analogue of the parallel-Gaussian-channel water-filling problem of classical rate-distortion theory, and we develop a parallel set of analytical results. Three theorems are proved. First, under a localised-generator model (...) in which each stratum's contribution is band-limited in Fourier space, the scale-matched sufficient statistics for two distant strata are asymptotically conditionally independent given the labels, with conditional mutual information $O((s/s')^2)$. The decoupling is a property of the sufficient statistics; the full feature representations need not, and in general do not, decouple. Second, the rate-distortion problem of maximising prior-weighted Bayes accuracy subject to a budget on total channels admits a unique Karush--Kuhn--Tucker solution, which in the high-resolution asymptotic regime reduces to a closed-form water-filling expression $\Cl_\Lev^\star \propto (p_\Lev \, \Ent(Y_{s_\Lev})\,\log(1+\SNR_\Lev))^{2/3}\,\tau_\Lev^{-2/3}$. We show that this allocation strictly dominates prior-proportional allocation whenever the per-stratum signal-to-noise profiles differ in shape, and coincides with it whenever they do not. Third, the binary detection error rate at each stratum admits a Fano-type lower bound $h_2(P_e^{(s)}) \ge \Ent(Y_s) - \I(\Feat_s;Y_s)$, providing a direct information-theoretic objective for representation learning at each stratum. Synthetic experiments on a 1-D scale-stratified detection problem with computable ground-truth information quantities validate each theorem: the sufficient-statistic mutual-information matrix is strongly diagonal (peak ratio $>90{:}1$ between matched and mismatched strata), and the closed-form rate-distortion allocation matches brute-force grid search exactly across nine channel budgets, outperforming prior-proportional allocation by up to $1.02$ percentage points of weighted accuracy in the differentiated-SNR regime. An information-driven detector architecture, AaroNet, is derived as a direct application of the three theorems and discussed as a case study. (shrink)

The gambler’s fallacy, a common cognitive bias, is the belief that past independent events can influence future independent events. This fallacy occurs when individuals assume that after a certain event happens frequently within a specific period, it is less likely to occur in the future, and vice versa. For example, when rolling a fair die, the probability of landing a six remains 1/6, regardless of the outcomes of previous rolls. However, the gambler’s fallacy leads individuals to mistakenly believe that streaks (...) influence future outcomes. This paper, using a descriptive-analytical method, drawing on insights from probability theory, cognitive psychology, and philosophy, explores the implications of this fallacy on business decision-making and how the gambler’s fallacy distorts business decision-making; especially in forecasting, investing, and market strategy. In business, the gambler’s fallacy can lead to faulty assumptions, such as believing that a period of high sales will be followed by a decrease. Avoiding this fallacy requires a disciplined, data-driven mindset and a clearer grasp of randomness and statistical independence. (shrink)

This article begins with an account of some of the different views on the nature of free will which have been expressed by historically important Muslim thinkers. The views of both Muslim philosophers and theologians are addressed. It is demonstrated that some held compatibilist views while others held libertarian views. In the second half of the paper, Robert Kane gives a summary account of the latest version of his libertarian view of free will, putting it in relation to the Muslim (...) views considered in the first half of the paper. (shrink)

This paper seeks to explain and evaluate, by an analytic method, the conflict between determinism and free will from the viewpoint of two physicalist reductionist philosophers, namely, Daniel Dennett and Sam Harris. Dennett is a compatibilist philosopher who tries to show compatibility between determinism and free will, while Sam Harris is a non-compatibilist philosopher who turns to determinism with the thesis that our thoughts and actions have been pre-determined by the neurobiological events associated with them, and thus, considers free will (...) to be an illusion. Therefore according to him, we are not the authors of our thoughts and actions. However, Dennett tries to establish the existence of free will through the use of concepts like control and deliberation and defends ‘free will worth wanting’. Therefore, if we take the agency of the agent and the absence of determinism as two criteria for free will, Dennett accepts both and Harris denies them; since there is neurobiological determinism, and all of Dennett’s deliberations, etc. are also determined neurobiologically. Between the two conditions of free will, Dennett accepts that the origin of action must be in the agent; however, he refutes the condition of alternate possibilities, establishing his view based on a causal theory. As a Neo-Darwinist, he explains human beings’ physical and mental phenomena based on evolution theory and despite accepting causal determinism, he shows how the agent can still have agency in decisions and actions. As a result, he does not consider determinism to requisite compulsion. In his philosophical system, one can change the future that has not yet taken place. This decision-making regarding the future takes place through the process of deliberation, which has a special place in Dennett’s view. On the other hand, by adhering to Libet’s neurological experiments, Harris refutes both conditions of free will and considers the cause of all human being actions to arise from activities of the brain and concludes that one cannot have any conscious control over one’s actions. As a result, he emerges as a non-compatibilist determinist. In both his works, The Moral Landscape and Free Will, Harris addresses the topic of free will. In Free Will, he criticizes the view of compatibilists like Dennett, who responds to those criticisms in his article, ‘Reflections on Free Will, Review of Sam Harris’ Free Will’. Like Harris, Dennett too addresses free will in his two important books, Elbow Room and Freedom Evolves. Following an analysis of the views of Dennett and Harris and explaining the criticisms of the two regarding each other, the present article will show that neither Dennett, considering the rest of the elements of his philosophical views in philosophy of mind and philosophy of action can well justify compatibilism, nor can Harris, considering his neurological approach defend his determinist idea. The conflict that is present in Dennett’s views causes his explanation of the agent being the origin of his action to also be indefensible. Furthermore, due to the incompatibility of the different elements of his view and the vagueness of his idea regarding the effect of unconscious intentions on action, Harris too is placed in a weak position. In contrast to Harris’ supposition, a human is not “a puppet [who] is free as long as he loves his strings”; rather, a human chooses, makes decisions and acts according to his own will. As a result, despite the objections that apply to both philosophers, Dennett’s view is more acceptable than Harris’ in terms of the effort to justify free will; even though neither have been apparently successful in defending their own ideas. (shrink)

This article begins with an account of some of the different views on the nature of free will which have been expressed by historically important Muslim thinkers. The views of both Muslim philosophers and theologians are addressed. It is demonstrated that some held compatibilist views while others held libertarian views. In the second half of the paper, Robert Kane gives a summary account of the latest version of his libertarian view of free will, putting it in relation to the Muslim (...) views considered in the first half of the paper. (shrink)

The intensive care unit, with its structural complexity and the exposure of critically ill patients to various disparities, presents a significant setting for health disparities. This critical ethnographic study sought to uncover cultural knowledge and ethical practices for reducing health disparities in providing care services within the intensive care unit. The focus was on understanding how ethical considerations and cultural competence can address and mitigate these disparities effectively. This critical ethnographic study was conducted in 2022–2023 at intensive care units in (...) western Iran. Three interrelated phases were used to collect and analyze the data. More than 300 h of observation were done during the first phase. A horizon analysis was carried out in the next phase. To further enhance the dataset, 18 informants participated in semi-structured interviews and informal conversations. Following that, the analysis procedure was conducted to identify a culture of health disparities and factors that reduce it, as it had been in the prior stage. Trustworthiness data collection methods were implemented to ensure the validity and reliability of the study. Two key themes emerged from the study: (A) Improved cultural competence, which encompassed empathy towards patients and their families, effective communication, prioritization of continuous learning, appropriate knowledge and awareness, sensitivity to cultural and religious beliefs, staff attitude and personality, and the delivery of customized care tailored to each patient’s needs. (B) Supporting role and compensating for disparities involved recommendations for upholding ethical standards, compensatory actions, maintaining professional behavior despite external factors, addressing gaps and deficiencies, and actively defending and supporting patients. The findings indicate that staff with high cultural competence can ethically mitigate health disparities through their supportive roles. Managers and health policymakers should create barriers to health disparity by improving staff cultural competence and knowledge about health disparities. (shrink)

This article examines Iranian secondary students’ (N = 336) life purposes. Economic and hedonistic life goals were the most valued. Relationships in terms of having a family and children were also appreciated. In the students’ views, religiousness was associated with social goals such as helping others in need and volunteering in the community. Gender differences in students’ life goals occurred only in aesthetic goals, which applied more to girls than to boys. K-Cluster analysis identified four purpose profiles: self-oriented dabblers, beyond-the-self (...) (BTS) dreamers, self-oriented life goal pursuers and purposeful youth. The dominant profile among the youth was self-oriented life goal pursuer (37%). The study validated Damon’s conceptual work on purpose profiles in a previously unstudied cultural context. (shrink)

In recent years there have been increasing calls to ‘decolonize’ the curriculum across different levels of education. This has been met with significant opposition at both the school and university levels. For many, there is a lack of clarity concerning why students, particularly in school, should study a decolonized curriculum. I reflect on the notion of an ‘epistemic urgency’ to decolonize the secondary school curriculum in England, and I focus particularly on History and Religious Education (RE) as examples. Using theories (...) of epistemic injustice, and my own experiences in teaching, I build the case for this ‘urgency’ from two arguments: one from justice and one from purpose. On justice, I argue that current curricula create negative epistemic consequences that we might consider to be unjust. On purpose, I argue that some curricula also fail to meet the purposes that they are intended to meet, thereby creating further negative epistemic consequences. On both arguments, I hope to show that the negative epistemic consequences create an ‘urgency’ to decolonize curricula, which I hope encourages educators in England and beyond to begin considering whether decolonizing their curricula will lead to better outcomes for their learners. (shrink)

Physicalistic Theology is a term that has no exact definition in theologian views. In the 20th century some of Christian thinkers on theology, like Nancy Murphy and Peter van Inwagen, by accepting a Physicalistic approach on human being, tried to analyze the Christian beliefs about human identity and his immortality. This approach today is called Physicalistic Theology. According to this approach, human is not but this physical body itself and so we can simply analyze the immortality problem. In this article (...) we try to by an analytic and descriptive method, analyze the immortality of human according to the view of Physicalistic Theology. We will analyze the most important reasoning of Physicalistic Theology that is: no-interaction between the material and the immaterial, interaction between the person and the body, and the physicalism in Christian beliefs. One of the conclusions of this article is that according to Physicalistic view, the person that at some time has not been in the world, must exists any time to destroyed forever because the Christians believe to things that cannot justify rationally. The problem of immortality is one of these matters. Physicalistic Theology try to prove the immortality based on the miracles and the absolute power of God. (shrink)

A number of innovative hermeneutical approaches emerged in Muslim exegetical discourse in the second half of the 20th century. Among these developments is a trend of systematic reform theology that emphasises a humanistic approach, whereby revelation is understood to be dependent not only upon its initiator, God, but also upon its recipient, Prophet Muhammad, who takes an active role in the process.Ali Akbar examines the works of four noted scholars of Islam: Fazlur Rahman, Abdolkarim Soroush, Muhammad Mujtahed Shabestari and (...) Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd. His study shows that the consequences of taking a humanistic approach to understanding revelation are not confined to the realm of speculation about God-human relations, but also to interpreting Qur'A nic socio-political precepts. And the four scholars emerge as a distinctive group of Muslim thinkers who open up a new horizon in contemporary Islamic discourse. (shrink)

Although the German philosopher Hans-Georg Gadamer was not a religious thinker or theologian, his work and approach have influenced thinkers in the field of theology. This article explores some ‘overlaps’ between Gadamerian hermeneutics and the ideas of some contemporary Muslim scholars such as Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd, Abdolkarim Soroush, Muhammad Mujtahed Shabestari and Hassan Hanafi regarding issues of textual interpretation and understanding. In particular, the article seeks to understand how such ideas have appeared in these Muslim scholars’ approaches to interpreting (...) the Qurʾan. It also explores some of the implications that follow from incorporating Gadamer’s ideas into Islamic theological and political discourses. The article argues that the application of Gadamer’s hermeneutic philosophy to the realm of Qurʾanic studies is not only fruitful insofar as it provides new insights into the interpretation of the Qurʾan, but also has important consequences for Islamic theological and political discourses more broadly. (shrink)

In this paper, a proof-theoretic method to prove uniform Lyndon interpolation for non-normal modal logics is introduced and applied to show that the logics E\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathsf {E}$$\end{document}, M\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathsf {M}$$\end{document}, MC\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathsf {MC}$$\end{document}, EN\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathsf {EN}$$\end{document}, MN\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathsf {MN}$$\end{document} have that (...) property. In particular, these logics have uniform interpolation. Although for some of them the latter is known, the fact that they have uniform Lyndon interpolation is new. Also, the proof-theoretic proofs of these facts are new, as well as the constructive way to explicitly compute the interpolants that they provide. It is also shown that the non-normal modal logics EC\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathsf {EC}$$\end{document} and ECN\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathsf {ECN}$$\end{document} do not have Craig interpolation, and whence no uniform interpolation. (shrink)

All of the articles in this proceedings volume have been presented at the [Jepara International Conference on Education and Social Science 2024 (JIC 2024)] during [04 December 2024] in [Jepara, Indonesia]. These articles have been peer reviewed by the members of the [Husni Mubarok, Nina Sofiana, Hadi Ismanto, Mayadina Rohmi Musfiroh, Mahfudloh Fajri, Taufiqurrahman, Aprilia Riyana Putri, Santi Andriyani, Amrina Rosyada, Miswan Ansori, Muhammad Taqiyuddin, Muhammad Ahalla Tsauro, Dodi Siraj Muamar Zain, Dewi Satria Elmiana, Zailani bin Abdullah] and approved by (...) the Editor-in-Chief, who affirms that this document is a truthful description of the conference’s review process. (shrink)

The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged the world for a year, where a study in China showed that the disease increased psychological distress among adolescents and college students, such as anxiety about the academic setback, economic effects, and impact on their daily life. However, a further study examining the impact of the disease on the mental health of students is required. Social support is the most vital psychosocial protective resource, where effective coping can reduce stress levels and prevent individuals from experiencing (...) more severe psychological distress. Therefore, this study investigated the coping strategy, social support, and psychological distress among university students in Jakarta who are also the epicenter of COVID-19 in Indonesia. The psychological distress and coping strategy variable were measured through the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-25 and the COPE Brief instrument, respectively. Meanwhile, the Multidimensional Perceived Social Support-12 instrument was used to measure the social support variable. The study was disseminated via an online form and the number of research subjects included 250 students who matched the research criteria, including DKI Jakarta domicile and active students registered in the area that were confirmed to be COVID-19 positive. According to the results, coping strategies and increased social support were significantly correlated with decreased psychological distress and may serve as the basis for interventions. (shrink)

This article addresses a theoretical gap in the literature by highlighting the significance of nonbargaining nonmarket strategies of firms. Relying on neo-statist political theory, we propose a theoretical model that hypothesizes a reliance on nonbargaining nonmarket strategies in situations marked by historically and situationally conditioned weakness of societal forces relevant to a firm (including the firm itself) as well as when relevant state institutions display high degrees of professional, structural, and ideological bureaucratic insularity. We survey 165 managers (each representing a (...) separate firm) from 14 countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia about the strategic importance of the nonmarket strategic initiatives. Our novel survey instrument captures a broader range of nonmarket strategic initiatives than previous empirical research has examined. The survey results provide preliminary support for our model, although the findings suggest the need for more research in different regional contexts. (shrink)

This article examines the ideas of three contemporary Muslim reformists, namely Abdolkarim Soroush, Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd, and Muhammad Mujtahed Shabestari, concerning the relationship between democracy and the Islamic principle of shura. The article aims to demonstrate how the theological-philosophical approaches of these scholars—particularly with respect to their methods of interpreting the Qurʾan and the distinctions they draw between the pre-modern and modern worldview—have contributed to the rise of a political discourse which seeks to understand concepts such as shura and (...) democracy within their own specific epistemological and cultural contexts. This political discourse, as the article argues, supports democracy without any narrow religious justification and promotes a form of government whose legitimacy is not based on religious sources or authority, and thus is neutral towards different religions and their followers. (shrink)

In pediatric cohort studies, disclosing findings and providing treatment counseling to parents, legal guardians, or other authorized representatives is an ethical imperative. Keratoconus (KC) is a corneal degenerative disease that can progress to severe vision impairment and need for corneal transplantation. This report concerns the disclosure of results to the parents of children who were diagnosed with KC in the Shahroud Schoolchildren Eye Cohort Study and received essential treatment in a timely manner.

In this paper, the notions of tense operators and tense filters in \-algebras are introduced and several characterizations of them are obtained. Also, the relation among tense \-algebras, tense \-algebras and tense Boolean algebras are investigated. Moreover, it is shown that the set of all tense filters of a \-algebra is complete sublattice of \\) of all filters of \-algebra \. Also, maximal tense filters and simple tense \-algebras and the relation between them are studied. Finally, the notions of tense (...) congruence relations in tense \-algebras and strict tense \-algebras are introduced and an one-to-one correspondence between tense filters and tense congruences relations induced by tense filters are provided. (shrink)

New concepts of Muhammadiyah in teaching Islamic values for socio-economic and political development in Indonesia.

In an attempt to move towards a non-linear dynamic system the present study concerns itself with investigating the applicability of sacred text motivation for general second language learners rather than specific learners with religious preferences. A mixed methods research was conducted with the help of 400 participants to examine the relationship between being motivated by sacred text and improving reading comprehension. The research confirms significance of relationship between STM-based treatment and improving reading comprehension as a result of quantitative analyses and (...) that the majority of participants hold positive opinion concerning the use of sacred texts in L2 learning to improve reading comprehension based on qualitative analyses. The analyses of the interviews conducted following the administered treatment revealed that the quantitative effect of STM-based treatment can be better explained through qualitative findings. (shrink)

The optimum science benefits to routine life have insufficiently been proved. Science progress is not merely reflected in machinery and technological breakthroughs. Subordinate impacts of science and scientists on global interactions are an evidence for the major deficiencies and futility of the many current science designations. A primary objective is to describe postmodern global interrelations of science mentoring policies and life quality. Also, global programs are proposed that will aid in the timely achievement of optimal real-life science goals. The global (...) wholeness of science pictures should be visible, acknowledged, and educated. The wholeness of science, no matter how exposed or sophisticated, should never change. Definitive paths should be developed to bestow science with sufficiently empowered authorities to lead and optimize economics, politics, and international relations. Mentoring rather than teaching of science will be a main frontier for quality lives. Postmodern mentors will be cognizant of the science entirety. Mentors will create and designate definitive shapes from discoveries and findings that will grant human life with ongoing peace and ultimate satisfaction. (shrink)

The objective is to introduce and describe a new philosophy for global science edification that will determine the extent and nature of humans’ accomplishments. These will affect life quality worldwide. Science as an ultimate essence encircles theoretical and applied findings and discoveries. These can only contribute to forming a trivial core, whilst the most crucial are insightful moral surroundings. Morality is most concerned with mentorship commitments. To sustain a dense and rigid shape that progressively improves science and life quality, imagination (...) must be complemented with harmonizing approaches. Such perceptions become an obligation as growing knowledge creates novel questions and challenges. The upper tree of science glorified with blooming branches of knowledge, particularly over the last few centuries, is predicted to undergo progressive declines in the strength of its edification foundations unless the lower tree receives most-deserving mentorship contemplations. The upper tree describes tangible science products in routin life, and the lower tree represents sustainable mentorship. Mentors must replace teachers, by definition, and commit to generating more qualified educators than themselves. Mentors are expected to welcome and manage challenges from mentees. Challenges play crucial roles in granting mentees with integrated pathways of scientific development. The resulting pictures will be eagerly prone to revisions and elaborations as mentees themselves step into the pathway. This systematic edification will strengthen science roots in mentees’ minds and will uphold a sturdy science body for society. Science pictured as an integrated circle grants a prospect to envision where humans are and where not to end up. Maintaining a definitive shape for science in any major before and while enriching central cores with experimental novelties in minds and laboratories is crucial to improving man’s fulfillment of time in the third millennium. Such integrities are an obligation to optimally preserve and utilize what humans have achieved thus far and continue to accomplish. (shrink)

In this paper, the notions of tense operators and tense filters in \-algebras are introduced and several characterizations of them are obtained. Also, the relation among tense \-algebras, tense \-algebras and tense Boolean algebras are investigated. Moreover, it is shown that the set of all tense filters of a \-algebra is complete sublattice of \\) of all filters of \-algebra \. Also, maximal tense filters and simple tense \-algebras and the relation between them are studied. Finally, the notions of tense (...) congruence relations in tense \-algebras and strict tense \-algebras are introduced and an one-to-one correspondence between tense filters and tense congruences relations induced by tense filters are provided. (shrink)

What is the logic which governs the processes of legal globalization? How does the transnational proliferation of legal forms operate in the contemporary geo-juridical space? What are the main defining characteristics of the currently dominant mode of transnational legal consciousness and how can the concept of legal consciousness help us understand better the historical ebb and flow of the Western-led projects of good governance promotion in regions like Central Asia after the fall of the Soviet Union? Using Duncan Kennedy’s seminal (...) essay Three Globalizations of Law and Legal Thought as its starting platform, this essay seeks to explore these and a series of other related questions, while also drawing on the work of the Greek Marxist lawyer-philosopher Nicos Poulantzas to help elucidate some latent analytical stress-points in Kennedy’s broader theoretical framework. Reacting against the neo-Orientalist tone adopted across much of the contemporary field of Central Asian studies, it develops an alternative account of the internal history of the legal-globalizational encounter between the Western-based reform entrepreneurs and the national legal-political elites in Central Asia in the post-1991 period, complementing it with a detailed description of the general institutional and discursive structures within which this encounter took place. (shrink)